Midterm 4 Digestion Flashcards
1
Q
What is the function of colon?
reabsorption of water and electrolytes
reabsorption of amino acids
secretion of cellulose cleaving enzymes
catabolism of proteins
A
Reabsorption of water and electrolytes
2
Q
Which products of microbial fermentation can be utilized by ruminants?
proteins
cellulose
volatile fatty acid
vitamins and volatile fatty acid
A
Vitamins and volatile fatty acids
3
Q
Which statement is true for the plexus submucosus?
plexus submucosus controls the local circulation, the secretion and the absorption
it regulates peristalsis
it increases the speed of peristalsis
it controls the intestinal movements
A
Plexus submucosus controls the local circulation, the secretion and the absorption
4
Q
What is needed for B12 vitamin absorption?
R protein
proteinX
transcortin
transcorrin
A
Transcorrin
5
Q
How can H+ ions get into the lumen of the stomach?
H+ ions originating from the dissociaton of water, get into the lumen by the H+/Cl- pump found in the luminal membrane of the oxyntic (parietal) cells
H+ ions originating from the dissociation of carbonic acid, get into the lumen by the H+/K + pump found in the luminal membrane of the oxyntic (parietal) cells
H+ ions originating from the dissociation of metabolic water, get into the lumen by the H+/K+ pump
the H+/Cl- pump is found in the luminal membrane of the chief cells
A
H+ ions originating from the dissociation of metabolic water, get into the lumen by the H+/K+ pump
6
Q
Where does the gas go from the esophagus during the eructation?
mainly into the spaces of the lung
through the oral cavity to the outside
through the nasal cavity to the outside
through the oral cavity and the nasal cavity to the outside
A
mainly into the spaces of the lung
7
Q
How many ciliary bacteria can be found physiologically in 1 ml rumen fluid?
10 thousand
1 million
1 billion
10 billion
A
1 million
8
Q
Which species has the shortest passage time?
horse
sheep
swine
cattle
A
Swine
9
Q
Which plasma factor determines food uptake?
glucose
hormones
volatile fatty acids
temperature of circulating blood
A
Glucose
10
Q
Why is the intragastric pressure constant during filling?
because of automatic contraction
it is the result of regulated muscle function
it can be explained by the law of Laplace
the intragastric pressure is kept constant by sympathetic innervation
A
It can be explained by the law of Laplace
11
Q
Which products of microbial fermentation can be utilized by monogastric herbivores?
proteins
amino acids
volatile fatty acid
vitamines
A
Volatile fatty acid
12
Q
How does n.vagus influence the forestomach?
the ventral branch of vagus supplies the reticulum first
the ventral branch of vagus supplies the rumen
vagus is the nerve of the abomasum only
in ruminants the vagus only supplies the intestines
A
the ventral branch of vagus supplies the reticulum first
13
Q
Is the high lactic acid content in the ruminoreticulum advantageous for the animal?
yes, because it transforms to propionic acid easily
no, because it harms mucous membrane and creates acidosis
yes, because it serves as energy source
yes, because it stimulates the absorption of glucose
A
no, because it harms mucous membrane and creates acidosis
14
Q
What is happening during vomiting?
repeated expiration with closed glottis
intrapulmonary pressure falls
repeated expiration with opened cardia
repeated increase of the intrathoracic pressure
A
Repeated increase of the intrathoracic pressure
15
Q
What reduces the absorption of nutrients?
cholecystochinin, glucagon
low estrogen level
emptying of the digestive tract
reduction of temperature of the circulating blood
A
Cholecystochinin, glucagon
16
Q
What binds the iron cations in the lumen of the intestines?
transferrin
transcorrin
ferritin
hemosiderin
A
Transferrin
17
Q
where does the gastric mixing movement begin?
from the middle of the corpus
from the cardia
from the antrum
from the pylorus
A
From the middle of the corpus
18
Q
What is a tonic contraction of gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells?
contraction of the gastrointestinal canal for minutes, maybe hours
typical, rhythmical contraction of the gastrointestinal canal
movement due to slow waves
movement due to increase of the membrane potential
A
Contraction of the gastrointestinal canal for minutes, maybe hours
19
Q
What material stimulates the function of villi?
villikinin
cholecystokinin
VIP
gastrin
A
Villikinin
20
Q
What is the role of transcobalamin 1?
keeping cobalamin in the plasma
take cobalamin into the liver
take cobalamin into the cells
take cobalamin into the kidneys
A
Keeping cobalamin in the plasma
Transcobalamin I (TCN1), also known as haptocorrin, R-factor, and R-protein
21
Q
which bacterium do organic acids digest in the rumen?
Veilonella gasogenes
Bacterioides ruminicola
Lahnospira multiparus
Bacterioides ruminantium
A
Veilonella gasogenes
22
Q
What does “passage time” mean?
duration of food in the gut
microbial digestion time of food
duration of food in the stomach
resorption time of food
A
Duration of food in the gut
23
Q
Which species receive maternal immunity partly via the placenta and partly from the colostrum?
Primates
lepidae
ruminants
predators
A
Predators?
24
Q
Where is the mucosal coating of the small intestines produced?
in the Lieberkühn glands
in the apical region of the intestinal villi
in the Brunner’s glands
in the aged enterocytes
A
In the Brunner’s glands
25
What does pancreatic amylase split?
chain ending peptide bonds
alpha-1-4 bonds
all saccharides
beta-1-4 bonds
alpha-1-4-glycosidic bonds (straight starch chain)
26
Which hormone stimulates gastric emptying?
secretin
CCK
VIP
gastrin
Gastrin
27
How do the chylomicrons leave the enterocyte?
by dissolvement on the basal membrane
by exocytosis on the basal membrane
by dissolvement on the lateral membrane
by exocytosis on the lateral membrane
By exocytosis on the lateral membrane
28
What is the effect of pain in the intestine tract?
dilatation of the colon
total paralysis
a strong contraction of colon
acceleration of peristalsis
Total paralysis
29
Which statement is true for the rumen?
40 C degrees temperature, aerobic, pH neutral
40 C degrees temperature, anaerobic, pH acidic
40 C degrees temperature, anaerobic, pH basic
40 C degrees temperature, anaerobic, pH neutral
40 C degrees temperature, anaerobic, pH neutral
30
In which part of the alimentary canal are immunoglobulines taken up?
small intestine
large intestine
stomach
appendix
Small intestine
31
What causes the gastric emptying?
sympathetic stimulation
activity of the prepyloric part of antrum
pressure difference between duodenum and stomach
peristalsis of the fundus
Pressure difference between duodenum and stomach
32
Where does the digestion of cellulose in the rabbit take place?
stomach
small intestine
colon
cecum
Cecum
33
What substance in the piglet has a very low production in newborns but a relatively higher one at 2-3 weeks of age?
salivary amylase
enzymes of the small intestine
enzymes of the pancreas
pepsine
Salivary amylase
34
Where is the satiety centre?
in the prefrontal cortex
in the amygdala
in the nucl. ventrolateralis of hypothalamus
in the nucl. ventromedialis of hypothalamus
In the nucl. ventroMEDIALIS of the hypothalamus
35
Where does the absorption of Ca2+ and Mg2+ occur?
intestinum crassum
only in the ileum
both intestinum crassum and tenue
in the fore-part of intestinum tenue
In the fore-part of intestinum tenue
36
Which species has the largest stomach?
horse
cattle
swine
dog
Cattle
37
What is typical of saliva production in ruminants?
it is continuous
it is triggered only by feeding
aldosterone does not influence the composition of the saliva
stimulation of the tongue's mechanoreceptors is necessary for saliva production
It is continuous
38
What is the main mediator of the increase pancreatic secretion if the intestines contain large amounts of fat or peptide?
secretin
gastrin
CCK
transcorrine
CCK
39
What part of small intestine has primary pacemaker activity?
ileum
jejunum
duodenum
ileum and jejunum
Duodenum
40
Which statement is true for the plexus myentericus?
It controls the local circulation
it controls secretion
it controls absorption
it stimulates hormone production
It controls absorption
41
What increases the absorption of nutrients?
ovariectomy
low insulin level
filling of the digestive tract
increased temperature of the circulating blood
Ovariectomy
42
What is the composition of the eructated gas?
50% methane, 25% carbon-dioxide, 10% nitrogen, 5% oxygen
50% carbon-dioxide, 25% oxygen, 10% nitrogen, 5% methane
50% nitrogen, 25% carbon-dioxide, methane, 10%, 5% oxygen
50% carbon- dioxide, 25% methane, 10% nitrogen, 5% oxygen
50% carbon- dioxide, 25% methane, 10% nitrogen, 5% oxygen
43
How can phosphate and bicarbonate get into the primary saliva in ruminants?
through passive diffusion
through active secretion
by exocytosis
the primary saliva does not contain a significant quantity bicarbonate
Through active secretion
44
Where is absorbed the vitamin B12 in the alimentary tract?
stomach
ileum
duodenum
jejunum
Ileum
45
What is true for lecithin and cholesterol?
the lecithin is in the micelles
the cholesterol is in the outer sheath of the micelles
the cholesterol is amphoteric
the lecithin increases the dissolved amount of cholesterol in the micelles
the lecithin increases the dissolved amount of cholesterol in the micelles
46
```
9
Which bacterium does cellulose digest in the rumen?
Veilonella gasogenes
Bacterioides ruminicola
Bacterioides succinogenes
Bacterioides ruminantium
```
Bacterioides succinogenes
47
Which is the major control mechanism for gastric movement?
bulbus duodeni
intrinsic regulation
extrinsic regulation
hormonal feed-back
Intrinsic regulation
48
What material inhibits the contraction of nonstriated muscle of the jejunum?
secretin
cholecystokinin
GIP
gastrin
Secretin
49
Which pH helps the volatile fatty acids absorb?
neutral
acidic
basic
it is independent of the pH
Acidic (<7)
50
How much is the pH optimum of the pepsin?
8. 2 - 8.6
1. 3 -2.2
1. 8 - 3.8
3. 8 - 4
1.8 - 3.8
51
What is the task of apolipoprotein B48?
signalling the LDL
it is the activator of lipoprotein lipase in the wall of capillaries
it takes part only in the composition of micelles
it is a signal protein on the surface of "remnant" chylomicrones
It is a signal protein on the surface of "remnant" chylomicrones
52
How does the parasympathetic influence affect the gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells?
acetylcholine hyperpolarizes the cells
acetylcholine stimulates epinephrine action
acetylcholine depolarizes smooth muscles
acetylcholine hyperpolarizes arteriolar smooth muscles
ACh depolarizes smooth muscles
53
Which part of small intestine is emptied the slowest?
ileum
jejunum
duodenum
ileum and jejunum
Ileum
54
What is the pH in the small intestines ?
8,2-8,6
6,2-6,7
2,6-3,6
7,2-7,6
7,2-7,6
55
Where is a pacemaker of the intestine situated?
in the middle portion of the colon
in the beginning of caecum
in the beginning and end of caecum
in the beginning and end of colon
In the beginning and end of colon?
56
What kind of chemical mediator increases the bicarbonate concentration in the bile?
secretin
gastrin
CCK
GIP
Secretin
57
What happens with the saliva in the tubules of the salivary gland?
Na+ and Cl- are secreted and the K+ and HCO3- are partly reabsorbed
Na+ and Cl- are partly reabsorpted and the K+ and HCO3- are secreted
Na+ and K+ are partly reabsorpted and the Cl- and HCO3- are secreted
Na+ and HCO3 are partly reabsopted and the K+ and Cl- are secreted
Na+ and Cl- are partly reabsorpted and the K+ and HCO3- are secreted
58
Where do the carboxy-peptidases split?
on the C terminal
arginine or lysine containing bonds
tyrosine or phenylalanine containing bonds
phenylalanine, tyrosine and histidine containing bonds
On the C terminal
59
What is the main buffer in the colon of dogs and cats?
bicarbonate
phosphate
both bicarbonate and phosphate are important
ammonium
Phosphate
60
Where is the center responsible for chewing?
in the brain stem
in the nucl. Ventromedialis in the hypothalamus
in the cortex
in the spinal cord
In the brain stem (Trigeminal nerve)
61
What is the main mediator of the increased bicarbonate production of the pancreas?
secretin
gastrin
CCK
CCK and gastrin
Secretin
62
Which pH helps ammonia absorb?
neutral
acidic
basic
it is independent of the pH
Basic (>7)
63
In which animal family do we find an Oddi-sphincter?
carnivores
ruminants
monogastric herbivores
horses
Carnivores
64
How does glucose absorption occur in the small intestine?
With facilitated passive transport
with the support of GLUT 2 transporter
with calcium dependent secondary active transport
with simple diffusion
With calcium dependent secondary active transport
65
Is there fat digestion in the stomach of an adult mammals?
no, because the pH of the stomach does not allow this type of digestion
no, because the stomach does not produce fat cleaving enzymes
yes, very intensive fat cleaving occurs in the stomach
the G-lipase splits the fat in the stomach, but not to an significant extent
The G-lipase splits the fat in the stomach, but not to a significant extent
66
What statement is correct for the intestinal phase of gastric secretion?
it is regulated exclusively by the vagus nerve
somatostatin increases the stomach secretion
GIP, VIP, CCK and secretin inhibit the gastric function
CCK, VIP and secretin increase the gastric motility
GIP, VIP, CCK and secretin inhibit the gastric function
67
How many slow peristaltic waves occur per minute?
8-12
4-5
3-5
1-2
4-5
68
At which membrane potential are spike potentials produced?
5-15mV
3-12mV
-90mV
-40mV
-40mV
69
Which immunoglobulin is present in saliva?
IgA
IgD
IgE and IgM
IgG
IgA
70
What do the Entodinium species digest in the rumen?
chlorophyll
fat
amylose
cellulose
Chlorophyll
71
what group of animals has the fastest movement in the colon?
ruminants
carnivorous animals, because of aboral mass peristalsis
horses, because of the colon's antiperistaltic activity
herbivorous animals
Carnivorous animals because of aboral mass peristalsis
72
In ruminants where do light boluses end up?
to the dorsal sac of the rumen
to the ventral sac of the rumen
to the cranial sac of the rumen
to the reticulum
To the dorsal sac of the rumen
73
Where do immunoglobulines go after exocytosis?
into lymph and intercellular channels
into capillaries
into enterocytes
into the lumen of intestine
Into capillaries
74
What is the direct stimulus for secretin secretion?
inhibition of gastric emptying
high intraluminal pressure
low fat content in the small intestine
low pH in duodenum
Low pH in the duodenum
75
What is a secondary bile acid?
bile acids conjugated with taurine and glycine
dehydroxylated bile products by bacteria of the intestines
decarboxylated products in the intestines
cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid
Dehydroxylated bile products by bacteria of the intestines
76
What does the central nervous system consist of?
the plexus submucosus (Meissneri)
the plexus myentericus (Auerbachi)
the plexus submucosus
the plexus submucosus (Meissneri) and the plexus myentericus (Auerbachi)
The plexus submucosus and the plexus myentericus
77
Which phase is the suction phase of the reticulo- omasicum?
Phase 1
Phase 3
phase 2
phase 2-3
Phase 1
78
Which species has the largest proportion of gut in comparison to their body-length?
horse
swine
cattle
dog
Cattle (ruminents in general)
79
Do cats or dogs eat more frequently?
dogs, in one sitting they can eat more than 10% of their body weight
dogs eat more per body weight
cats eat more frequently, but eat less than dogs per body weight
no difference
Cats east more frequently, but eat less than dogs per body weight
80
What is the difference between serous and mucous saliva?
their composition is not significantly different
their viscosity differs
their electrolyte composition differs
they contain different enzymes
Their viscosity differs
81
What kind of Na+ transport is not found on the luminal side of the enterocyte?
Na+ - Cl- cotransport
cotransport of Na+ and other kinds of organic substances
absorption of Na+ by itself
Na+ -K+ antiport
Na+ -K+ antiport
82
Which factor enlarges the absorbing surface of the intestinal tract?
the surface of the intestinal tract as a tube
the folded nature of the inner surface of the intestinal tract
the presence of intestinal villi
the presence of the brush border
The presence of the brush border
83
Which reflex does not depend on the sympathetic ganglion?
defecation
gastric-colon
colon-gastric
intestine-colon
Defecation
84
Where can you find the bile canaliculi?
in the gall-bladder
in the sinusoids of the liver
in the perisinusoid fissures
between the two columns of hepatic cells
Between the two columns of hepatic cells
85
Where does the biphasic contraction of the reticulum send the light food contents of reticulum?
to dorsal sac of rumen
to ventral sac of rumen
to cranial sac of rumen
to caudal sac of rumen
Dorsal sac of rumen
86
Which material stimulates the cell division in the gut the most?
gastrin
secretin
GIP
CCK
Gastrin
87
What statement is correct for the cephalic phase of stomach secretion?
severing the n.vagus has no effect on it
it is mediated by peptide hormones
it is a CNS dependent reflex
chief cells are stimulated by this reflex
It is a CNS dependent reflex
88
where does the innervation of the rectum originate from?
sympathetic L1-L4, parasympathetic sacral sections
symphathetic L4-L6, parasymphathetic sacral section
sympathetic L1-L3, parasymphatic lumbar section
sympathetic L4-L6, parasympathetic lumbar section
Sympathetic L1-L4, parasympathetic sacral sections
89
What regulates the defecation in animals?
hypothalamus
hypophysis
hypothalamus and cortex
hypophysis and cortex
Hypothalamus
90
What initiates regurgitation?
expiration with closed glottis
expiration with an open glottis
rhytmic expiration and inspiration
inspiration with closed glottis
inspiration with closed glottis
91
How many bacteria can be found physiologically in 1 ml of ruminal fluid?
10 thousand
1 million
1 billion
10 billion
10 billion
92
What is the role of transcobalamin 2?
keeping cobalamin in the plasma
take cobalamin into the liver for excretion
take cobalamin into the cells
take cobalamin into the kidneys
Take cobalamin into the liver for excretion
93
What kind of secretion is produced during the cephalic phase by the pancreas?
high protein concentration but low quantity
low protein concentration but high quantity
high bicarbonate concentration
there is no pancreatic secretion during the cephalic phase
High protein concentration but low quality?
94
What best describes the gastric juice?
isosmotic
hyposmotic
hyperosmotic
its osmolarity depends on the foodstuff
Isoosmotic
95
What is the role of the motion of the intestinal villi?
passage of the chyme
they stimulate the brush border motion
they enlarge the absorptive surface
facilitating the movement of nutrients into capillaries and lymph vessels
Facilitating the movement of nutrients into capillaries and lymph vessels
96
What hormone increases the bicarbonate secretion of the pancreas?
secretin
GIP
VIP
stomatostatin
Secretin
97
Where is hunger center situated?
in the prefrontal cortex
in the amygdala
in the nucl. ventrolateralis of the hypothalamus
in the nucl. ventromedialis of the hypothalamus
In the nucl. ventroLATERALIS of the hypothalamus
98
Which immunoglobuline can get through the placenta?
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgD
IgG
99
Which process operates merely under the control of nervous system?
gastric secretion, gastric motion
gastric juice production
evacuation of bile
defecation
Defecation
100
What statement is correct for the gastric phase of secretion?
mechanical effects on G-cells stimulate it
it increases the gastric secretion hormonally
acetylcholine is the major inhibitor of this phase
the oxyntic cells do not have a function in this phase
It increases the gastric secretion hormonally
101
Which of the following is a brain- gut peptide?
gastrin
secretin
enteroglucagon
VIP
VIP
102
In the piglet there is a substance whose production is high in newborns but gradually disappears from the age of 2-3 weeks. What is it?
salivary amylase
lactase of the small intestine
saccharase
pepsine
Lactase of the small intestine
103
What does ptyalin split?
chain ending peptide bonds
alpha-1-4 glycoside bonds
alpha-1-6 glycoside bonds
beta-1-4 bonds
alpha-1-4-glycosidic bonds (straight starch chain)
104
In which part of the intestine does aldosterone increase the resorption of sodium?
small intestine
cecum
both in small and large intestines
only in the duodenum
Small intestine
105
Animals having this type of placenta recieve immunity of placental and colostral origin.
placenta epitheliochorialis
placenta syndesmochorialis
placenta endotheliochorialis
placenta haemochorialis
Placenta endotheliochorialis
106
Which species has the largest cecum?
horse
cattle
swine
rabbit
Horse
107
What ion is needed for the function of rennin?
Ca2+
Na+
K+
Mg2+
Ca2+
108
What is the main product of the cardia?
mucin
pepsinogen
gastrin
hydrochloric acid
Mucin
109
Where is the center of the reflex for gastric and colonic movements?
in the parasympathetic paravertebral ganglion
in the parasympathetic postvertebral ganglion
in the sympathetic paravertebral ganglion
in the sympathetic praevertebral ganglion
In the sympathetic prevertebral ganglion
110
Where does the chymotrypsin split?
on the C terminal
arginine or lysine containing bonds
tyrosine or phenylalanine containing bonds
phenylalanine, tyrosine and histidine containing bonds
Tyrosine or phenylalanine bonds
111
What does phospholipase A2 decompose?
it cleaves the esther bonds of triglycerides in position 1,3
it cleaves the lecithin
it cleaves cholesterol
it cleaves all kinds of fats
It cleaves the lecithin
112
Where does the reesterification of the fatty acids in the enterocyte occur?
in the sER
in the rER
in the cytoplasma
in the mitochondria
in the sER
113
What is the collective name of the endocrine cells in the intestine?
AFDS
EEC
APUD
GIP
APUD
114
Where are the inorganic parts of intestinal juice produced?
in the Lieberkühn glands
in the Brunner's glands
in the apical region of the intestinal villi
in the aged enterocytes
in the Lieberkühn glands
115
which bacterium does hemicellulose digests in the rumen?
Veilonella gasogenes
Bacterioides ruminicola
Lahnospira multiparus
Bacterioides ruminantium
Lahnospira multiparus
116
Which salivary gland produces serous saliva?
parotid gland
mandibular gland
Sublingual gland
the small scattered salivary glands
Parotid gland
117
Which part of the forestomach can be perforated by foreign objects?
the rumen
the reticulum
the abomasum
the omasum
The reticulum
118
What is not a condition of microbial digestion in the colon?
long retention time
acid secretion
adequate quantity of liquid
absorption of metabolic products
Acid secretion
119
What is the product of the Lieberkühn glands in the large intestine?
mucous cells
mucin and bicarbonate
digestive enzymes
water
Mucin and bicarbonate
120
In which animal is the bile continuously emptied?
horse
dog
ruminant
rabbit
Horse
| ø gall bladder
121
In which species is microbial digestion a subordered role?
carnivores
omnivores
herbivores
ruminants
Carnivores
122
What is the potential change during slow waves?
5-15mV
1-5mV
90mV
40mV
5-15mV
123
How do the sympathetic fibres influence the gastrointestinal smooth muscles?
norepinephrine causes hyperpolarization
norepinephrine causes depolarization
peristalsis increases
muscle tone increases
Norepinephrine causes hyperpolarization
124
Which hormones are structurally related?
gastrin, CCK, VIP, GIP
VIP, GIP, enteroglucagon, substance P
motilin, somatostatin, CCK, VIP
secretin, GIP, VIP
Secretin, GIP, VIP
125
How can you describe the pressure in the esophagus?
the pressure in the cardia always exceeds the gastric tone
cardial tone is always larger than in esophagus
pressure of the esophagus exceeds the atmospheric pressure
the pressure of gastro-esopheagal sphincter exceeds the pressure in the cardia
The pressure in the cardia always exceeds the gastric tone
126
Which volatile fatty acid is formed mostly in the rumen?
propionic acid
acetic acid
butyric acid
oleic acid
acetic acid
127
What does pepsin digest?
every peptide bond
denatured peptides
peptide bonds of aromatic amino acids
peptide bonds of base amino acids
Peptide bonds of aromatic amino acids
128
Where are the monosaccharides absorbed the best?
in the jejunum
in the duodenum and the first part of the jejunum
in the ileum
in the jejunum and the first part of the ileum
In the duodenum and the first part of jejunum
129
What happens to the bile acids in the alimentary tract?
they are excreted entirely
most of them are reabsorbed passively
most of them gets fully degraded before getting to the rectum
most of them are actively reabsorbed
Most of it is actively reabsorbed
130
What does cholesterol esterase decompose?
it cleaves the ester bonds of triglycerides in position 1,3
it cleaves the lecithin
it cleaves cholesterol esters
it cleaves all kinds of fats
It cleaves the cholesterol esters
131
Where does the trypsin split?
on the C terminal
arginine or lysine containing bonds
tyrosine or phenylalanine containing bonds
phenylalanine, tyrosine and histidine containg bonds
Arginine or lysine containing bonds
132
How long do cattle spend on rumination in a day?
8 hours
15 hours
4 hours
2 hours
8 hours
133
How important is the brush border in the degradation of fats?
there is no enzymatic digestion bound to the brush border
digestion on the brush border is very important
digestion on the brush border is not significant
there is only digestion on the brush border
there is no enzymatic digestion bound to the brush border
134
How does fructose absorption proceed in the small intestine?
With facilitated passive transport
with the support of GLUT 2 transporter
with Na+ supported secondary active transport
with simple diffusion
With facilitated passive transport
135
What has an effect on the transformation of pepsinogen to active pepsin?
hydrochloric acid
hydrochloric acid and pepsin
hydrochloric acid and enteropeptidase
hydrochloric acid and the aromatic aminoacids
Hydrochloric acid and pepsin
136
In which phase of abomasal activity does the mixing occur?
phase 1
phase 2
phase 3
phase 1-2
Phase 3
137
What is the role of unicellular animals in the rumen?
the cellulose processing
the mechanical loosening of fodder fibres
the protein digestion
the fat digestion
the mechanical loosening of fodder fibres
138
How many neurons are there in the enteral nervous system?
less than in the CNS
about two times higher than in the CNS
ten times more than in the CNS
about the same as in the CNS
About the same as in the CNS
139
How does the composition of the pancreatic juice change during increased production rate?
HCO3- decreases, Cl- increases, Na+ does not change, K+ does not change
HCO3- increases, Cl- decreases, Na+ decreasee, K+ does not change
HCO3- increases, Cl- decreases, Na+ does not change, K+ does not change
HCO3- increases, Cl- decreases, Na+ does not change, K+ increases
HCO3- increases, Cl- decreases, Na+ does not change, K+ does not change
140
Where does the rumino-reticular groove direct the milk to?
to the abomasum
to the non-functioning forestomach
to the omasum
to the small intestines
To the abomasum
141
Which one of gastrointestinal peptides cause contraction of the bladder?
substance-P
CCK
endorphin
VIP
CCK (Cholecystokinin)
142
In which area of the stomach can C- cells be found?
cardia
fundus
pylorus
in the aglandular part
Pylorus
143
How can you describe the pressure when swallowing and in the swallowing pause?
In the swallowing pause the pressure in the pharynx is the same as the atmospheric pressure
when swallowing the pressure in the pharyngeal cavity suddenly drops
the tone of pharyngo- oesophageal sphincter is 5-10 kPa
when swallowing the pressure of oesophagus is larger than the pressure in the pharynx
In the swallowing pause the pressure in the pharynx is the same as the atmospheric pressure
144
In ruminants where do heavy boluses end up?
to the dorsal sac of the rumen
to the ventral sac of the rumen
to the cranial sac of rumen
to the reticulum
To the cranial sac of rumen
145
What do the Isotrichidae species digest in the rumen?
cellulose
protein
amylose
chlorophyll
Cellulose
146
What occurs due to a parasymphathetic stimulation in the salivary gland?
a large quantity of thin, protein poor saliva will be produced
the saliva production decreases
a small quantity of mucin rich saliva will be produced
a large quantity of mucin rich saliva will be produced
A large quantity of thin, protein poor saliva will be produced
The nerves release acetylcholine and substance P, which activate the IP3 and DAG pathways respectively.
147
What kind of proenzyme is stimulated directly by enteropeptidase?
pepsinogen
proelastase
chymotrypsinogen
trypsinogen
Trypsinogen
148
What enhances the emulsifying ability of bile acids?
lecithin
cholesterol
cholic-acid
the polyproteins
Lecithin
149
Which part of the rumen plays a leading role in mixing the contents of the reticulum?
dorsal and cranial sac of rumen
caudoventral and ventral sac rumen
cranial and caudal sac of rumen
dorsal and caudal sac of rumen
Dorsal and cranial sac of rumen
150
On which type of placenta can the largest quantity of maternal immunoglobulin get through?
placenta epitheliochorialis
placenta syndesmochorialis
placenta endotheliochorialis
placenta haemochorialis
Placenta haemochorialis
151
Where does the absorption of iron occur?
in the large intestine, intestinum crassum
only in the ileum
in all segments
in the duodenum and jejunum
In the duodenum and jejunum
152
Which receptors take part in the formation of the reflex of the rumino-reticular groove?
receptors of the pharyngeal wall and the oral cavity
esophageal receptors
ruminal receptors
cardial receptors
Receptors of the pharyngeal wall and oral cavity
153
What happens with parasympathetic stimulation in the acinus cells of the salivary gland?
discharged acetylcholine activates the cAMP system
the saliva production decreases
intracellular Ca2+ level decreases
discharged acetylcholine increases saliva production indirectly by stimulating bradykinin production
Discharged acetylcholine increases saliva production indirectly by stimulating bradykinin production
154
What is the role of the bicarbonate secretion of the colon?
buffering the high VFA content
buffering of bile acids
prevention of hydrogen loss
mechanical protection by complex formation with proteins
Buffering the high VFA content (volatile fatty acid)
155
What occurs with sympathetic stimulation of the salivary gland?
a large quantity of thin, protein poor saliva will be produced
the saliva production increases
a small quantity of mucin rich saliva will be produced
a large quantity of mucin rich saliva will be produced
A large quantity of thin, protein poor saliva will be produced
The nerves release norepinephrine, which is then received by β-adrenergic receptors on the acinar and ductal cells of the salivary glands, leading to an increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels and the corresponding increase of saliva secretion
156
Why does the passage time elongate in adult monogastric herbivores?
because of the microbial fermentation in the forestomach
because the stomach enlarges compared to the other parts of the digestive tract
because of the pseudo- coprophagy
because of the long time spent in the colon
Because of the long time spent in the colon
157
Which immunoglobuline is predominant on the mucous membranes of the intestine?
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgD
IgA
158
What is the task of apolipoprotein B100?
signaling the LDL
it is the activator of lipoprotein lipase in the wall of capillaries
it is the part of micelles
it is the part of "remnant" chylomicrones
Signaling the LDL
159
When will the mixing movements in the stomach begin?
as soon as the bolus is swallowed
about half an hour after food uptake
a few minutes after food uptake
2 - 3 hours after food uptake
About half an hour after food uptake
160
Which species receive maternal immunity exclusively via the placenta?
Primates
predators
ruminants
rodents
Primates
161
What is the task of apolipoprotein C?
signalling the LDL
it is the activator of lipoprotein lipase in the wall of capillaries
it is found only on micelles
it is found only on "remnant" chylomicrones
it is the activator of lipoprotein lipase in the wall of capillaries
162
Which species has the longest passage time?
cat
sheep
swine
dog
Sheep
163
How can sodium and chloride get into the primary saliva?
through passive diffusion
through active secretion
by exocytosis
the primary saliva does not contain a significant quantity of sodium and chloride
Through active secretion
164
Where are there no endocrine cells?
In the wall of stomach
In the wall of duodenum
In the wall of jejunum
In liver
In the liver
165
What is the stimulus that elicits eructation?
cardia contacts the foamy gas phase
cardia contacts the compact rumen content
the tension of dorsal sac and the cardia contacts the gas phase
the reticulum fills with gas
The tension of dorsal sac and the cardia contacts the gas phase
166
What is the role of transcobalamin 3?
keeping cobalamin in the plasma
take cobalamin into the liver for excretion
take cobalamin into the cells
take cobalamin into the kidneys
Take cobalamin into the cells
167
How long does the GI physiology of the newborn ruminants resemble that of the monogastric herbivores?
Until weaning period
3 weeks postpartum
until the blood concentration of volatile fatty acids are low
until the reflex of rumino-reticular canal can be provoked
3 weeks postpartum
168
In the piglet there is a substance whose production is very low in newborns and gradually increases from 2- weeks of age. What is it?
salivary amyalse
lactase in the small intestine
chloric acid
pepsine
Pepsine
169
What is a spike potential?
electric activity caused by slow waves
action potential of certain type of smooth muscle cells
membrane potential
contraction of gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells
Action potential of certain type of smooth muscle cells
170
Where is the appetite centre?
in the hunger centre
in the amygdala and in the prefrontal cortex
in the nucl. ventroateralis of hypothalamus
in the nucl. ventromedialis of hypothalamus
In the amygdala and in the prefrontal cortex
171
What and how does lipase split fats?
the result of this cleavage is two fatty acids and one 2- monoglyceride
it cleaves only the lecithin
it cleaves only the cholesterol esthers
it releases diglycerides
Two fatty acids and one 2-monoglyceride
172
Why do birds display coprophagia?
they display caecotrophia
it is pathological problem
it is a bad habit
to take up more vitamin and nitrogen
to take up more vitamin and nitrogen
173
How would you describe the secondary saliva in monogastric animals, with a normal excretion rate?
hypertonic
isotonic
hypotonic
its pH is below 3
Hypotonic
174
What's the basic material of bile acids?
cholesterol
taurine and glycine
amino acids
citric acid
Cholesterol
175
what species contains a high quantity of ptyalin in their saliva?
pig, rat, rabbit
horse, dog, cat ruminants
horse, pig, ruminants
pig, ruminants, dog
Pig, rat, rabbit
176
In which part of the intestines do glucocorticoids increase the resorption of Na+?
duodenum
large intestine
both in small and large intestines
only in the cecum
Both in small and large intestines
177
What is true for the endocrine regulation in the colon?
gastrin: stimulates; secretin, CCK: inhibit
gastrin, CCK: stimulate; secretin: inhibits
CCK: stimulates; secretin, gastrin: inhibit
secretin, CCK: stimulate; gastrin: inhibits
Gastrin, CCK: stimulate
| Secretin: inhibit
178
Why do immunoglobulines stay intact after absorption?
intracellular digestion does not occur
intracellular digestion does occur but many molecules survive
lysosomal enzymes are not produced
exocytosis does not occur
Intracellular digestion does occur but many molecules survive
179
What does secretin inhibit?
secretion of gastric acid
secretion of pancreatic juice
secretion of cholic acid
secretion of intestinal juice
Secretion of gastric acid
180
Which species receive maternal immunity exclusively from the colostrum?
Primates
rodents
ruminants
predators
Ruminants (6 layers between mother and calf in placenta)
181
What causes the basal electric rhythm?
slow Ca2+ ion inflow
Ca2+ leakage
slow, periodic change of the activity of Na+/K + pump and presence of few Na+ and many Ca2+ channels
action potential
Slow, periodic change of the activity of Na+/K + pump and presence of few Na+ and many Ca2+ channels
182
What is the stimulus for closing the mouth?
gravity
streching of receptors of muscle
mechano receptors of mucous membrane
tone reduction
Stretching of receptors of muscle
183
What increases the emptying of the gall bladder?
VIP
CCK
secretin
epinephrine
CCK
184
Does the autonomic nervous system influence the gastrointestinal nervous system?
no
yes, sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system have modulatory effect
yes, there is a sympathetic stimulation
yes, there is a parasympathetic inhibition
Yes, sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system have modulatory effect
(They regulate it)
185
What happens due to a sympathetic effect in the salivary gland?
epinephrine decreases the saliva production via IP3
adrenergic nerve endings activate the cAMP-system
vasodilatation
intracellular Ca2+ level increases in the acinus cell
Adrenergic nerve endings activate the cAMP-system
186
In which area of the stomach can chief cells be found?
cardia
fundus
pylorus
aglandular part
Fundus
187
How does fructose transport occur in the gut?
with active transport
with the support of GLUT 5 transporter
with Na+ supported secondary active transport
with simple diffusion
With the support of GLUT 5 transporter
188
How many hours is needed for the chymus to pass from the pylorus to the colon?
8-12
4-5
3-5
1-2
3-5
189
Which movement is more important in mixing of the intestinal chymus?
peristalsis
segmental movement
segmental movement and peristalsis
sphincter contraction
Segmental movement
190
Which is not controlled by intrinsic regulation?
secretion
peristalsis
mixing movements
defecation
Defecation
191
What is basal electric rhythm (BER)?
complex electric activity caused by slow waves
action potential of smooth muscle cells
membrane potential
contraction of gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells
Complex electric activity caused by slow waves
192
Which gastric area is richest in muscle elements?
corpus
fundus
antrum
pylorus
Antrum
193
What occurs in the esophageal part during regurgitation?
inspiration
expiration
apnoea
rythmic expiration and inspiration
Expiration
194
What portion of the gut in monogastric herbivores is the most developed?
stomach
colon and cecum
small intestine and cecum
colon
Colon and cecum
195
What function does not belong to the omasum?
decrease the particle size
enzymatic digestion
water and electrolyte absorption
transport between forestomach and abomasum
Enzymatic digestion
196
How does the glucose transport occur in the gut?
with active transport
with the support of GLUT 2 transporter
with calcium dependent secondary active transport
with simple diffusion
With the support of GLUT 2 transport
197
Where do the slow waves of the colon begin?
from the circular muscle layer and then spread to the longitudinal muscles
from longitudinal muscles and then spread to circular muscles
from both muscles at the same time
from longitudinal muscle and spreads only within this layer
From the circular muscle layer and then spread to the longitudinal muscles
198
What is the function of ferritin?
to absorb iron
to store and eliminate iron if it is in excess
ferritin is the precursor of transferrin
the reduction of iron
To store and eliminate iron if it is in excess
199
Which parts of alimentary canal is controlled mainly by the central nervous system?
initial and last section
small intestine
from stomach to rectum
small and large intestine
Initial and last section
200
Which salivary gland is missing in birds?
Parotid gland
Mandibular gland
sublingual gland
they have all of the glands but there is not ptyalin production
Parotid gland
201
What prevents the emptying of the gall bladder?
VIP
CCK
secretin
acetylcholine
VIP
202
```
How much is the frequency (/min)of the segmenting movements of the small intestine?
8-12
4-5
3-5
1-2
```
8-12
203
Which parts of alimentary canal is mainly under local control?
initial and last section
small intestine
from stomach to rectum
small and large intestine
From stomach to rectum
204
Which special component is present in adult ruminants?
iodine, heavy metals
lysosymes
urea
lipase
Urea
205
Where is the center of the saliva production?
in the hypothalamus
in the nucl. salivatorius
in the cortex
in the cervical segment of the spinal cord
In the nucl. salivatorius (PS)
206
What is the main buffer in the colon of horses and pigs?
bicarbonate
phosphate
both bicarbonate and phosphate are important
ammonium
Bicarbonate
207
Where does the pepsin split?
on the C terminal
arginine or lysine containing bonds
tyrosine or phenylalanine containing bonds
phenylalanine, tyrosine or histidine containing bonds
Phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine (aromatic amino acids)
208
Apolipoprotein E
Binding of chylomicron remnant to liver-like receptors
209
Apolipoprotein C2
Activator of lipoprotein lipas present in the wall of capillaries
210
Apolipoprotein B48
Structure and secretion of chylomicron
211
Apolipoprotein B100
Structure and secretion of VLDL, ligand for LDL
212
Apolipoprotein A1
On surface of HDL, activates LCAT enzyme (which turns cholesterol into cholesterol ester)
213
VLDL
Carries C-, E-, B100 apolipoprotein
| Enters blood stream from liver, binds to C receptors on capillary endothel
214
IDL
Binds to the B10p receptor in the liver, turns into LDL which is protein rich, and it loses its Apolipoprotein E ligand
215
LDL -complex
Important cholesterol source for extrahepatic tissues, binds to the cell through a special B100 receptor. The cells cholesterol synthesis decreases and the cholesterol from LDL is stored as cholesterol ester. The LDL (B100) receptor on the cell stops expressing
216
HDL
Prevents over-accumulation of cholesterol. Carries apolipoprotein A1 which activates the LCAT, which turns cholesterol into cholesterol ester which is taken up by the liver
