Midterm 1 Flashcards by Lea Damler

Which of the following statements belong to Claude Bernard?
pricking of the third ventricle can increase the blood sugar
the liver and the muscle contain glycogen
pancreatic juice contains carbohydrate- splitting enzymes
the heart is the center of circulation

The liver and the muscle contain glycogen

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What are the characteristics of environmental stability?
isovolaemia, isothermia, isohydria, isoionia

isoionia, isovolaemia, isometria, isotonia

isotonia, isohydria, isovolaemia, isoionia

isohydria, isothermia, isotonia, isoionia

Isotonia, isohydria, isovolaemia, isoionia

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What does isotonia mean?
constant ionic composition

constant pH

constant water content of the blood plasma

constant osmotic pressure

Constant osmotic pressure

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Who created the idea of "milieu interieur" ?
Cl. Bernard
A. L. Lavoisier
W. Harvey
K. Landsteiner

Cl. Bernard

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What does isohydria mean?

constant osmotic pressure

constant pH

constant water content of the blood plasma

constant ionic combination

constant pH

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What does isovolaemia mean?

constant osmotic pressure

constant ionic composition

constant volume

constant pH

constant volume

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What does isoionia mean?
constant ionic combination

constant osmotic pressure

constant pH

constant water content of the blood plasma

constant ionic combination

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How do water molecules occur in the cells?

in four molecular clusters

bound to proteins

entirely dissociated

forming irregular clusters

in four molecular clusters

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Which pair below represents the two most important types of barriers?

plasma membrane, nuclear membrane

cell membrane, capillary wall

blood-brain barrier, epithelial membrane

cell membrane, epithelial membrane

cell membrane, capillary wall

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What is typical of the cell membrane in terms of permeability?

it is a non-selective membrane

it works as a dialysing membrane

it is only permeable for water and selective for many other materials

it is not permeable to water

it is only permeable for water and selective for many other materials

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What is a compartment?

anatomical space

part of the anatomical space

the fluid volume of an organ

a complex term is not identical with the anatomical space

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What percentage of the body's mass is water?
60-65%
30-40%
80-90%
10-20%

60-65%

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What percent of the blood is water?
75 %
90 %
22 %
10 %

90%

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What is typical of the capillary wall in terms of permeability?

it withholds all material except colloids

it is only permeable to water

it is permeable to colloids

it only keeps out the colloids and is permeable all other material

it only keeps out the colloids and is permeable to all other materials

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What kind of materials make up those parts of the membrane which determine the transport?

mostly carbohydrates

steroid compounds

lipids and complex proteins

heavy metals and calcium

lipids and complex proteins

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What is typical of the facilitated diffusion?

it is a type of passive transport

it is a type of active transport

it belongs neither to the active nor the passive transport group

it can be regarded as active and passive transport

it is a type of passive transport

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Which statement is true concerning material transport across membranes?

receptors are not involved

membrane channels are involved in this process

it runs exclusively with the help of carrier proteins

complex proteins are not involved

membrane channels are involved in this process

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What is typical of active transport?

its biological importance is negligible

it can work only by using indirect energy sources

it can work only by using direct energy sources

facilitated diffusion is a major representative of this type of transport

it can work only by using a direct energy source

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Which statement is true for extracellular space?

it is uniformly distributed between the EC and the IC space

it is not part of the total water space

it is about 65% of the total water space

it is about 35% of the total water space

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What is true for the volume of interstitial space of soft tissues?

it is 120-150 ml/kg bwt

it is less than the fibrotic tissue space

its value is it is 250 ml/ kg bwt

it is less than the volume of the plasm

it is 120-150 ml/kg bwt

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Which statement concerning the total water space is correct?

it is about 60 ml/kg bwt

most of it is plasma water

its major part is the intracellular space

it is uniformly distributed between the EC and the IC space

its major part is the intracellular space

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How can you calculate the volume of the intravascular space?

plasma volume + transcellular space

interstitial space - transcellular space

extracellular space - (interstitial space + transcellular space)

plasma volume - red blood cell volume

extracellular space - (interstitial space - transcellular space)

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What is typical for intracellular space?

it is a uniform space

it consists of one compartment

it contains two spaces

it can be regarded as uniform, though it consists of many smaller compartments

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What is typical for the extracellular space?

it does not involve the interstitial space

it is not a uniform space

it is the biggest part of the transcellular space

substracting from it the transcellular space results in the interstitial space

it is not a uniform space

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Which one of the following statements is valid for the Stewart dilution principle? during the application of the principle there is no need to make any difference between living organisms and inorganic systems it is the general method of the determination of fluid compartments with the help of this method, the velocity of the moving fluid in biological systems can be determined when using this method an indicator of unknown amount is carried in the investigated system

it is the general method of the determination of fluid compartments

What kind of factors should be investigated during the use of Stewart dilution principle in living organisms? in practice non metabolisable, non extractable substances are used which do not cross the barriers there is no need to take the extracted amount of substance into account no such substance is known which could comply with all of the requirements the sample is taken immediately after the administration of the indicator

no such substance is known which could comply with all the requirements

What is typical of the transcellular space? it is isolated from the other compartments of the EC space by an epithelial membrane its volume is 150 ml/kg bwt it is a single anatomical space it is the volume of the gastrointestinal tract

it is isolated from the other compartments of the EC space by an epithelial membrane

What method can be used for quantifying the total body water? tritiated water or antipirin only with quantifying density inulin exsiccation at 50(C

tritiated water or antipirin

What kind of operation is made during calculation based on the Stewart dilution principle? Co is determined by measurement S is determined by extrapolation the outflown amount of S gives the actual concentration of the given substance V = (S given in- S flowed out) / Co

V = (S given in - S flowed out) / Co

How can the volume of the interstitial compartment be determined? by the injection of a substance which leaves the blood stream completely, but unable to cross cell membranes with the help of Na, Cl, Br isotopes in an indirect way (EC- intravasal volume) by the injection of Evans-blue

in an indirect way (EC - intravasal volume)

What is the meaning of LBM (lean body mass)? the amount of the fat in the body total body water total body mass fat free body mass

fat free body mass

Which one of the following can be a possible method of the determination of total body water? Evans-blue injecting based on the dilution principle dehydration of the organism until it is a constant mass at a temperature of 105 C it can be calculated after the estimation of fat content of the body quantifying the density of the tissue in vitro

dehydration of the organism until it is a constant mass at a temperature of 105 C

How can the volume of the extracellular compartment be determined? it can not be quantified based on the dilution principle with the help of Na, Cl, Br isotopes with antipirin with mannitol, inulin and tritiated water

with the help of Na+, Cl-, Br+ isotopes

Which one of the following statements is valid for the fat free body mass? its water content is 73 % of the body mass its water content is varying significantly its density is varying fat free body mass= TBW x 0.73

its water content is 73% of the body mass

What kind of properties should an appropriate indicator of the extracellular compartment own? it can permeate the cell membrane, but can not permeate the capillary wall it can not permeate the cell membrane and the capillary wall it can permeate the capillary wall, but can not permeate the cell membrane it can permeate the cell membrane and the capillary wall as well

it can permeate the capillary wall, but cannot permeate the cell membrane

What kind of substance is suitable for the determination of the intravascular compartment? 131-I albumin a substance which permeates the capillary wall inulin no such substance exists

131-I albumin

What kind of distribution occurs during determination of the extracellular compartment? the slow period of distribution is followed by a rapid one it consists of 5 well distinguished periods monophasic it consists of more phases

it consists of more phases

How can the intracellular compartment be determined? it can be measured only directly IC = TBW / EC it can be measured only by calculation IC = TBM - EC

it can be measured only by calculation

What method can the intracellular compartment be measured with? inulin is used for its determination Evans-blue is used for its determination in practice for its determination a substance is used which exits in total amount in the interstitium no such substance exists, by which it can be measured

no such substance exists, by which it can be measured

Which one of the following statements is valid for the blood cell compartment? it is part of the transcellular compartment Evans-blue is not suitable for its determination its determination is possible only from the value of the plasma compartment its determination is not possible with marked red blood cells

Evans-blue is not suitable for its determination

Which one of the following statements is true? the maintainance of isovolaemia of the EC compartment is primary the primary task is the originating of isosmosis between EC and IC the composition of ions between EC and IC compartments are balanced in a few minutes the movement of water is promoted by active transport

the primary task is the originating of isosmosis between EC and IC

Which one of the following statements is true? water is made to move by osmotic and hydrostatic forces the maintainance of isosmosis of the intracellular compartment is secondary towards the maintainance of isovolaemia the osmolality of the IC and EC is equalized in a few hours capillary wall is the main barrier in the movement of water

water is made to move by osmotic and hydrostatic forces

When can hypovolaemia develop? its hyperosmotic form develops in hemorrhage endocrine dysfunction can not play a role in its development its hyperosmotic form develops in case of decreased evaporation its isosmotic form does not develop in case of changes in salt intake

its isosmotic form does not develop in case of changes in salt intake

In what kind of form can hypervolaemia develop? its hypoosmotic form can develop because of ADH overproduction its hyperosmotic form can not develop because of fluid intake its hypoosmotic form is oedema its hyperosmotic form is charasteristic of diabetes insipidus

its hypoosmotic form can develop because of ADH overproduction

When can hypovolaemia develop? its hyperosmotic form develops when burning occurs its isosmotic form develops in hypoadrenocorticalism its isosmotic form develops in diarrhoea in diabetes insipidus none of its forms develop

its isosmotic form develops in diarrhoea

Which statement is characteristic of the regulating process of the fluid compartments? the movement of substances starts in a few hours after the changes it is more difficult for the organism to tolerate the volume shifts than to tolerate the shifts in isosmolality the balance between the osmolality of EC and IC is a result of the "shift" the development of isovolaemia can last for 1-2 weeks

the balance between the osmolality of EC and IC is a result of the shift

When can hypervolaemia develop? its isosmotic form can develop because of ADH overproduction its hypoosmotic form can develop because of exaggerated water uptake as well its hyperosmotic form is oedema its hypoosmotic form is charasteristic of diabetes insipidus

its hypoosmotic form can develop because of exaggerated water uptake as well

``` How much is the concentration of urea in the blood plasma? 4-5 mmol/l 3-15 mmol/l 15-30 mmol/l 3-10 mmol/l ```

3-10 mmol/l

What is characteristic of "shift"? its result is that isovolaemia will be originated first it can influence the balance of the osmolality of EC and IC only very slowly it does not influence the balance of the osmolality of EC and IC it means the circulation of the osmotically active substance

it means the circulation of the osmotically active substance

``` How much is the concentration of Na-ions in the plasma? 144 mmol/l 140 mmol/l 110 mmol/l 95 mmol/l ```

140 mmol/l

``` How much is the concentration of glucose in mammals (except ruminants)? 4-5 mmol/l 2-3 mmol/l 3-10 mmol/l 4-5 g/l ```

4-5 mmol/l

How much is the value of the oncotic pressure? kb. 1.6 kPa 4. 3-5.7 kPa 1. 2-1.5 kPa 2. 7-3.4 kPa

2.7-3.4 kPa

How can the proteins get across the wall of the capillary? by transcellular way, with cytosis through the interendothelial channels and with diffusion only through diffusion they can not get through at all

by trancellular way, with cytosis

``` How much is the concentration of Cl- ions in the plasma? 27 mmol/l 150 mmol/l 110 mmol/l 5 mmol/l ```

110 mmol/l

``` What is HPLC? ion exchange chromatography affinity chromatography a type of liquid chromatography a type of electrophoresis ```

a type of liquid chromatography

``` Which one is the most important process of material exchange? pino- or exocytosis diffusion transcellular processes receptor mediated uptake ```

diffusion

Which components of blood plasma can be separated by paper- electrophoresis? all proteins of plasma albumin and subclasses of globulins alpha-, beta- and gammaglobulins albumin and fibrinogen

albumin and fibrinogen

What is the reflection coefficient? the ratio of particles passing across the membrane it is the measure of permeability it gives the pressure, which is needed by the particle to cross the membrane it is the concentration of permeable substances

it is the measure of permeability

``` Where are betaglobulins produced? in the epithelium in the liver in the plasma cells in the bone marrow ```

in the plasma cells

``` Which formula describes osmotic pressure? P=r x C x R x T P=r x C x T P = C/V P = (C/R) x T ```

P=r x C x R x T

``` In which cases can hypoproteinaemia develop? during inflammation as a result of genetic defect in case of malignant tumours hunger, disease of kidney ```

hunger, disease of kidney

What is true for the volume and osmolarity of the intracellular fluid? high fluctuations can be tolerated the slightest change threatens life small fluctuations can be tolerated it is independent from the EC volume and osmolarity

small fluctuations can be tolerated

What is paraproteinaemia? appearance of abnormal new proteins in the plasma lack of a protein fraction a change of the ratio of protein fractions the increase of the proportion of one protein fractions

appearance of abnormal new proteins in the plasma

What does "molarity" mean? the amount of the dissolved substance in mols in 1 litre of solution the amount of the dissolved substance in mols in 1 kg of solution the amount of dissolved substance in grams in 1 litre of solution the amount of dissolved substance in grams in 1 kg of solvent

the amount of the dissolved substance in mols in 1 litre of solution

What does "molality" express? the amount of the dissolved substance in mols in 1 litre of solution the amount of the dissolved substance in mol in 1 kg of solution the amount of dissolved substance in grams in 1 litre of solution the amount of dissolved substance in grams in 1 kg of solvent

the amount of the dissolved substance in mol in 1 kg of solution

What is the freezing point depression of 1 mol of NaCl solution? only electrolytes can decrease the freezing point depression of water the freezing point depression is related to the molar concentration - 1.86 C - 3.72 C

-3.72 C

How much is the freezing point depression of blood plasma? - 0.56 C - 1.86 C - 3.72 C - 0.3 C

-0.56 C

What is the osmolality of blood that can be deduced from its freezing point depression? 150 mosmol/kg 300 mosmol/kg 400 mosmol/kg 30 mosmol/kg

300 mosmol/kg

What does the principle of electroneutrality say? the product of the concentration of diffusible ions is equal on both sides of the membrane the concentration of anions and cations must be the same in each space the pH is equal on both sides of the membrane no chemical reactions occur on either sides of the membrane

the concentration of anions and cations must be the same in each space

What is the freezing point depression of 1 mol of urea solution? -3.72 C the freezing point depression is related to the molar concentration -1.86 C only electrolytes can decrease the freezing point depression of water

- 1.86 C

Which one of the components mentioned below maintains the oncotic pressure of body fluids? Electrolytes NaCl urea proteins

proteins

How much is the osmotic pressure of a solution with a concentration of 1 mol/liter? 2. 27 kPa 1. 52 MPa 2. 27 MPa 5. 6 MPa

2.27 MPa

What percentage do the ions represent of the total dissolved substances in the body fluids? More than 90% around 50% around 30% there are no free ions in the blood plasma

more than 90%

``` How much is the remnant nitrogen concentration in blood plasma? 50-100 mmol/liter 15-20 gram/liter 15-25 mmol/liter 30-35 gram/liter ```

15-25 mmol/l

What is the protein concentration of blood plasma? 30-40 gram/liter 60-80 gram/liter 15-20 gram/liter 3-5 mmol/liter

60-80 g/l

Which one of the below mentioned substances is a remnant nitrogen? creatinine globulin transferrin hemoglobin

creatinine

Which of the below describes the different protein fractions of the blood properly? 40% albumin, 60% globulin 60% albumin, 40% globulin 90% albumin, 10% globulin 20% albumin, 80% globulin

60% albumin, 40% globulin

``` Give the molecular weight range of the gamma globulin? 50-800 kDa 45-200 kDa 60-70 kDa 150-1000 kDa ```

150-1000 kDa

Which globulin fractions can be separated from blood by electrophoresis? alpha, beta, gamma alpha, beta, gamma, delta alpha1, alpha2, beta, gamma globulin fractions can not be separated further

alpha1, alpha2, beta, gamma

Pick the substance which is not considered to be remnant nitrogen creatine urea amino acids albumin

albumin

Which one of the tissue types mentioned below produce albumin? the intestinal epithelium the liver the lymph nodes the thymus

the liver

Where is the VLDL produced? in the lymph nodes in the liver in the intestinal epithelium in the brain

in the intestinal epithelium

How much is the effective hydrostatic pressure in the arterial side of the capillary? around 5 kPa around -0.7 kPa around 2.5 kPa around 1.6 kPa

around 1.6 kPa

How much is the net filtration? around 30-40 ml/min/ 100 kg body weight around 3-4 ml/min/ 100 kg body weight around 8-10 ml/min/100 kg body weight around 1-2 ml/min/ 100 kg body weight

around 3-4 ml/min/100kg bwt

``` Give the molecular weight range of the beta globulin? 90-350 kDa 60-70 kDa 45-200 kDa 50-800 kDa ```

90-350 kDa

How much is the effective filtration pressure in the venous side of the capillary? around -0.7 kPa around 2.5 kPa around 1.6 kPa around 5 kPa

around -0.7 kPa

How much is the protein content of the interstitial fluid? 60-80 g/l 120-130 g/l 20-30 g/l 10-15 g/l

20-30 g/l

How much is the protein content of the intracellular compartment? 40-60 mmol/l 60-80 g/l 20-30 mmol/l 40-60 g/l

40-60 mmol/l

How much is the sodium content of the interstitial fluid? 150 mmol/l 144 mmol/l 20-30 mmol/l 10-15 mmol/l

144 mmol/l

In how many percentage do the plasma proteins play a role in the buffering capacity of the blood? 7% 15 % 3% 45 %

What is the range for the molarity of the body fluids? mmol/ml Ámol/l mmol/l mmol/100 ml

mmol/l

How much is the potassium content of the intracellular compartment? 40-60 g/l 20-30 mmol/l 60-80 g/l 95 mmol/l

95 mmol/l

What is the percentage of hemoglobin that plays a significant role in the buffering capacity of blood? 7% 35 % 15 % hemoglobin does not take part in the buffering of blood

35%

What is the difference between plasma and serum? serum is free of proteins serum contains fibrinogen plasma contains fibrinogen fibrin can be found in the plasma

plasma contains fibrinogen

What does hematocrit mean? the number of blood cells in unit volume of blood the volume ratio of red blood cells and the volume of plasma the volume of plasma in relations to the full volume of blood the volume ratio of corpuscular elements in the blood

the volume ratio of corpuscular elements in the blood

``` Which species has the slowest blood sedimentation? pig cow horse dog ```

horse

In which case can you observe oligocytemic hypervolemia? after excessive fluid intake in case of long-lasting obesity in fasting animals in the second part of pregnancy

after excessive fluid intake

In what case can normocytemic hypovolemia be detected? in case of permanent starving immediately after blood loss in summer heat, after heavy sweating as an the effect of sympathetic stimulation

immediately after blood loss

in which case does normocytemic hypervolemia happen? In the heat of summer As an effect of sympathetic stimulation in the case of obesity after excessive blood transfusion

after excessive blood transfusion

``` Which species has the quickest blood sedimentation? horse cow pig dog ```

horse

What is the physiological pH of blood? 7. 2-7.55 7. 1-7.6 7. 35-7.45 7. 0-7.3

7.35-7.45

In what case can oligocytemic normovolemia be detected? in the first part of gestation after transfusion in case of acute blood loss within a couple of hours following blood loss

within a couple of hours following blood loss

In what case can polycytemic hypovolemia be detected? in summer heat in laying position shortage of water, in case of thirst oxygen deficiency

shortage of water, in case of thirst

``` What percentage of the bloods buffer capacity is ensured by bicarbonates? 35 % 53 % 47 % 18 % ```

53%

What method is known for measuring the blood volume? measuring the plasma volume by Evans-blue and then calculating it based on the hematocrit injecting deuterium into the circulation using tricium marked water with isotpically labelled sodium

measuring the plasma volume by Evans-blue and then calculating it based on the hematocrit

What is the average value of the hematocrit? 0. 62 0. 32 0. 46 0. 4

0.4

``` What is the density of whole blood(g/dm3)? 1050 1048 1090 1030 ```

1050 g/dm3

``` What percent of the blood's buffer capacity is ensured by non bicarbonate buffers? 53 % 35 % 47 % 5% ```

47%

``` What is the value for the blood cell volume (ml/kg bwt)? 120 45 35 80 ```

``` What's the value for the blood volume (ml/kg bwt)? 45 80 35 120 ```

Which formula is used for calculating the blood volume? V = blood6 cell volume x 0.9 hematocrit V = blood cell volume / (1-0.9 hematocrit) V = plasma volume / 0.9 hematocrit V = plasma volume / (1-0.9 hematocrit)

V = plasma volume / (1-0.9 hematocrit)

The blood volume increases due to the effect of which factor? gestation increase in the amount of body fat cold environment (winter) starving

gestation

What is the definition of the minimal osmotic resistance? the NaCl concentration where 10% of the red blood cells hemolyze the NaCl concentration where hemolysis hasn't started yet the NaCl concentration where hemolysis has just started the NaCl concentration where hemolysis becomes complete

the NaCl concentration where hemolysis has just started

The blood volume decreases due to the effect of which factor? shortage on oxygen standing position decrease in the amount of the body fat warm environment (summer)

standing position

What percent of the total amount of the blood is reticulocyte in a healthy animal? 0.1-0.2 % 1-2 % 5% 2-3 %

0.1-0.2%

``` What's the average lifetime of a red blood cell? 60 days 120 days 80 days 30 days ```

120 days

What ensures the red blood cells ability of changing shapes? red blood cells can change their shape only in a negligible degree the actin and myosin content of the red blood cell membrane the elasticity of the red blood cell's lipid component the spectrin molecules in the red blood cell membrane

the spectrin molecules in the RBC membrane

What is MCH? the volume of the erythrocyte the diameter of the erythrocyte the hemoglobin concentration of the erythrocyte the hemoglobin content of the erythrocyte

the hemoglobin content of the erythrocyte

What is MCV? the volume of the erythrocyte the hemoglobin content of the erythrocyte the hemoglobin concentration of the erythrocyte the diameter of the erythrocyte

the volume of the erythrocyte

What is the MCHC? the hemoglobin content of the erythrocyte the volume of the erythrocyte the hemoglobin concentration of the erythrocyte the diameter of the erythrocyte

the hemoglobin concentration of the erythrocyte

``` Which physical effects cause membrane hemolysis? detergents solvents shaking spinning in a centrifuge ```

shaking

What happens to the erythrocyte in a slightly hyposmotic solution? their shape does not change they hemolyse they shrink they become swollen

they become swollen

What happens to the erythrocyte in a hyperosmotic solution? they shrink they become swollen they hemolyse their shape does not change

they shrink

Which chemical effects cause membrane hemolysis? shaking acids, lipid solvents heating freezing, defrosting

acids, lipid solvents

What is meant by the maximal osmotic resistance? hemolysis is just beginning the hemolysis becomes complete 90% of the erythrocytes hemolyse the erythrocytes do not start to hemolyse yet

the hemolysis becomes complete

``` How much is the molecular weight of a hemoglobin tetramer? 150 000 Da 32 000 Da 65 000 Da 6 800 Da ```

65 000 Da

``` How many subunits are present in one hemoglobin 8 2 6 4 ```

``` How much is the hemoglobin content of the blood? 80-160 g/l 1.5-2 g/l 80-160 mmol/l 15-30 mmol/l ```

80-160 g/l

``` How many globin molecules form one hemoglobin molecule? 4 1 6 2 ```

``` How many polypeptide chains does a globin molecule have? 6 1 4 2 ```

``` What is the composition of an adult globin? 2 beta + 2 gamma chains 2 alpha + 2 gamma chains 1 alpha + 1 beta chain 2 alpha + 2 beta chains ```

2 alpha + 2 beta chains

``` What is the composition of a fetal hemoglobin molecule? 2 alpha + 2 gamma chains 2 alpha +2 beta chains 2 beta + 2 gamma chains 1 alpha + 1 gamma chain ```

2 alpha + 2 gamma chains

What is the difference between the fetal and the adult hemoglobin molecule? the adult hemoglobin binds oxygen with higher affinity the fetal hemoglobin binds oxygen with higher affinity the fetal hemoglobin is not present after birth the adult hemoglobin is the only form present after birth

the fetal hemoglobin binds oxygen with higher affinity

``` How many oxygen molecules can be bound by one hemoglobin at full saturation? 1 2 4 8 ```

``` How does the hem bind the oxygen? Fe3+ reversible Fe2+ irreversible Fe3+ irreversible Fe2+ reversible ```

Fe2+ reversible

``` What percentage of the total blood CO2 is transported as carbamino-HB? 20 % 16 % 5% 0.003 % ```

20%

What is typical of the hemoglobin binding affinity? the O2 affinity is 200 times higher than the CO-affinity the CO affinity is 22 times higher than the oxygen affinity the CO2 affinity is 200 times higher than the oxygen affinity there is no important differences between the CO and the O2 affinities

the CO affinity is 22 times higher than the oxygen affinity

``` What is the percentage of total blood buffering capacity belonging to hemoglobin? 50 % 15 % 35 % 5% ```

35%

What is the basis for the hemoglobin's buffering character? the deoxygenated Hb is a stronger base than the oxygenated the deoxygenated Hb is a weaker base than the oxygenated the oxygenated Hb is a weaker acid than the deoxygenated the deoxygenated Hb is a weaker acid than the oxygenated

the deoxygenated Hb is a weaker acid than the oxygenated

``` Which organ is the site of erythrocyte degradation? the spleen the venous plexus of the skin the kidney the red bone marrow ```

the spleen

``` What percentage of erythrocytes die daily? 0.1 % 1% 2-3 % 5% ```

``` Where does the major processes of hemoglobin degradation occur? in the blood in the kidney in the macrophages in the liver ```

in the macrophages

Is there any free hemoglobin present in the blood of a healty animal? no yes but only in negligible amounts yes and sometimes it also appears in the urine yes in relatively high concentrations

Which part of the hemoglobin molecule recycles? the iron and the hem the iron and the amino acids of the globin the hem and the amino acids of the globin all parts of it do recycle

the iron and the amino acids of the globin

``` What form of the hem is present in the phagocyte? biliverdin bilirubin-II bilirubin urobilinogen ```

bilirubin

In what form is the bilirubin found in the blood vessels? there is no bilirubin in the blood vessels in healthy animals in free form in haptoglobin bound form in albumin bound form

in albumin bound form

What happens with the bilirubin in the hepatocytes? it is conjugated with glucoronic acid and with sulphates it is oxidated it is reduced it is secreted to the bile in unchanged form

it is conjugated with glucorinic acid and with sulphates

``` What is the bilirubin -II? albumin bound bilirubin bilirubin -glucuronid free bilirubin oxidized bilirubin ```

bilirubin-glucuronid

``` What is the urobilinogen? the oxidased product of the bilirubin -I the reduced product of the biliverdin the reduced product of the bilirubin -I the oxidased product of the bilirubin-II ```

the reduced product of the bilirubin-I

``` Where does the bilirubin- urobilinogen transformation take place? in the gall-bladder in the kidney in the liver in the lumen of the gut ```

in the lumen of the gut

What happens with the urobilinogen that is reabsorbed from the intestinal tract? it passes to the systemic circulation throughout the vv.haemorrhoidales and is excreted from the kidney through the v.portae it goes to the liver, where it is reduced to bilirubin through the v.portae it goes to the liver, where it is reduced to biliverdin goes to the circulation and is reabsorbed in full measure from the renal tubules

it passes to the systemic circulation throughout the vv.haemorrhoidales and is excreted from the kidney

Where are the red blood cells produced? in the yellow bone marrow in the red bone marrow in the liver in the spleen

in the red bone marrow

Which red blood cell precursor can be found in the blood? proerythroblast normoblast reticulocyte committed progenitor cell

reticulocyte

In which red blood cell does hemoglobin synthesis take place? only in the non dividing normoblasts in the reticulocytes of the bone marrow in the committed progenitor cells in the proerythroblasts and normoblasts

in the proerythroblasts and normoblasts

The expulsion of the nucleus takes place in which red blood cell precursor? in the non dividing normoblasts in the proerythroblasts in the dividing normoblasts in the reticulocytes of the bone marrow

in the non-dividing normoblasts

Which are the most important physiological factors that have an influence on erythropoiesis? nutrient-, microelement-, vitamin supply oxygen supply, kidney, age liver function, spleen environmental temperature

oxygen supply, kidney, age

``` Where is the erythropoietin produced? in the liver in the spleen in the kidney in the red bone marrow ```

in the kidney

``` How long do the blood platelets live? 3-5 days 60 days 120 days 5-10 days ```

5-10 days

``` In which species do thrombocytes show phagocyting activity? thrombocytes of the birds thrombocytes of the carnivores thrombocytes of the herbivores none of the above ```

thrombocytes of the birds

What is typical of the motion of the blood platelets? only the platelets of birds are able to move actively they are unable to move actively they drift passively attached to other blood cells they are able to actively migrate in every species

they are unable to move actively

``` What species have platelets that contain a nucleus? the herbivores the carnivores the birds none of the above ```

in other animals (e.g. birds, amphibians) thrombocytes circulate as intact mononuclear cells

``` How many thrombocytes could be found in the blood per litre? 5-11 x 10^9 2-3 x 10^12 5-15 x 10^11 2-8 x 10^11 ```

2-8 x 10^11

``` Platelets derive from which primordial cell line? from megakaryocytes from monoblasts from myeloblasts from normoblasts ```

from megakaryocytes

What do the alpha- granules of the platelets contain? glycogen granules blood clotting factors hydrolases and catalases peroxidases and prostaglandins

blood clotting factors

What do the dense- granules of platelets contain? peroxidases and prostaglandins acid hydrolases and catalase serotonin taken from plasma blood clotting factors

serotonin taken from plasma

What do the dense- tubules of the platelets contain? catalases and acid hydrolases serotonin blood clotting factors peroxidases and prostaglandins

peroxidases and prostaglandins

What is the role of the actin edge of the platelets? its contraction helps the emptying of the alpha-granules it hinders the shrinking of the clot its high CAM content helps the adhesion ensures active cell motion

its contraction helps the emptying of the alpha-granules

What is the role of the microtubular edge of the platelet? ensures adhesion helps retraction and emptying of blood clotting substances it is the transport system of the granule the granules pass out of the cell along it

helps retraction and emptying of blood clotting substances

``` Which species has "neutrophilic" blood? the pig cattle the horse the birds ```

the horse (+ cat and dog)

``` Which species has "lymphocytic" blood? the cat the dog the horse cattle ```

cattle

``` How many leukocytes are in the blood per litre on the average? 5-15 x 109 5-15 millions 7-11 x 1012 5000-15000 ```

5-15 x 109

``` Which is the largest leukocyte? lymphocyte monocyte neutrophil granulocyte eosinophil granulocyte ```

monocyte

What do the granules of neutrophil granulocytes contain? destroyed bacterium particles stored nutritients enzymes (dizmutae, phosphatase etc.) histamine and serotonin

enzymes (dizmutae, phosphatase etc.)

``` How long does a circulating neutrophil granulocyte live? 6-7 days 3-5 days 2-3 days 6-7 hours ```

6-7 hours

``` What is the lifespan of a neutrophil granulocyte? 2-3 days 6-7 hours 3-5 days 6-8 days ```

2-3 days

``` What is the colour of the granules in a neutrophil granulocyte? red purple-red purple-blue light blue ```

purple-red

When is the shift of the blood-count to the left? when there are many old neutrophil granulocytes when there are many granulocytes with lobular nuclei when there are many young neutrophil granulocytes when there are many neutrophil granulocytes with 3-5 lobes in the nuclei

when there are many young neutrophil granulocytes

When is the shift of the blood-count to the right? when there are many neutrophil granulocytes with 3-5 lobated nuclei when there are many young granulocytes when there are many Staab cells when there are many neutrophil granulocytes with 5-10 nuclear lobes

when there are many neutrophil granulocytes with 5-10 nuclear lobes

What cell elements help the active motion of neutrophil granulocytes? the bean-shaped nucleus of young granulocytes the microtubuli the actin filaments the stick-shaped nucleus of old granulocytes

the actin filaments

What is the clathrin? a protein, which has a role in the motion of cells a protein, which helps in the active migration of the cells a protein which plays a role in exocytosis a complex which takes part in endocytosis

a complex which takes part in endocytosis

What is the opsonisation? immunglobulines connected to the antigenes activate the phagocytosis, by connecting to the Fc receptors of eosinophilic granulocytes the antigen-antibody complex activate the complement-system, the antigen-C3b complex stimulate the phagocytosis the phagocyted particles fuse with the granules of the cells during this reaction the number of the granules decrease in the neutrophilic granulocytes during this reaction

immunglobulines connected to the antigenes activate the phagocytosis, by connecting to the Fc receptors of eosinophilic granulocytes

What is immune adherence? inhibition of immune processes complement activated phagocytosis intracellular digestion granule exocytosis

complement activated phagocytosis

``` What is the main task of eosinophil granulocytes? phagocytosis allergic effect anti allergic effect they produce antigen specific antibodies ```

anti allergic effect

``` What is the lifespan of eosinophil granulocytes in the circulation? 2-3 days 6-7 days 3-5 days 3-8 hours ```

3-8 hours

``` What is the lifespan of the eosinophil granulocytes in tissues? 3-5 days 3-8 hours 2-3 days 6-7 hours ```

3-5 days

``` What is the colour of the granules of eosinophil granulocytes? purple-blue red ish purple-red dark purple ```

red ish

``` What do the granules of eosinophil granulocytes contain? hyaluronidase, myeloperoxidase histamine and serotonin histaminase and aryl- sulphatase contractile particles ```

histaminase and aryl-sulphatase

What is the chemotaxis? the passive movement of cells emptying of chemical substances synthesis of peptide signals directed motion towards a chemical signal

directed motion towards a chemical signal

What is the main task of basophil granulocytes? they are loosening the tissues to support antigen elimination they phagocytose the antigen they produce enzymes with anti-allergetic effect they take up the IgM from the plasma

they are loosening the tissues to support antigen elimination

What kind of enzymes play a central role in "respiratory burst"? protease, lysosim, nuclease NADH-oxidase, superoxid-dizmutase, myeloperoxidase NADH-reductase, acid and alkaline phosphatase phosphatases, proteases

NADH-oxidase, superoxid-dizmutase, myeloperoxidase

``` Which is not chemotaxin? histamine tissue debris immunglobulins complement factors ```

immunoglobins

What is the main task of eosinophil granulocytes? activating the complement system phagocyting the broken fragments of cells activating the materials made by basophil granulocytes inactivation of the metabolites made by basophil granulocytes

inactivation of the metabolites made by basophil granulocytes

``` What colour are the granules of basophil granulocytes? dark purple red purple-blue purple-red ```

dark purple

What do the granules of the basophil granulocytes contain? nucleases, phosphatases histamine, heparin, serotonin dismutase, peroxidase hyaluronidase, dismutase, nuclease

histamine, heparin, serotonin

What is the processs of degranulation? the granules of granulocytes fuse with phagocytosed particles the growth of the granules in the granulocytes IgE binding causes the emptying of basophil granulocytes the content of the granule of the cell depletes the cytoplasm

IgE binding causes the emptying of basophil granulocytes

``` What causes the degranulation? specific antigens certain factors of the complement system the Fc part of the IgE the IgE - antigen complex ```

the IgE antigen complex

``` What causes the non-specific degranulation? Certain parts of the complement system the specific antigen the Fc part of the IgG molecule the IgE-antigen complex ```

certain parts of the compliment system

``` What is the primary function of the mononuclear macrophages? antiallergic effect antigen presentation antigen elimination anti-body production ```

antigen presentation

What is the characteristics of the phagocytosis of the macrophages? they are not able to take up big particles they phagocytose liquids only they phagocytose not only unfamiliar substances, but the aging, dead cells of the organism too the macrophages are not able to phagocytose

they phagocytose not only unfamiliar substances, but the aging, dead cells of the organism too

``` Which substance produced by the MPS cell has a role in loosening the tissues? interferon histamine prostaglandin collagenase ```

collagenase

Which of the following MPS cells encourages the immune response? interleukin-1 collagenase serotonin angiotensin convertase

interleukin-1

What effect has interleukin-1 on the marrow? increases the IL-2 production of the pre- blood cells increases the production of the neutrophil granulocytes acute phase proteins are produced the process of cell- division is inhibited

increases the production of the neutrophil granulocytes

How does interleukin-1 influence the function of the T lymphocyte? IL-2 production is inhibited immune processes are inhibited IL-2 production increases anti-body production increases

IL-2 production increases

What kind of granules can be found in the cytoplasm of lymphocytes? granules that contain immunoglobulin and are painted a purplish colour there are no granules a few basophil granules just a few azurophil granules

just a few azurophil granules

What kind of particles can lymphocytes phagocyte? they do not have phagocytotic activity they can only phagocyte liquid antigens they can only phagocyte small solid particles they can phagocyte both liquid and solid substances

they do not have phagocytotic activity

What is the job of B lymphocytes? they are the main element of the cellular immune response after becoming a plasma cell they produce immunoglobulins they eliminate tumor cells and virus-infected cells they present antigens

after becoming a plasma cell they produce immunoglobulins

What is the role of the T lymphocytes? they produce immunoglobulins they perform phagocytosis they take part in the cellular immune response they inhibit the formation of humoral immune response

they take part in the cellular immune response

``` In what organ does the formation of blood cell take place? Lymph nodes in the spleen in the liver in the red bone marrow ```

in the red bone marrow

Which pre-blood cell (progenitor cell) settles down outside the marrow during the fetal period? T progenitor cell B progenitor cell proerythroblast megakaryoblast

T progenitor cell

``` Who discovered the blood-groups? K. Landsteiner C. Bernard H. Starling W. Einthoven ```

K. Landsteiner

What are hemagglutinogens? anti-bodies found in the red blood plasma antigens found on the surface of the red blood cells protein molecules found on the surface of blood cells genetically determined antigens appearing in the blood plasma

antigens found on the surface of the RBCs

What kind of molecules are hemagglutinogens? glucoproteids oligosaccharides glucolipids and glucoproteins proteids

Glucolipids and glucoproteins

What hemagglutinogens belong to the same blood group? chemically very similar antigens they are coded by genes located on the same chromosome they are coded by genes located on gene locuses that are near each other genes that are located on the same gene locus

genes that are located on the same gene locus

``` What kind of molecules are the agglutinogens of the human AB0 blood-group? glucolipids glucoproteids oligosaccharids proteids ```

glucolipids

What blood-group forms without the presence of the H antigen? all kinds of blood groups can appear no blood group appear 0 blood group only A or B blood groups

no blood group appear

What blood-group antigen is the gene of the N- acetylgalactose transferase enzyme responsible for? B blood-group antigen 0 blood-group antigen A blood-group antigen it is not in connection with blood group antigens

A blood group antigen

What blood-group antigen is the gene of the galactosil transferase enzyme responsible for? 0 blood-group antigen A blood-group antigen B blood-group antigen it is not in connection with blood group antigens

B blood group antigen

What are hemagglutinins? antibodies that agglutinate stranger red blood cells antigens found on the surface of red blood cells protein markers found on the surface of red blood cells genetically determined glucoproteid molecules found in the plasma

antibodies that agglutinate stranger RBCs

What are natural hemagglutinins? antibodies produced against hemagglutinogens, which are always found in the plasma antibodies present without previous immunization antibodies produced after blood transfusion antibodies that agglutinate the red blood cells of animals belonging to the same species

antibodies present without previous immunization

What are artificial hemagglutinins? antibodies produced solely against blood- group antigens brought artificially into the organism these kind of antibodies are not formed after blood transfusion antibodies forming just after previous immunization antibodies produced against blood-group antigens of animals belonging to different races

antibodies forming just after previous immunization

What are heteroagglutinins? substances present in the preformed plasma they can be seen in blood plasma after blood transfusion they agglutinate red blood cells of different blood-group antigens of the same race they agglutinate the red blood cells of a different race

they agglutinate the red blood cells of a different race

What are isohemagglutinins? they agglutinate the red blood cells of the same race they agglutinate the red blood cells of different races they are always present in the preformed plasma its presence is characteristic to human AB0 blood- group only

they agglutinate the red blood cells of the same race

What is characteristic of the hemagglutinins of the human ABO blood group system? they are present in the plasma even at birth they develop postnatally their concentration is independent of the age they appear in the plasma after an incompatible transfusion

they develop postnatally

What does biochemical polymorphism mean? structural units with different function but with same chemical structure molecules with similar biochemical function of different species molecules of simular function but different structure a synonym for blood groups

molecules with similar biochemical function of different species

``` How many human blood group systems are known? 5 2 4 15 ```

To which class of immunglobulins belong the heamagglutinins of the human ABO blood goup? IgM IgG IgA IgM and IgG

IgM

``` What type of hemagglutinins does the plasma of "A blood group" contain? anti-A anti-B anti-A and anti-B no antibody ```

anti-B

``` What type of hemagglutinins does the plasma of "B blood group" contain? anti-B anti-A and anti-B anti-A no antibody ```

anti-A

``` What type of hemagglutinins does the plasma of "AB blood group" contain? anti-B anti-A and anti-B anti-A no antibody ```

no antibody

``` What type of hemagglutinins does the plasma of "0 blood group" contain? anti-A and anti-B anti-A anti-B no antibody ```

anti-A and anti-B

Do the hemagglutinins of the "AB0 blood group" damage the incompatible fetus? yes no, because they are unable to get to the placenta yes, but only after the second pregnancy generally not, but occasionally it may happen

no because they are unable to get to the placenta

What happens with the RBCs of the donor in case of an incompatible transfusion? red blood cells agglutinate red blood cells hemolyze red blood cells agglutinate,then hemolyze it depends of the amount of RBCs transfused

red blood cells agglutinate, then hemolyse

What is characteristic of the human Rh blood type system? hemagglutinins appear in elderly persons codominant inheritance natural antibody can be found in the plasma no preformed antibody can be found

no prefromed antibody can be found

``` The anti-Rh antibody belongs to which class of immunoglobulins? IgG IgM IgA IgM ad IgG ```

IgG

In which case does Rh incompatibility emerge? father Rh- / mother Rh + / fetus Rh+ father Rh+ / mother Rh- / fetus Rh+ father Rh+ / mother Rh- / fetus Rh- father Rh- / mother Rh+ / fetus Rh-

father Rh+ / mother Rh- / fetus Rh +

Is the fetus damaged in case of Rh incompatibility? yes, during the first pregnancy yes, but only at third or fourth pregnancy yes, at second pregnancy and later no, because antibodies are unable to get through the placenta

yes, at second pregnancy and later

What happens the in case of Rh+ blood transfusion to a Rh- person? a harmful reaction in the first mistaken transfusion, the transfusion-sickness appears only in mild form red blood cell agglutination, then hemolysation hemolysis is experienced only after the second transfusion

hemolysis is experienced only after the second transfusion

What procedure can be used for animal blood typing? immunization, and systematic saturation immunization, then separation of the required antibody antibody separation from the plasma of known blood-group synthesis of the required antibody

immunization and systematic saturation

``` Which species has the largest number of blood group systems? cattle the pig the dog the horse ```

the pig

What is a freemartin? the infertile male of a set of twins of different genders a fetal defect, mainly in horses infertile female of a set of twins of different genders twins who have the same blood type

infertile female of a set of twins of different genders

What is a chimer? the infertile male of a set of twins of different genders fetal defect, mainly in horses infertility caused by hormones both of the twins have the same blood groups because the hemopoietic primordial cells migrate

both of the twins have the same blood groups because the hemopoietic primordial cells migrate

``` Which species can be a blood donor to another species in the case of emergency ? cat to dog dog to cat horse to pig horse to cattle ```

dog to cat

``` Which animal species may display mother/ newborn incompatibility? dog sheep horse and pig cattle ```

horse and pig

How can you treat the mother/ newborn incompatibility? the colostrum is given only 24 hours after birth an immediate exchange transfusion is required in the newborn page milk should be given instead of colostrum the newborn should be nursed by another mother in the first 72 hours

the newborn should be nursed by another mother in the first 72 hours

What is the correct order of the major steps of the hemostasis? vessel reaction, thrombocyte reaction, blood clotting thrombocyte reaction, vessel reaction, blood clotting fibrinolysis, thrombocyte reaction, blood clotting thrombocyte reaction, fibrinolysis, blood clotting

vessel reaction, thrombocyte reaction, blood clotting

``` What are the causes of the hemophilia? the increase of clot formation the decrease of clot formation the increase of clot removing intensity the decrease of clot removing intensity ```

the decrease of clot formation

What can cause thrombosis? decrease of local clot formation increase of the intensity of clot-removing processes increase of clot- forming processes or decrease of clot- removing processes increase of clot- forming processes or increase of the intensity of clot- removing processes

increase of clot forming processes or decrease of clot removing processes

What is characteristic of the blood-vessel- reaction in hemostasis? it lasts only a few hours it is not a reflex process it is a result of smooth- muscle hyperpolarisation thromboxane-A2 has a role in the process

thromboxane-A2 has a role in the process

What is true for thromboxane-A2? it is an eicosanoid it is a product of erythrocytes it has no role in the blood-vessel-reaction it causes blood- vessel-reaction by itself

it is an eicosanoid

What are the characteristics of the thrombocyte reaction? as a result of it, red thrombus forms the collagen fibers of the injured blood vessels have a role in this process red blood cells adhere to the wound the thrombocytic cAMP production begins

the collagen fibers of the injured blood vessels have a role in this process

Which of the following statements is true for blood-clotting? its final product is prothrombin its extrinsic way is started by the appearance of collagen fibers it is due to a proteolytic cascade reaction its intrinsic way is started by the elastic fibers of vessels

it is due to a proteolytic cascade reaction

What is true for fibrin? it is the precursor of fibrinogen the loose form of it develops from its stable form it stimulates the prothrombine activating complex the factor XIII has an important role in stabilizing it

the factor XIII has an important role in stablizing it

On what processes does thrombin have an effect on? proaccerelin-accerelin transformation it inactivates factors No. I. and XIII. it is the antihemophilic factor IX it stimulates blood- clotting via protein C

proaccerelin-accerelin transformation

``` What is the characterisctic of thrombin? it is an albumin fraction it has effects on both fibrinogen and fibrin it inhibits plasminogen it prevents blood- clotting ```

it has effects on both fibrinogen and fibrin

What is true for the extrinsic way of blood-clotting? it can be prevented by thromboplastin it joins with the intrinsic way when convertin is activated factor III. has a direct and an indirect effect on factor No.X. it is regulated by the proconvertin feed- back

factor III. has a direct and an indirect effect on factor no. X

What is true for thromboplastin? it activates the Christmas-factor being released from wounded tissues, it activates thrombokinase it is another name for the Stuart-Prower factor it activates factor No.X.

It activates factor no. X

Which of the following statements is true for the intrinsic way of blood-clotting? the Hageman-factor can activate the Plasma Thromboplastin Antecedent during the process it starts because the positive charge of the collagen fibers of the vein wall are exposed it begins with the activation of factor X Hageman-factor is stimulated by the Christmas-factor in this process

the Hageman-factor can activate the Plasma Thromboplastin Antecedent during the process

Which statement is true for the Christmas-factor? it is a transmitter it has an important role in activating the Stuart-Prower factor it has an important role in the extrinsic way of blood-clotting it can activate the Plasma Thromboplastin Antecedent

it has an important role in activating the Stuart-Prower factor

Which statement is true for fibrinolysis? macrophages loosen the blood clot from outside plasminogen is the active enzyme of this process blood flow sweeps away parts of the blood clot it starts a few weeks after the blood- clotting

blood flow sweeps away parts of the blood clot

``` What is plasmin? a structural protein typical of the red blood cells a small molecular weight substance a lipid cleaving enzyme an efficient protease ```

an efficient protease

Which statement is true for thrombolysis? thrombin activates the plasminogen plasmin acts in an uncontrolled way Ca2+ ions trigger it the dissolving of the white and red thrombus is separated in time

thrombin activates the plasminogen

What is the characterisic of viamin K? it is a water soluble vitamin its role in blood clotting is explained by its coenzyme function its lack does not causes clot-forming deficiency it can phosphorilate blood-clotting factors

its role in blood clotting is explained by its coenzyme function

Which statement is true for vitamin K? agonists can prevent the coemzyme function of it its oxidated form is the coenzyme of the carboxylation of the glutamin clot-forming problems preventing its function can be caused by melilotus and warfarin its main role in blood-clotting is producing the vessel reaction

clot forming problems preventing its function can be caused by melilotus and warfarin

What is the primary step in the thrombocyte reaction? the von Willebrand factor is inhibited the PGI2 and NO production stops the thrombocytes produce blood-clotting factors the thrombocyte sticks to the collagen fibers exposed

the thrombocyte sticks to the collagen fibers exposed

Which process is concerned with the self-strengthening functions of thrombin? proaccerelin- accerelin transformation fibrinogen-fibrin transformation the stabilization of the loose fibrin net the activation of protein C and plasminogen

proaccerelin-accerelin transformation

Which process ensures the self- inhibiting function of the thrombin? the thrombocyte aggregation and adhesion protein C and plasminogen activation the increase of proaccerelin-accerelin transformation stabilisation of the loose fibrin net

protein C and plasminogen activation

What is the basic function of the thrombin? activation of the proaccerelin-accerelin transformation helping the thrombocyte aggregation and adhesion fibrinogen-fibrin transformation, fibrin stabilization protein C and plasminogen activation

fibrinogen-fibrin transformation, fibrin stabilization

What activates blood-clotting factor No. XII.? Ca2+ ions blood-clotting factor No. XIa. blood-clotting factor No. XIIIa. the injury of the vessel endothel, kininogen, kallikrein

the injury of the vessel endothel, kiniogen, kallikrein

``` Which substances belong to the "activator complex" helping factor No.X.? IXa, Ca2+, VIIIC, TF3 XIa, Ixa, Ca2+ VIIIC, TF3, Xia XIIa, Xia, Ca2+, TF3 ```

IXa, Ca2+, VIIIC, TF3

``` Which enzyme dissolves the fibrin net of the bood clot? thrombin plasmin collagenase trypsin ```

plasmin

``` Which plasma protein is activated by thrombin in the process of anticoagulation? plasmin antiplasmin protein C plasminogen ```

protein C

``` Which enzyme is activated by the thrombin in the process of fibrinolysis? protein C antiplasmin plasmin plasminogen ```

plasminogen

After blood loss ceases what kind of processes follow? Vascular reaction decrease, coagulation cascade inactivation, fibrinolysis, reparation of vessel walls Vascular reaction, coagulation cascade inactivation, reparation of vessel walls Transmission of white or red thrombus, fibrinolysis, reparation of vessel walls Thrombocyte reaction, coagulation cascade inactivation, fibrinolysis

vascular reaction decrease, coagulation cascade inactivation, fibrinolysis, reparation of vessel walls

``` Which coagulation factor is responsible for the balance of coagulation- anticoagulation mechanisms? thrombin factor IV fibrinogen factor XIII ```

thrombin

``` Where can be the enzymes responsible for coagulation found? In the thrombocytes In the blood plasma and the thrombocytes In the blood plasma In the endothel cells ```

in the blood plasma and the thrombocytes

``` Which factor fixes and activates the enzymes of the cascade? X. V. IV. II. ```

``` Which coagulation factor is first common one for the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway? factor III factor VII factor X factor IV ```

factor X

``` Which is the most important enzyme of the coagulation? fibrin-stabilizing factor accerelin Stuart-Prower factor thrombin ```

thrombin

``` Which coagulation factors initiate the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting? IV., X. III., VII., XII. IX., XI. X., VIII., IV. ```

III., VII., XII.