Midterm 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What determines the contractility?
isotonic tension
isometric tension
maximum isometric tension, maximum contraction speed
contraction speed
A
maximum isometric tension, maximum contraction speed
2
Q
What influences the efficiency of the working fibers in the heart?
parasympathetic stimulation
sympathetic inhibition
direct electrical stimulation
sympathetic stimulation
A
Sympathetic stimulation
3
Q
How does the cardiac output change during the direct stimulation of the heart? the C.O. doesn`t change the C.O. decreases slightly the C.O. increases significantly the C.O. decreases significantly
A
The C.O. doesn’t change
4
Q
How does the cardiac output change if we stimulate the heart through its sympathetic nerve?
the C.O. decreases continuously
the C.O. increases continuously
the C.O. doesn’t change
the C.O. increases slightly
A
The C.O. increases continuously
5
Q
How does the systole/diastole rate change with direct stimulation of the heart?
systole and diastole decrease
systole increases, diastole decreases
systole doesn’t change, diastole decreases
systole decreases, diastole increases
A
systole doesn’t change, diastole decreases
6
Q
How does the systole/diastole ratio change if we stimulate the heart through its sympathetic nerve?
it increases
it decreases
it increases the muscle force only
the ratio doesn’t change too much
A
The ratio doesn’t change too much
7
Q
How can we measure the cardiac output? on the basis of the Ficks-principle on the basis of the Van`t Hoff law on the basis of the Laplace law on the basis of Henderson- Hasselbalch equation
A
On the basis of the Ficks-principle
8
Q
What formula can be used to calculate the cardiac output? C.O.=QtO2x(CaO2- CvO2) C.O.=QtO2/(CaO2- CvO2) C.O.=QtO2/(CvO2- CaO2) C.O.=QtO2/ (CaO2xCvO2)
A
C.O. = QtO2/(CaO2-CvO2)
9
Q
Can we apply the Stewart-principle for the determination of the cardiac output?
yes, because we measure the volume
yes, when we inject tritiated water
yes, but modified, instead of volume we measure volume flow
no
A
Yes, but modified, instead of volume we measure volume flow
10
Q
What efficiency does the heart have? 80 % 30-40% 4% 10-20%
A
10-20%
11
Q
What is the external work of the heart?
The product of systolic volume and the mean arterial pressure
The quotient of pulse pressure and the circulatory mid- pressure
The product of cardiac output and the arterial mid-pressure
the difference of the pressure-work and the kinetic-work
A
The product of systolic volume and the mean arterial pressure
12
Q
What can we show with the help of the Rushmer-diagram?
the ratio of external and internal work
the ratio of the active and passive component of the external work of the heart
the difference between the external and internal work of the heart
the efficiency of the work of the heart
A
The ratio of the active and passive component of the external work
13
Q
What does the passive work of the heart derive from?
from the tension during the isovolumetric contraction
from the isovolumetric relaxation
from the energy stored in the elastic components
from the tension of the aortic wall
A
From the energy stored in the elastic components
14
Q
How do the pressure and volume of the left ventricle change during the fast ejection phase of systole?
the pressure does not change, the volume decreases significantly
the pressure drops, the volume decreases
the pressure increases, the volume does not change
the pressure increases, the volume decreases
A
The pressure increases, the volume decreases
15
Q
How does the efficiency of the heart change with increasing ventricular volume?
It decreases
It increases
It does not change
It decreases, since the oxygen consumption is less
A
It decreases
16
Q
What happens when we stimulate the heart muscle to the threshold potential? Cl and Ca influx K outflow, Na inflow Na influx Ca and Na influx
A
Na influx
17
Q
What happens at a potential of +25 mV? Na inflow stops, K inflow, Cl outflow Ca inflow, Na outflow Na inflow continues, K outflow stops Na inflow stops; Cl inflow begins
A
Na inflow stops: Cl inflow begins
18
Q
What influx happens during the plateau-phase of the heart muscle's AP? slow Ca inflow, slow K outflow quick Ca inflow, slow K outflow slow Ca outflow, quick K inflow quick Na inflow, slow Ca inflow
A
Slow Ca inflow, slow K outflow
19
Q
What is going on in the phase leading to the total repolarization of the heart muscle? slow Ca inflow, slow K outflow rapid K outflow, Ca inflow stops Ca inflow, slow K outflow Na inflow, slow Ca inflow
A
rapid K outflow, Ca inflow stops
20
Q
How does the potassium conductance change during phase 3 of the AP of the working fibers of the heart?
it decreases
it does not change
it increases
its change is parallel to the sodium conductance
A
It increases
21
Q
Which ion flux causes the plateau phase in the AP of the heart muscle? potassium chloride sodium mainly calcium
A
Mainly calcium
22
Q
How does the sodium conductance change in phase 1 of the AP of the working fibers of the heart? it ceases suddenly it increases it decreases continuously it does not change
A
It ceases suddenly
23
Q
What is the most important difference between the action potential of the heart muscle and that of the skeletal muscle?
the AP of the heart muscle is shorter
the AP of the skeletal muscle has no plateau phase
the contraction of the heart muscle starts after the AP
the AP of the skeletal muscle overlaps its mechanogram
A
The AP of the skeletal muscle has no plateau phase
24
Q
What answer is produced when the stimulus is given during the absolute refractory phase?
a new AP is generated
a new AP is produced when the stimulus is strong enough
no AP can be produced
AP is generated about 300 msecs later
A
No AP can be produced
25
Which statement is correct for the relative refractory period?
Only a slight stimulus may elicit a new AP
no stimulus can elicit an AP
a normal stimulus causes an AP
only a very strong stimulus can elicit an AP
Only a very strong stimulus can elicit an AP
26
Which statement is correct for the supernormal phase?
a very slight stimulus can provoke an AP
only a strong stimulus elicits an AP
AP cannot be elicited at all in this phase
only serial stimuli elicit a new AP
A very slight stimulus can provoke an AB
27
```
In which phase of the AP can a stimulus cause life threatening ventricular fibrillation?
absolute refractory period
supernormal phase
relative refractory period
immediately after the diastole
```
Supernormal phase
28
```
What is the center of the nomotopic stimulus formation?
septum
Purkinje fibers
sinoatrial node
bundle of His
```
Sinoatrial node
29
Which formation generates the pacemaker activity in the heart?
large round cells of the SA node
elongated cells of the sinoauricular node
sympathetic fibers
parasympathetic fibers
Large round cells of the SA node
30
```
Which formation synchronizes and delays the pacemaker signal?
large round cells of the SA node
elongated cells of the SA node
pacemaker cells of the SA node
working muscle fibers
```
Elongated cells of the SA node
31
```
The depolarisation of the pacemaker cells begins at what potential?
-90 mV
-35 mV
-55 mV
+35 mV
```
-55 mV
32
```
What kind of ion channels function in the period of spontaneous diastolic depolarisation?
Ih channels, slow Na- channels
slow Na-channels
fast Na-channels
Ih channels, T and L-type channels
```
LH channels, T and L type channels
33
```
Which channels determine the 0 phase of the action potential of the pacemaker cells?
fast Na-channels
slow Na-channels
Ih channels
T and L-type Ca- channels
```
Fast Na-channels
34
What are the characteristics of the subendocardial conduction?
the specialized fibre system projects deep into the ventricular muscle
The specialized fibre system does not project deep into the ventricular muscle
it occurs in large animals
elongates the heart cycle
The specialized fibre system does not project deep into the ventricular muscle
35
What are the characteristics of the epicardial conduction?
it occurs in small animals
the specialized fibre system is on the surface of the ventricle
the specialized fibre system projects deep into the muscles of the ventricle
elongates the heart cycle
the specialized fibre system projects deep into the muscles of the ventricle
36
What is the function of the sinoatrial node?
ventricular activation
synchronizes atrial and ventricular contraction
delays the conduction time
nomotopic excitation
nomotopic excitation
37
What is the function of the atrioventricular node?
delays the excitation
synchronizing the contraction of the two ventricles
nomotopic excitation
fast ventricular activation
delays the excitation
38
```
What is the function of the annulus fibrosus?
ventricular activation
synchronization
nomotopic stimulus generation
heterotopic stimulus generation
```
Synchronization
39
What is the function of the His-bundle?
delays the conduction of the stimulus
nomotopic stimulus generation
fast ventricular activation
synchronization atrial and ventricular activity
Fast ventricular activation
40
Where is the conduction the slowest in the heart?
in the ventricle
in the His-bundle and the Tawara-stalk
in the SA node
in the AV node
In the AV node
41
Where is the conductance the fastest in the heart?
in the His and Tawara bundles
in the working muscle fibres
in the ventricles
in the atriovenrticular node
In the His and Tawara bundles
42
How does sympathetic stimulation affect the frequency of the heart?
it decreases the frequency
it increases the frequency
there is no change
first it increases, later it decreases
It increases its frequency
43
How does parasympathetic stimulation affect the frequency of the heart?
it increases the frequency
there is no change
it decreases the frequency
first it increases, later it decreases
It decreases the frequency
44
What mediates the sympathetic effect in the heart?
cAMP concentration decreases
inhibiting of the beta-1 receptor
stimulating the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
stimulating the beta-1 receptor
Stimulating the beta-1 receptor
45
```
How does the AP of the heart change during sympathetic stimulation?
the steepness of the SDD increases
the MDP lowers
the steepness of the SDD decreases
the MDP does not change
```
The steepness of the SDD increases
46
How does the parasympathetic effect act in the heart?
via beta-1 receptor stimulation
via acetylcholine receptor stimulation
by inhibiting the beta-1 receptors
increasing the cAMP concentration
Via acetylcholine receptor stimulation
47
What nerval effect determines the heart function at rest?
sympathetic inhibition
sympathetic stimulation
parasympathetic stimulation
parasympathetic inhibition
Parasympathetic inhibition
48
What neural effects act on the heart in case of increased physical activity?
increased sympathetic stimulation, reduced parasympathetic activity
increased parasympathetic activity
reduced sympathetic activity
increased vagal stimulation
Increased sympathetic stimulation, reduced parasympathetic activity
49
What is the bathmotrop effect?
an effect influencing frequency
an effect influencing threshold
an effect influencing force generation
an effect influencing contractility
An effect influencing treshold
50
What is the dromotrop effect?
an effect influencing frequency
an effect influencing threshold
an effect influencing conductance
an effect influencing SDD
An effect influencing conductance
51
```
What is the inotrop effect?
an effect influencing frequency
an effect influencing threshold
an effect influencing force generation
an effect influencing SDD
```
An effect influencing force generation
52
```
What is the chronotrop effect?
an effect influencing frequency
an effect influencing force generation
an effect influencing conductance
an effect influencing threshold
```
An effect influencing frequency
53
How does the parasympathetic nervous system alter the activity of the heart?
negative inotrop, chronotrop, positive dromotrop, bathmotrop effect
negative inotrop, chronotrop, dromotrop, bathmotrop effect
positive inotrop, chronotrop, dromotrop, bathmotrop effect
positive inotrop, chronotrop, negative dromotrop, bathmotrop effect
Negative inotrop, chonotrop, dromotrop, bathmotrop effect
54
How does sympathetic nervous system alter the activity of the heart?
negative inotrop, chronotrop, positive dromotrop, bathmotrop effect.
negative inotrop, chronotrop, dromotrop, bathmotrop effect
positive inotrop, chronotrop, dromotrop, bathmotrop effect
positive inotrop, chronotrop, negative dromotrop, bathmotrop effect
Positive inotrop, chronotrop, dromotrop, bathmotrop effect
55
What is characteristic of the electro-mechanical coupling in the heart muscle?
its main element is the voltage sensitive channel on the membrane of the SR
the process is started by the opening of the Na-dependent Ca channel
its basis is the increase of the IC potassium level
the stimulation of the DHP sensitive proteins
The stimulation of the DHP sensitive proteins
56
What directly starts the cross bridge cycling in the heart muscle?
the calcium signal
conformation change of the voltage dependent DHP receptor and T-tubulus
opening of DHP-type Ca channels on the SP membrane
pumping of the calcium into the SR
The calcium signal
57
What mechanisms make calcium flow out of the IC?
ATP dependent calcium pump towards the EC, Na/Ca antiporter towards SR
ATP dependent calcium pump towards the SR, Na/ Ca antiporter towards EC
Na/Ca antiporter towards EC and SR
ATP dependent Ca pump towards the SR and EC
ATP dependent calcium pump towards the SR, Na/Ca antiporter towards EC
58
Which of the following statements is false?
regarding its function, the heart can be considered as an electric dipole
a dipole can be described by a vector
depolarization vector points from the positive to the negative direction
an electrical signal has direction, measure and polarity
Depolarization vector points from the positive to the negative direction
59
```
Who constructed the first ECG equipment?
A. L. Lavoisier.
G. R. Kirchhoff.
C. Bernard.
W. Einthoven.
```
W. Einthoven
60
Which of the following statements is true?
the sum of the voltage differences measured between the vertices of the equilateral triangle around the dipole is always zero.
the sum of voltage differences measured between the vertices of the triangle around the dipole equals unity
the Einthoven's lead is a unipolar lead
the depolarization wave causes an upward defelction on the ECG
The sum of the voltage differences measured between the vertices of the equilateral triangle around the dipole is always zero
61
What is the principle of the bipolar lead?
potential difference between two electrodes is compared to a third reference point
potential difference between two electrodes placed on the surface of a dipol is measured
potential difference between two electrodes is compared to a third neutral point
potential difference between two electrodes is compared to standard voltage value
Potential difference between two electrodes placed on the surface of a dipole is measured
62
What can be seen in the oscilloscope during full depolarization?
an upwards deflection
a downwards deflection
an isoelectric line - no deflection
an irregular line
An isoelectric line - no deflection
63
What is the Einthoven's first lead?
reference electrode on right arm, measuring electrode on left leg
reference electrode on left arm, measuring electrode on left leg
reference electrode on right arm, measuring electrode on right leg
reference electrode on right arm, measuring electrode on left arm
Reference electrode on right arm, measuring electrode on left arm
64
What is the Einthoven's second lead?
reference electrode on right arm, measuring electrode on left leg
reference electrode on left arm, measuring electrode on left leg
reference electrode on right arm, measuring electrode on right leg
reference electrode on right arm, measuring electrode on left arm
Reference electrode on right arm, measuring electrode on left leg
65
What is the Einthoven's third lead?
reference electrode on right arm, measuring electrode on left leg
reference electrode on left arm, measuring electrode on left leg
reference electrode on right arm, measuring electrode on right leg
reference electrode on right arm, measuring electrode on left arm
Reference electrode on left arm, measuring electrode on left leg
66
Why is the integral vector of the heart not zero?
the measurement points do not form an exact triangle
the stimulus passing between the atrium and the ventricle is slowing down
the heart is asymmetric it has altering width of wall and the SA node is not in the middle
speed of conduction is different in all directions
The heart is asymmetric it has altering width of wall and the SA node is not in the middle
67
With which state of the atrial activity does the ventricular depolarization coincide?
depolarization
activated state
repose state
repolarization
Repolarization
68
What does the T- wave describe on the ECG?
atrial depolarization
SA node depolarization
ventricular repolarization
atrial repolarization
Ventricular repolarization
69
What does the PQ segment describe on the ECG?
SA node depolarization
atrio-ventricular conduction
ventricular depolarization
atrial repolarization
Atrio-ventricular conduction
70
What does the QRS complex describe on the ECG?
full atrial depolarization
full repolarization
ventricular depolarization, atrial repolarization
ventricular repolarization, atrial depolarization
Ventricular depolarization, atrial repolarization
71
What makes the Q wave point downwards?
ventricular depolarization spreads to the vertex of the heart
repolarization of the right ventricle
atrial repolarization
ventricular depolarization spreads toward the base of the heart
Ventricular depolarization spreads toward the base of the heart
72
What does the S-T segment describe?
full ventricular depolarization
ventricle is fully repolarized
atrium is depolarized, ventricle is repolarized
full repolarization of the atria
Full ventricular depolarization
73
What does the T wave represent?
atrial repolarization
ventricular repolarization
atrial depolarization
ventricular depolarization
Ventricular repolarization
74
What does the T-P segment represent?
complete atrial depolarization
the beginning of ventricular repolarization
complete repolarization, state of rest
complete ventricular depolarization
Complete repolarization, state of rest
75
What is the essence of the unipolar lead?
to measure the voltage fluctuation between a point of the chest and a limb
to connect electrodes placed on the chest, and registers the integrated voltage fluctuations
to measure the voltage of a single conduction point only
to measure the voltage fluctuation between the examining electrode and a place of 0 potential
To measure the voltage fluctuation between the examining electrode and a place of 0 potential
76
Which type of ECG gives precise information about the heart's anatomical position?
vector cardiography
esophageal ECG
His-Bundle ECG
unipolar ECG
Vector cardiography
77
What causes heartsound I?
Closure of semilunar valves
Closure of cuspidal valves
Sound of sudden ventricular filling
Turbulent flow following atrial systole
Closure of cuspidal valves
78
```
What causes heartsound II?
Closure of cuspidal valves
Sound of sudden ventricular filling
Closure of semilunar valves
Turbulent flow following atrial systole
```
Closure of semilunar valves
79
```
Which wave cannot be registered on v. jugularis during the heart-cycle?
Wave V
Wave C
Wave A
Wave P
```
Wave P
80
```
How long is a complete heart- cycle in dogs?
800 msec
270 msec
530 msec
220 msec
```
800 msec
81
```
What percent of the ventricular volume gets to the periphery during the fast ejection phase of ventricular systole?
60 %
80 %
90 %
50 %
```
80%
82
Of the following elements of the heart-cycle which is the longest in time?
isovolumetric relaxation
isovolumetric relaxation
ventricular systole
atrial systole
Ventricular systole
83
```
Which is the shortest element of the heart-cycle?
isovolumetric relaxation
atrial systole
fast phase of auxotonic contraction
isovolumetric contraction
```
Isovolumetric contraction
84
```
Where is there no valve in the blood flow?
v.cava - right atrium
right atrium - right ventricle
left atrium - left ventricle
left atrium - aorta
```
Vena cava - right atrium
85
```
Where you could find tricuspid valves in the heart?
left atrium - left ventricle
right atrium - right ventricle
left ventricle - aorta
right ventricle - a. pulmonalis
```
Right atrium - right ventricle
86
```
Where you could find bicuspid valves in the heart?
right atrium - right ventricle
left ventricle - aorta
left atrium - left ventricle
right ventricle - a. pulmonalis
```
Left atrium - left ventricle
87
What vessel carries venous blood?
a. radialis
a. carotis communis
v. pulmonalis
a. pulmonalis
A. pulmonalis
88
What vessel carries arterial blood?
v. pulmonalis
a. pulmonalis
v. cava cranialis
v. portae
V. pulmonalis
89
How is the mechanical performance of the heart controlled by the nervous system tone?
parasympathethic increases
sympathethic increases
sympathethic decreases
no effect on the mechanical performance
Sympathetic increases
90
```
How does the nervous system influence the heart basal activity?
sympathethic predominance
parasympathethic inhibition
parasympathethic dominance
no effect on the basal activity
```
Parasympathetic dominance
91
What is typical for the serial elastic component?
inhibits overextension of muscle
it is linked parallel with the contractile elements
it is stretched in diastole
it is relaxed in diastole and stretched in systole
It is relaxed in diastole and stretched in systole
92
What is typical for the parallel elastic component?
energy is stored in it due to the tension which is created by the blood flow-in
it is relaxed in diastole and stretched in systole
it is linked serial to the contractile elements
inhibits over extension of muscle
Energy is stored in it due to the tension which is created by the blood flow-in
93
What is typical for the collagen-fiber system?
it is linked serial to the contractile elements
inhibits over extension of muscle
it is stretched in diastole and relaxed in systole
it has a fiber-mass value = 1
Inhibits over-extension of muscle
94
What is typical for the isometric phase of the heart activity?
movement at the same tension
SEC and PEC elements are tensed during this phase
there is tension but no movement
contractile elements are not contracting but are tensing
There is tension but no movement
95
What is typical for the isotonic phase of the heart activity?
sudden tension of the collagen fibers
no change in contraction of the contracting components during this phase
there is tension but no movement
there is movement but no change in tension
There is movement but no change in tension
96
What happens at the maximal loading of the heart?
collagen fibers extend and display maximal resistance
collagen fibers relax and reduce their resistance to minimal
tension of contractile elements increase
SEC and PEC components contract maximal
Collagen fibers extend and display maximal resistance
97
What conditions allow isotonic contraction?
muscle can not move the load
muscle can freely move the load
muscle works against a spring
muscle is supported to a certain length
Muscle can freely move the load
98
What condition is needed for isometric contraction?
muscle can freely move the load
muscle works against a spring
muscle can not move the load
muscle is supported to a certain length
Muscle can not move the load
99
What condition is needed for auxotonic contraction?
muscle is supported to a certain length
muscle can not move the load
muscle can freely move the load
muscle works against a spring
Muscle works against a spring
100
What type of muscle contraction can be demonstrated in the preload experiment?
two components: first isometric, then isotonic
two components: first isotonic, then isometric
one component: isometric
one component: isotonic
Two components: first isometric, then isotonic
101
What do we demonstrate in the "afterload" experiment?
two different type of contractions: first isometric, then isotonic
two different type of contractions: first isotonic, then isometric
the isometric contraction
the isotonic contraction
Two different types of contractions: first isotonic, then isometric
102
What physiological situation can we demonstrate with the preload experiment?
heart keeps the balance with the peripheral resistance at the end of the contraction
heart muscle reaches a certain length at the end of the systole, then is starts to constrict
at the end of the diastole heart starts to constrict
at the end of the diastole the heart keeps balance with the peripheral resistance
At the end of the diastole heart starts to constrict
103
What is the difference between the mechanogram of skeletal and heart muscle?
The maximal tension in the heart muscle is at 1.9-2.6 micrometer sarcomere length
The optimal sarcomere length is optimal for actin-myosin bridging at 1.9-2.6 micrometer sarcomere length
Stretching skeletal muscle has significant energy reserves
The heart muscle shows maximal tension at long sarcomeric length (2.5 micrometer)
The heart muscle shows maximal tension at long sarcomeric length (2.5 micrometer)
104
Why is there no maximal tension in the heart muscle at 2 micrometer sarcomere length?
calcium is only sufficient for maximal tension at 2.5 micrometer sarcomere length
calcium binding sites are 100% saturated below 2.5 micrometer sarcomere length
below 2 micrometer not all the possible bridges can be formed
there is not enough calcium due to maximal sarcomere length
Calcium is only sufficient for maximal tension at 2.5 micrometer sarcomere length
105
Which of the below is the sarcomere length of the heart at default function?
2.2 micrometers
1.9 micrometers
2.5 micrometers
between 2-2.5 micrometers
1.9 micrometers
106
What is the reason for the difference between the length- tension diagram of heart and skeletal muscle?
the sarcomere structure is different
there is only a small amount of calcium in the skeletal muscle after stimulation
calcium might enter the IC space in proportion to the extension of the heart muscle
2.5 micrometer sarcomere length is optimal for the heart to work
Calcium might enter the IC space in proportion to the extension of the heart muscle
107
What does the EDV stand for?
stroke volume
cardiac output
volume at the end of systole
volume at the end of diastole
Volume at the end of diastole
108
What does the ESV stands for?
volume at the end of systole
volume at the end of diastole
cardiac output
stroke volume
Volume at the end of systole
109
What does the SV stands for?
volume at the end of diastole
stroke volume
volume at the end of systole
cardiac output
Stroke volume
110
How can the stroke volume be calculated?
End systolic volume - end diastolic volume
(end diastolic volume - end systolic volume) x heart frequency
end diastolic volume - end systolic volume
end diastolic volume + end systolic volume
End diastolic volume - end systolic volume
111
Which of the parameters below describes the work of the heart?
end systolic volume
heart frequency
stroke volume
cardiac output
Cardiac output
112
Which equation describes the Cardiac Output?
C.O. = (end diastolic volume - end systolic volume) x frequency
C.O. = (end systolic volume - end diastolic volume) x frequency
C.O. = (end diastolic volume - end systolic volume) / frequency
C.O. = (end diastolic volume + end systolic volume) x frequency
C.O. = (end diastolic volume - end systolic volume) x frequency
113
```
Who formulated the "law of the heart"?
C. Bernard
H. Starling
A. L. Lavoisier
W. Einthoven
```
H. Starling
114
Which are the most important components of the Starling's preparations?
Intact systemic circulation, denervated heart, peripheral resistance instead of lung circulation
Intact lung circulation, denervated heart, intact systemic circulation
Intact lung circulation, denervated heart, peripheral resistance instead of systemic circulation, reservoir instead of venous system
Intact lung circulation, intact heard, peripheral resistance instead of systemic circulation, reservoir instead of venous system
Intact lung circulation, denervated heart, peripheral resistance instead of systemic circulation, reservoir instead of venous system
115
What happens when you increase the venous return in the Starling's preparation?
Stroke volume does not change, frequency increases, cardiac output increases
Stroke volume and frequency increase, cardiac output increases
End diastolic volume increases, stroke volume and frequency do not change
End diastolic volume increases immediately, then stroke volume and cardiac output increases, while frequency does not change
End diastolic volume increaes immediately, then stroke volume and cardiac output increases, while frequency does not change
116
What happens when you increase the peripheral resistance in the Starling preparation?
End diastolic volume increases immediately, but stroke volume, frequency, and cardiac output do not change
End diastolic volume increases immediately, stroke volume and frequency do not change, cardiac output increases
Stroke volume does not change, frequency and cardiac output increases
Stroke volume, frequency and cardiac output increases
End diastolic volume increases immediately, but stroke volume, frequency and cardiac output do not change
117
How does the Starling law apply in case of change in posture?
The peripheral resistance changes when the animal stands up, or lies down
Venous return changes when the animal stands up, or lies down
Changing posture the altered frequency provides the immediate capability to adapt
The systolic reserve provides the background of the higher heart performance
Venous return changes when the animal stands up or lies down
118
What is the heterometric autoregulation?
During one cycle the same amount of blood is pumped out from the left and right heart
The different blood volumes entering the left and right side of the heart requires no compensation
Higher amount of blood pumped out from one side of the heart dilates the other side, as well, which makes the heart able to pump more blood
increased venous return decreases the work of the heart
Higher amount of blood pumped out from one side of the heart dilates the other side as well, which makes the heart able to pump more blood
119
What does the Starling "heart law" tell us?
The performance of the heart is equal even in changing conditions
Increased venous return does not alter the performance of the heart
Increased expansion of the heart muscle increases the performance of the heart slightly
Increased expansion of the muscle increases the performance of the heart significantly
Increased expansion of the muscle increases the performance of the heart significantly
120
What does the compliance of the heart depend on?
the inherent abilities of the heart muscle to dilate
the end systolic pressure
only the peripheral blood pressure
the peripheral blood pressure has no effect
The inherent abilities of the heart muscle to dilate
121
What is the correlation between EDV and SV values?
Negative correlation
Positive correlation
Logarithmic correlation
no correlation
Positive correlation
122
Which parameters influence the end diastolic volume?
diastolic filling time, contractility, aortic pressure
ventricular compliance, diastolic filling time, contractility
ventricular compliance, ventricular preload, diastolic filling time
ventricular compliance, aortic pressure, diastolic filling time
Ventricular compliance, ventricular preload, diastolic filling time
123
Which parameters influence the end systolic volume?
Venous blood pressure, duration of the systole, contractility
ventricular compliance, contractility, duration of the systole
contractility, duration of the systole
contractility, aortic pressure
Contractility, aortic pressure
124
How does age affect the compliance?
Decreases with age
Increases with age
Compliance curve is shifted to the right in old age
Ventricular compliance is not altered by age
Decreases with age
125
```
What is the ratio of adult and young EVDP to reach the same EVD?
1.5 to 1
2 to 1
3 to 1
4 to 1
```
2 to 1
126
```
Which formula can be used to derive the peripheral resistance?
Q = delta P / R
Q = C.O. / R
Q=R/C
Q = delta P x R
```
Q = delta P / R
127
What is the critical closing pressure?
the pressure at which muscles of vessels relax
the pressure at which vessels collapse due to their tone
the pressure at which resistance of vessels decrease
the pressure at which the myogenic tone of vessels increase
The pressure at which vessels collapse due to their tone
128
What does the Laplace-law state?
The pressure is a function of wall tension
The pressure is determined by the radius of the hollow organ
keeping a given pressure inside a spherical container is influenced by the radius
Q = delta P x R
Keeping a given pressure inside a spherical container is influenced by the radius
129
How does the viscosity of the blood change with the increase of the hematocrit value?
the change is determined by the diameter of the red blood cells
it does not change
it decreases
it increases
It increases
130
What is characteristic of laminar flow?
liquid layers slide over each other smoothly
the maximum velocity of the flow occurs close to the wall of the tube
vortex development
the flow is determined by the velocity, density and viscosity of the fluid, and the diameter of the tube
Liquid layers slide over each other smoothly
131
Which of the following is not true for turbulent flow?
it can be described by the Reynold's number
liquid layers slide over each other smoothly
when the Reynold's number is over 3000 the flow is turbulent
liquid layers mix due to vortex formation
Liquid layers slide over each other smoothly
132
What is the physiological importance of laminar flow?
while moving in the parietal stream blood cells
decrease their resistance
it stimulates heart work
the slow flow rate alongside the walls of the vessels enables material exchange
due to the faster flow rate alongside the walls of vessels the blood cells do not stick to the wall
The slow flow rate alongside the walls of the vessels enables material exchange
133
What is the function of the arterial section of the circulation?
enhances the capacity of the circulation
acts as a reserve for blood
forms an exchange surface
builds up resistance
Builds up resistance
134
What is the function of the capillary section of the circulation?
enhances the capacity of the circulation
acts as a reserve for blood
forms an exchange surface
builds up resistance
Forms an ion exchange surface
135
Which units belong to the serially attached elements of the circulation?
Arteries, veins
Capillaries of separate organs
Arteries, capillaries, veins
Arteries of separate organs
Arteries, capillaries, veins
136
With which formula can you calculate the total resistance of the serially attached elements of the circulatory bed?
sum of the reciprocal resistance of the elements
the difference of the smallest and largest resistance
resistance of the elements should be multiplied by each other
sum of elementary resistances
Sum of elementary resistances
137
What is the role of the Windkessel function?
it insures a continuous flow of blood
it stabilizes the blood pressure in the aorta
keeps the pressure constant during systole/ diastole in the large arteries
during diastole the aorta can actively pump blood to the periphery
It insures a continuous flow of blood
138
What determines the tone of resistance vessels?
myogenic tone
myogenic and sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone
myogenic and sympathetic vasodilator tone
sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone
Myogenic and sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone
139
```
Where is the highest number of elastic elements?
arterial end of capillary
muscular arteries
aorta
arterioles
```
Aorta
140
```
Which blood vessels are the most important resistance segments?
aorta
muscular arteries
capillaries
arterioles
```
Arterioles
141
```
In which vessels can resistance be adjusted?
in muscular arteries
in capillaries
in the aorta
in veins
```
In muscular arteries
142
Where can continuous capillaries be found?
in liver and hemopoietic tissues
in muscle, skin, central nervous system and the lungs
in the mucosa of intestines and endocrine glands
in renal glomeruli
In muscle, skin, central nervous system and the lungs
143
Where can fenestrated capillaries be found?
in liver and hemopoietic tissues
in muscle, skin, central nervous system and the lungs
in the mucosa of intestines and endocrine glands
in renal glomeruli
In the mucosa of intestines and endocrine glands
144
Where can porous capillaries be found?
in liver and hemopoietic tissues
in muscle, skin, central nervous system and the lungs
in the mucosa of intestines and endocrine glands
in renal glomeruli
In renal glomeruli
145
Where can sinusoid capillaries be found?
in liver and hemopoietic tissues
in muscle, skin, central nervous system and the lungs
in the mucosa of intestines and endocrine glands
in renal glomeruli
In the liver and hemopoietic tissues
146
What characterizes the capillaries of the skin?
lamina basalis serves as a barrier for ions
single-layered, continuous endothelium
ability of contraction
lack of pore-like intracellular channels
Single-layered continuous endothelium
147
What characterizes the capillaries of the intestinal mucosa?
thin endothel layer
free transport of substances
small and large pores
reflection of all proteins
Small and large pores
148
What characterizes the capillaries of the kidney?
small and large pores
lamina densa has a strong positive charge
lamina basalis serves as a barrier for ions
the large round gaps in it enable free transport of substances
The large round gaps in it enable free transport of substances
149
What characterizes the capillaries of the hemopoietic organs?
place of transport is the Disse-space
thin endothel layer
ability of contraction
lamina densa has a strong negative charge
Place of transport is the Disse-space
150
```
Which type of capillary is the most common in the body?
porous
continuous
fenestrated
sinusoid
```
Continuous
151
```
From the following, which is not a venule type?
postcapillary
collecting
elastic
muscular
```
Elastic
152
What is the peculiarity of veins?
they are not all able to contract actively
veins only with a diameter larger than 5 cm can store significant amount of blood
they have an important role in maintaining blood pressure
they expand without resistance, and then suddenly they resist
They expand without resistance and then suddenly they resist
153
What is true for the parallelly connected sections of the circulation?
the total resistance of the elements is smaller than that of the individual organs
the total resistance is equal to that of the organs
the total resistance is hardly greater than that of the organs
the total resistance is equal to 1/Rt = (1/ R1 + 1/R2 +... 1/Rn) xn
The total resistance of the elements is smaller than that of the individual organs
154
Which units are part of the parallelly connected parts of circulation?
arteries, capillaries and veins
the circulatory bed of the individual organs
arteries, veins
capillaries of different organs
The circulatory bed of the individual organs
155
How does the diameter of the individual vessels change in the different sections?
diameter of vessels decrease to arterioles, then radically increase to capillaries, then continuously grows up to the big veins
the diameter of vessels continuously decrease from the aorta to the capillaries, then it does not change
diameter of vessels radically decrease from the aorta to the capillaries, while from the capillaries to the vena cava the change is in the opposite direction
diameter of arteries and veins is the order of cm, while that of the capillaries is the order of mm
Diameter of vessels radically decrease from the aorta to the capillaries while from the capillaries to the vena cava the change is in the opposite direction
156
How does the total diameter of the vessels change in the different sections?
total diameter of arteries and veins is hardly smaller than that of capillaries
total diameter of capillaries is 600-1000 times greater than the total diameter of large arteries
total diameter of capillaries is 100 times greater than the diameter of the aorta
total diameter of capillaries is 600-1000 times greater than the diameter of the aorta
Total diameter of capillaries is 600-1000 times greater than the diameter of the aorta
157
```
In which section can the most blood be found?
in veins
in capillaries
in arteries
in arterioles
```
In veins
158
```
What percentage of the circulating blood can be found in capacity vessels?
90 %
79 %
11 %
60 %
```
79%
159
What percentage of the circulating blood can be found in resistance vessels?
2%
79 %
11 %
30 %
11%
160
```
What percentage of the circulating blood can be found in the heart?
40 %
1%
22 %
10 %
```
10%
161
What maintains blood pressure?
work of the heart and the resistance of peripheral system
the work of the heart solely
the Windkessel function of the aorta
the myogenic and sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone of arterioles
Work of the heart and the resistance of peripheral system
162
Which of the following factors is not significant in maintaining blood pressure?
elasticity of vessels
hemoglobin content of the blood
cardiac output
peripheral resistance
Hemoglobin content of the blood
163
```
What is the value of the systolic blood pressure?
10.7 kPa
6 kPa
16 kPa
12 kPa
```
16 kPa
164
```
How much is the value of diastolic blood pressure?
12 kPa
6 kPa
16 kPa
10.7 kPa
```
10.7 kPa
165
What is pulse- pressure?
difference between diastolic and systolic pressure
simple average of systolic and diastolic pressure
quotient of systolic and diastolic pressure
static pressure on the vessels
Difference between diastolic and systolic pressure
166
What is mid- pressure?
difference between diastolic and systolic pressure
corrected average of systolic and diastolic pressure
quotient of systolic and diastolic pressure
static pressure on the vessels
Corrected average of systolic and diastolic pressure
167
What is ordinary respiratory pressure?
difference between diastolic and systolic pressure
simple average of systolic and diastolic pressure
static pressure on the walls of the vessels
quotient of systolic and diastolic pressure
Static pressure on the walls of the vessels
168
What determines the value of mid- pressure the most?
static pressure of blood
circulating quantity of blood
elasticity of the vessels
cardiac output and the peripherial resistance
Cardiac output and peripheral resistance
169
What determines most the pulse- pressure?
cardiac output and arterial compliance
total quantity of circulating blood
cardiac output
static pressure of blood
Cardiac output and arterial compliance
170
How does the increase of heart rate influence blood pressure?
it decreases blood pressure
it has no effect on blood pressure
it increases blood pressure
it becomes fluctuating
It increases blood pressure
171
How does the increase of peripheral resistance influence peripheral effusion?
it decreases it continuously, then effusion increases after some minutes
it has no effect on peripheral effusion
it increases peripheral effusion
it decreases peripheral effusion, then after some cycles of the heart the original cardiac output is restored
It decreases peripheral effusion, then after some cycles of the heart the original cardiac output is restored
172
How does the increase of arterial blood volume influence blood pressure?
pulse pressure and mid-pressure increase
systolic pressure increases
diastolic pressure increases
static pressure on the vessels increases
Pulse pressure and mid-pressure increase
173
How does expansion of blood- vessels change in the elderly?
in a healthy individual age does not influence the elasticity of the vessels
pulse-pressure increases, compliance decreases
compliance increases
elasticity decreases
Pulse-pressure increases, compliance decreases
174
Where can the highest value of blood pressure be measured?
in the arteries
in the a. pulmonalis
in the left ventricle and in the aorta
in the right ventricle
In the left ventricle and in the aorta
175
Where can the lowest value of blood pressure be measured?
in the right ventricle
venous side of the capillary
in the left atrium
in the right atrium
In the right atrium
176
What causes the notch on the descending side of the arterial pulse wave?
reflection pressure
static pressure
the difference in the pressure between two points of the artery
dimmed effect of systolic pressure
Reflection pressure
177
```
How much is the velocity of pulse- wave?
40 cm/sec
7 m/sec
0.3 mm/sec
1.2 m/sec
```
7 m/sec
178
How does the value of pressure-pulse change towards the periphery?
it decreases
first it increases, then later it decreases
it increases
it does not change
It increases
179
How does the value of flow-pulse change from the aorta towards the small arteries?
it does not change
first it increases, then it decreases
it increases
it decreases
It decreases
180
On which section of the circulation does pulse-wave attenuate?
in the metarterioles
in the capillaries
in the small arteries
in the venule
In the metarterioles
181
How does the value of mid-pressure change towards periphery?
it increases
it decreases continuously
first it decreases, then it increases
it does not change
It decreases continuously
182
On which section of the circulation does blood flow become continuous?
in the capillaries
in the small arteries
after the metarterioles
in the venule
In the metarterioles
183
Which process is dominant in the material exchange?
transcytosis
resorption
filtration
diffusion
Diffusion
184
What process determines the interstitial volume?
filtration/resorption
diffusion
filtration
filtration, diffusion
Filtration/resorption
185
On which interface do we find single muscle sphincter?
small arterioles - metarteriola
metarterioles - capillary
small arterioles - capillary
capillary - venule
Metarterioles - capillary
186
```
What is the percentage of capillaries that are open during resting state?
1-2 %
10-20 %
5-10 %
50 %
```
5-10%
187
How much time does the total gas exchange in capillaries during resting state take?
400-500 msec
1 sec
20-30 msec
200-300 msec
200-300 msec
188
Which of the following factors does not influence the measurement of diffusion?
number of red blood cells
concentration gradients
permeability
surface area
Number of red blood cells
189
How large is the water transport by diffusion?
0.6 ml/ sec/ 100 g of tissue
300 ml/ sec/ 100 g of tissue
0.06 ml/ sec/ 1 g of tissue
30 ml/ sec/ 100 g of tissue
300 ml/sec/100g of tissue
190
How large is the water transport with filtration and resorption?
0.6 ml/ sec/ 1 g of tissue
300 ml/ sec/ 100 g of tissue
0.06 ml/ sec/ 100 g of tissue
30 ml/ sec/ 1 g of tissue
0.06ml/sec/100g of tissue
191
Which of the following substances do not move by diffusion?
small molecular weight metabolites
the small molecular weight nutrients
gases
proteins
Proteins
192
Which of the following substance exchange is limited by its diffusion capability?
proteins
glucose
gases
small molecular nutrients
Proteins
193
How does the the oxygen diffusion change in the capillaries?
the partial pressure of the O2 linearly decreases as it flows towards the veins
the partial pressure of the O2 rapidly decreases as it flows towards the veins
the partial pressure of the O2 slightly decreases as it flows towards the veins
the partial pressure of the O2 increases as it flows towards the veins
The partial pressure of the O2 rapidly decreases as it flows towards the veins
194
What is typical of the flow dependent material exchange?
the concentration increases in a small degree toward the venous side of capillaries
the concentration in the capillaries increases significantly towards the venous capillaries
it has a crucial importance in the case of easily diffusing substances
the growing flow rate reduces the substance deposition toward the tissues
It has crucial importance in the case of easily diffusing substances
195
What is typical of the diffusion limited transport?
the concentration does not change alongside the capillaries
the concentration rapidly increases in the tissue toward the venous side of the capillaries
it is typical of the transport of the easily diffusing substances
capillary transit time influences the rate of transport of large molecules
Capillary transit time influences the rate of transport of large molecules
196
What do we call Starling forces?
all the forces that play a role in the formation of the effective filtration pressure
all the forces that affect the oncotic pressure
all the facts that regulate the capillary permeability
all the facts that affect the effective hydrostatic pressure
All the forces that play a role in the formation of the effective filtration pressure
197
What is typical for capillaries?
in the arterial capillaries filtration, in the venous resorption occurs
in some of the capillaries filtration, in others resorption happens
because of the loss of fluid the hydrostatic pressure decreases towards the venous side of the capillary
the effective filtration pressure is constant alongside the capillaries
In some of the capillaries filtration, in others resorption happens
198
How can we calculate the effective filtration pressure?
on the basis of the difference between the oncotic pressure in the capillary and the blood pressure
on the basis of the difference between the effective hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure
on the basis of the difference between the effective hydrostatic pressure and the effective oncotic pressure
it is the product of the effective hydrostatic pressure and the effective oncotic pressure
On the basis of the difference between the effective hydrostatic pressure and the effective oncotic pressure
199
What determines the filtration rate?
the oncotic pressure of the plasma
the hydrostatic pressure of the interstitium
the hydrostatic pressure of the plasma
the effective filtration pressure and the capillary permeability
The effective filtration pressure and the capillary permeability
200
Which formula describes filtration rate?
Q= P effective x filtration coefficient of the capillary
Q= P hydrostatic x coefficient of the capillary filtration
Q= P effective / coefficient of the capillary filtration
Q= (P onc.- P hidr.) x coefficient of the capillary filtration
Q = P effective x filtration coefficient of the capillary
201
How much surplus filtrate is produced normally?
1-2 ml / 100 kg
10-15 ml / 100 kg
3-4 ml / 100 kg
30-40 ml / 100 kg
3-4 ml/100kg
202
What happens with the filtrate surplus at the interstitium?
the veins carry it away
it increases the oncotic pressure in the interstitium
it increases the hydrostatic pressure in the interstitium
the lymph vessels carry it away
The lymph vessels carry it away
203
What is the most important fact which plays a role in the maintenance of the venous circulation?
the work of the heart
the presence of the valves
the peripheral resistance
the gravitation
The work of the heart
204
How does the venous blood pressure change?
it is low in the small veins and the venules but grows toward the right atrium
it decreases constantly from the venules toward the right atrium
it increases constantly from the venules toward the right atrium
it does not change between the venules and the big veins but then it decreases suddenly
It decreases constantly from the venules toward the right atrium
205
What is the most important factor in the extrinsic regulation of the circulation?
local autoregulation
nutritive demand of the tissues
the regulated contractile state of resistance and capacitance vessels
the effects of the parasymphatetic tone on the blood vessels
The regulated contractile state of resistance and capacitance vessels
206
What happens when the blood pressure drops in an organ of high metabolic rate?
the tissue is damaged
nutrient supply to the cells decrease
vessel contraction compensates this change
normal perfusion is restored by adaptive vessel relaxation
Normal perfusion is restored by adaptive vessel relaxation
207
What happens if the blood pressure increases in a given organ of steady metabolic rate?
because of the compensatory contraction of the vessels the normal perfusion is restored
because of the relaxation of the vessels the blood pressure decreases
the metabolic rate increases in the tissues
oedema evolves
Because of the compensatory contraction of the vessels the normal perfusion is restored
208
In which range can the autoregulation restore normal perfusion?
90-110 Hgmm
40-140 Hgmm
80-120 Hgmm
20-240 Hgmm
40-140 Hgmm
209
What is the Bayliss- effect?
the circulation is under endocrine control
the constant midpressure of the arteries ensures microcirculation
increase of heart frequency in case of atrial expansion
the vessels reply to the decrease of pressure with relaxation
Increase of heart frequency in case of atrial expansion
210
What plays a role in the local adjustment of perfusion?
simply the laws of physics
parasymphathetic neural regulation
symphathetic neural regulation
myogenic answer
Myogenic answer
211
What role does the endothel layer have in the regulation of perfusion?
the factors produced by it influence contraction state of the muscular layer of the vessels
the NO produced by it contracts the vessels
the EDCF produced by it increases the blood flow
ERDF production of smooth muscles is stimulated
The factors produced by it influence contraction state pf the muscular layer of the vessels
212
How do smooth muscle elements react to acetylcholine in the walls of blood- vessels with a continuous endothel?
contraction
indirect relaxation
direct relaxation
EDCF mediated contraction
Indirect relaxation
213
What determines the diameter of blood-vessels?
the quantity of acetylcholine and other factors in the plasma
hormone producing ability of the endothel cell
the equilibrium of the sympathetic vasomotor tone and NO production
the metabolic state of the smooth muscle of the blood vessel
The equilibrium of the sympathetic vasomotor tone and NO production
214
What stimulates NO synthesis?
release of endothelins
decreased bradikinin, histamine levels
decreased adenosine concentration
increased adenosine concentration
Increased adenosine concentration
215
Which substance is not part of the EDCF-family?
substance P
cyclooxigenase dependent factors
endothelins
angiotensin-II
Substance P
216
What changes take place in the tissues when their metabolic rate increases?
partial pressure of oxygen increases in the tissue
due to the indirect effect of EC metabolites perfusion increases
concentration of EC metabolites decreases perfusion
with their humoral signals enothel cells decrease perfusion
Due to the indirect effect of EC metabolites perfusion increases
217
What is hyperaemia?
susceptibility to bleeding
increased hematocrit value
local increase of perfusion
high blood pressure
Local increase of perfusion
218
When can we speak of active hyperaemia?
when increased perfusion is generated locally to compensate the decrease of systemic blood pressure
when increased perfusion is due to the increase of systemic blood pressure
when increased perfusion is a secondary effect
when perfusion increases parallelly with the increase of local metabolic rate
When perfusion increases parallelly with the increase of local metabolic rate
219
In what ways can the decreased partial pressure of O2 influence perfusion?
primarily by stimulating NO release
decreased partial pressure of O2 acts only indirectly on smooth muscle
mediated by an increased partial pressure of CO2
by increasing hydrogen concentration
Primarily by stimulating NO release
220
Where is the pressor center located?
in the caudal region of the reticular formation
in the dorsolateral region of the reticular formation
in the caudomedial region of the reticular formation
in the lateral region of hypothalamus
In the dorsolateral region of the reticular formation
221
Where is the depressor center located?
in the caudal region of the reticular formation
in the dorsolateral region of reticular formation
in the ventromedial region of the reticular formation
in the medial region of hypothalamus
In the ventromedial region of the reticular formation
222
What is true for depressor effect?
it causes vasoconstiction in the periphery
has a positive chronotrop and dromotrop effect
has spontaneous activity which decreases heart rate
it is mediated by n.vagus
It is mediated by n.vagus
223
What is true for pressor effect?
has spontaneous activity, and it is mediated by the thoracolumbar sympathetic neurons
it causes vasodilatation
has a negative chronotrop and dromotrop effect
it is mediated by n.vagus
Has spontaneous activity and it is mediated by the thoracolumbar sympathetic neurons
224
What is the effect of sympathetic nervous system on the resistance vessels?
general vasoconstriction
vasodilatation in skeletal muscle, vasoconstriction in the splanchnic region
general vasodilatation
vasoconsriction in skeletal muscle, vasodilatation in the splanchnic region
Vasodilatation in skeletal muscle, vasocontriction in the splanchnic region
225
What is the effect of sympathetic nervous system on the capacitance vessels?
vasodilatation
mild vasoconstriction
a little increase in sympathetic tone evokes immediate strong contraction
has little or no effect
A little increase in sympathetic tone evokes immediate strong contraction
226
Of the following organs which is under parasympathetic control?
resistance vessels
skeletal muscle arterioles
skin vessels
heart
Heart
227
What is the role of parasympathetic system in the adjustment of the diameter of blood vessels?
no significant effect
strong vasodilator effect
mild vasoconstrictor effect
strong vasoconstrictor effect
No significant effect
228
In which organ can indirect parasympathetic vasodilatation be found?
corpora cavernosa
salivary gland
uterus
pancreas
Salivary gland
229
In which organ can direct parasymathetic vasodilatation be found?
salivary gland
skin
uterus
liver
Uterus
230
What is the effect of a small quantity of epinephrine on the blood vessels?
general constriction
coronary constriction
dilatation in skin, constriction in skeletal muscle and splanchnic regions
dilatation in skeletal muscle, constriction in skin and splanchnic regions
Dilatation in skeletal muscle, constriction in skin and splanchnic regions
231
What is the effect of a large quantity of epinephrine on the blood vessels?
generalized vasoconstriction
dilatation in skeletal muscle, constriction in skin and splanchnic regions
dilatation in skin, constriction in skeletal muscle and splanchnic regions
coronary constriction
Generalized vasoconstriction
232
What is the effect of norepinephrine on the blood vessels?
beta-adrenergic constriction
alpha-adrenergic constriction
alpha-adrenergic dilatation
beta-adrenergic dilatation
Alpha-adrenergic constriction
233
What did the Heymans experiment prove?
the presence of volume receptors
the presence of osmotic receptors
the presence of baroreceptors
the presence of gas receptors
The presence of baroreceptors
234
How does blood pressure change after the destruction of baroreceptors?
blood pressure does not change substantially
blood pressure increases beyond 180 mmHg
blood pressure decreases below 80 mmHg
blood pressure fluctuates between 40-170 mmHg
Blood pressure fluctuates between 40-170 mmHg
235
In case of what blood pressures does baroreceptor reflex regulate?
between 50-170 mmHg
below 80 mmHg
over 120 mmHg
between 80-120 mmHg
Between 50-170 mmHg
236
What defensive processes act below 50 mmHg blood pressure?
maximal parasympathetic effect, ceasing sympathetic activity
continuous maximal sympathetic and ceasing parasympathetic activity
in different parts of the organism simultaneously either increased parasympathetic or increased sympathetic activity can be observed
slow increase in sympathetic activity
Continuous maximal sympathetic and ceasing parasympathetic activity
237
What kind of protecting processes begin above 17O mmHg blood pressure?
continuous maximal sympathetic and discontinued parasympathetic activity
mixed sympathetic and parasympathetic activities
maximal parasympathetic effect, discontinued sympathetic activity
slight parasympathetic increase
Maximal parasympathetic effect, discontinued sympathetic activity
238
Where are baroreceptors located?
glomus caroticum
a. pulmonalis
glomus aorticum
arcus aortae
Arcus aortae
239
Where are oxygen sensitive receptors located?
glomus aotricum
a. pulmonalis
sinus caroticus
arcus aortae
Glomus aotricum
240
```
What kind of effects are responsible for vasodilation?
increasing parasympathetic effect
decreasing sympatethic effect
increased tissue oxygen concentration
decreased tissue CO2 level
```
Decreasing sympathetic effect
241
In which animal do we find sympathetic cholinergic vasodilatation?
in birds
in ruminants
in dog and cat
in horse and pig
In dog and cat
242
What mechanism acts against hypervolemia?
a peptide that is produced in the left ventricle
increases sodium excretion
ANP is produced and it decreases sodium excretion
ADH is produced and increases water loss
decreased ADH and increased ANP production
Decreased ADH and increased ANP production
243
What is the Bainbridge reflex?
increasing volume of the atria increases heart frequency if it was low previously
increasing volume of the atria decreases heart frequency
it is the same as the Starling mechanism
it is a depressor reflex
Increasing volume of the atria increases heart frequency if it was low previously
244
How is cardiovascular and respiratory interrelated?
the decrease of the pO2 in the medulla causes significant sympathetic activation
the increase of the pCO2 in the medulla causes significant sympathetic activation
the increase of the pCO2 in the glomus caroticum causes significant sympathetic activation
the decrease of the pO2 in the medulla causes significant parasympathetic activation
The increase of the pCO2 in the medulla causes significant sympathetic activation
245
In the long run what is the most important regulator of coronary circulation?
the actual stage of the heart cycle
the aortic pressure change
the metabolic state of the heart
the arterial mean pressure
The metabolic state of the heart
246
In which phase of heart cycle does the blood flow backward in the coronary artery?
never
slow ejection
fast ejection
fast filling
Fast filling
247
what phase of the heart cycle gets more blood into the coronary artery?
diastole
systole
slow filling
fast ejection
Diastole
248
What characterizes the regulation of brain circulation?
the perfusion is kept constant in different regions of the brain
the intravasal / EC volume is kept constant
mostly the sympathetic innervation regulates the ampleness of vessel
the principal local regulator is the pO2
The intravasal / EC volume is kept constant
249
In which range of mean pressure is the brain circulation constant?
90-110 mmHg
80-120 mmHg
30-200 mmHg
60-160 mmHg
60-160 mmHp
250
What is the most important role of the skin circulation?
supporting heat balance
blood storing function
covering the high oxygen and nutrient demand of this organ
enlarging the resistance segment of the circulation
Supporting heat balance
251
What characterizes the splanchnic circulation?
extensive metabolic autoregulation
low capacity
double circulation, portal system
myogenic autoregulation
Double circulation, portal system
252
Among the following statements which is true for the splanchnic circulation?
low capacity
the liver has no significant reservoir function
the autoregulation has primary role
main regulator is the vasoconstrictor tone
The main regulator is the vasoconstrictor tone
253
What characterizes the fetal circulation?
the left ventricle pumps 20% larger volumes than the right ventricle
two-thirds of blood flows to cranial areas from the aorta
the pressure of the pulmonary artery is 5 mmHg higher than the pressure of the aorta
O2 saturation of the a. umbilica is 85%
The left ventricle pumps 20% larger volumes than the right ventricle
254
Which are the structural proteins of the muscle?
actin and myosin
actin, myosin, micro and intermediary filaments
contractile proteins
microfilaments
Actin, myosin, micro and intermediary filaments
255
What is the primary energy store for the muscle?
creatinphosphate
ATP
glycogen
lipids
Creatinphosphate
256
Which muscle has the biggest quantity of creatinphosphate?
heart muscle
smooth muscle and striated muscle
skeletal muscle
smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle
257
What are the functions of elastic elements in the muscle?
decrease heat loss
decrease resistance
they prevent excess shortening
they support the work of the muscle passively
They support the work of the muscle passively
258
What kind of stripes and zones are in the sarcomere?
Z-stripe, H-zone, M- stripe
A-stripe, Z-stripe
H-zone, M-stripe, I- stripe
A-stripe,M-zone, Z- stripe
Z-stripe, H-zone, M-stripe
259
What is the fibrillum?
unit part of the sarcomere
muscle fibres in a muscle
elementary contraction unit
muscle cells
Muscle fibres in a muscle
260
In which list do you find a protein which is not a component of a sacromere?
actin, titin, nebulin
meromyosin, actinin, titin
titin, nebulin, alpha-actinin, actin, myosin, troponin, tropomyosin
alpha-actinin, nebulin, troponin, albumin
Alpha-actinin, nebulin, troponin, albumin
261
What is the function of the tropomyosin?
stimulates the myosin ATP-ase enzyme
covers the active surface of actin
it has Ca binding capaticy
gides the actin fibre
Covers the active surface of actin
262
What is the troponin complex?
complex protein which stimulates the myosin ATP-ase enzyme
a single protein which have Ca binding capacity
complex protein which fixes myosin
complex protein which sets the position of tropomyosin
Complex protein which sets the position of tropomyosin
263
What do the myosin isotypes determine?
The efficiency of sarcomere
The angle of moving
The power of muscle
What thickens the muscle fibre
The efficiency of sarcomere
264
What does the crossbridge cycle start?
The tropomyosin is slipped
The calcium signal
The activity of myosin ATPase
The magnesium
The calcium signal
265
```
How many times does the intracytoplasmic calcium level grow during activation?
10 x
1000 x
200 - 600 x
50 x
```
200-600 x
266
What is the calcium transient?
Ca influx
Ca outflux
Ca influx, plateau, pumping out of the intracytoplasmic space
Ca outflux induced by decreasing calcium level
Ca influx, plateau, pumping out of the intracytoplasmic space
267
What happens if the ATP is taken away from the system?
The muscle stops in relaxed state
The head of myosin can not bind to the actin
Permanent, inactive contraction
The myosin moves and separates from actin
Permanent, inactive contraction
268
What happens if the calcium is taken away from the intracytoplasmic space?
Muscle relaxation
The head of myosin links to the actin
Permanent, inactivate contraction happens
The myosin does not separate from actin
Muscle relaxation
269
What occurs in the sarcomere, when the ATP-ase cleaves the bound ATP?
The head of myosin binds to the actin
Energy discharge, the head of the myosin moves
The tropomyosin is moved from activate points of actin
The myosin separates from actin
Energy discharge, the head of the myosin moves
270
What binds to the TnC non-specific binding site?
Calcium
Tropomyosin
Magnesium
Sodium
Magnesium
271
What links to the TnC specific binding site?
Calcium
Tropomyosin
Magnesium
Sodium
Calcium
272
What happens if a calcium signal is present?
The myosin separates from actin
The head of myosin bends to 55 degrees
The head of myosin detaches from actin
The TnC binds calcium and the myosin binding site of the actin is exposed
The TnC binds calcium and the myosin binding site of the actin is exposed
273
What happens when ADP and Pi is released from the acto-myosin complex?
a two-step bending of the myosin head (40 plus 5 degrees)
a three-step bending of the myosin head (40 plus 5 plus 15 degrees)
a one-step bending of the myosin head (55 degrees)
a two-step bending of the myosin head ensuring altogether a 15 nm sliding
A two-step bending of the myosin head (40 plus 5 degrees)
274
What's the physiological background of rigor mortis?
there is too much ATP present
ATP is not available
there is too much calcium present
calcium is missing
ATP is not available
275
What is true for cross bridge cycling?
a lot of heads are moving in synchronized form
repetitive pendular movement is present for all myosin heads
an asynchronous movement of thousands of myosin heads occur
synchronous ATP cleavage is present in all light chains of myosins
An asynchronous movement of thousands of myosin heads occur
276
What is true for electromechanic coupling?
it lasts from the arrival of muscle AP to the development of a twitch
it is the generation AP in the myoneural junction
it is the calcium release through effect of the AP
it is the depolarization of the myolemma
It lasts from the arrival of muscle AP to the development of a twitch
277
What happens with the intracytoplasmic calcium level when a twitch occurs?
the calcium level is increased continuously
the calcium level is constantly high
the calcium level increases, reaches a plateau and then decreases
the calcium level is increased and then stays constant until the next AP
The calcium level increases, reaches a plateau and then decreases
278
What is the connection between the AP and the calcium maximum?
The maximum of calcium level coincides with AP
The maximum of calcium level preceeds the AP
The calcium level is not influenced by AP
The maximum of calcium level is reached after AP
The maximum of calcium level is reached after AP
279
In which muscle type can we find a "diad"?
In the heart muscle
In the skeletal muscle
In the smooth muscle
in all types of muscles
In the heart muscle
280
What happens in the triads?
Chemical signal is transformed to electrical signal
Electrical signal is transformed to chemical signal
Ca efflux from the cell
Release of ryanodin as a transmitter
Electrical signal is transformed to chemical signal
281
What type of channel can we find on the membrane of the terminal cysternae?
Voltage dependent calcium channel
L-type calcium channel
Ryanodine sensitive calcium channel
There is no channel, but a voltage dependent membrane protein on this membrane
Ryanodin sensitive calcium channel
282
What happens if the ryanodine sensitive calcium canal is opened?
Ca influx from EC to cells
Ca influx into the SR
Ca influx from EC to IC
Ca influx from SR to IC
Ca influx from the SR to IC
283
How can the calcium signal attenuate its own effect?
positive feedback: it opens the calcium pumps to EC and SR
negative feedback: it opens more sodium channels
it stimulates the Ca-Na symporter
it inhibits the ATPase depedent pumps
Positive feedback: it opens the calcium pumps to EC and SR
284
What is aequorin?
Reaction of this material with calcium forms a visible precipitate
Reaction of this material with a calcium channel emmits a light signal
a ryanodine receptor blocking agent
a protein channel for calcium
Reaction of this material with a calcium channel emmits a light signal
285
What are "sequesters"?
Cell organelles that pump calcium into the EC
Transport proteins
Intracellular calcium storing sites
Voltage dependent channels
Intracellular calcium storing sites
286
What pumps calcium back into the SR?
Ryanodin sensitive calcium channels
Carrier proteins
Voltage dependent calcium channels
ATP dependent calcium channels
ATP dependent calcium channels
287
What pumps calcium into the EC?
Ryanodin sensitive calcium channels
Na-Ca symporter
Voltage dependent calcium channels
Sodium/calcium antiporter proteins
Sodium/calcium antiporter proteins
288
During long-term muscle work energy for the muscle is provided by:
anaerobic glycolysis or aerobic glycose oxidation
anaerobic glycolysis and aerobic glycose oxidation
fat oxidation
protein decomposition
Anaerobic glycolysis or aerobic glycose oxidation
289
How long is sufficient for the energy to be stored in form of ATP?
for 2-3 hours
for 2-3 seconds
for 2-3 minutes
for 20-30 seconds
For 2-3 seconds
290
How long is sufficient the energy stored as creatinine-phosphate?
for 2-3 hours
for 2-3 seconds
for 20-30 seconds
for 2-3 minutes
20-30 sec
291
Why does anaerobic glycolysis have to cover the sudden, intensive energy requirement?
because enzymes of aerobic glucose oxidation are not present
because aerobic glucose oxidation produces less energy
because aerobic glucose oxidation is initially inhibited
because aerobic glucose oxidation is a very slow process
Because aerobic glucose oxidation is a very slow process
292
What is the source of anaerobic glycolysis in case of excessive stress?
glycogen
fat
glucose and later fats
lactic acid
Glucose and later fats
293
What will be the fate of lactic acid produced during glycolysis?
it will be burnt in aerobic processes
it will be excreted through liver
it will be stored in the muscle
it will be entering the Cori-cycle in the liver
It will be entering the Con-cycle in the liver
294
What is the disadvantage of oxidative processes?
the rate of ATP production is very low
too much CO2 is produced
toxic materials are released
insufficient amount of ATP is produced
The rate of ATP production is very low
295
What kind of muscle tissue is especially suitable for FFA burning?
skeletal-muscle
heart muscle
smooth muscle and skeletal-muscle
skeletal-muscle and heart muscle
Heart muscle
296
What is meant by paying back the oxygen debt?
muscle consumes less oxygen in resting state
fast twitch muscles consume more energy after external work stops
oxygen consumption of all muscle types is in direct proportion to their working intensity
fast twitch muscle fibres do not utilize oxygen at all and so they accumulate oxygen
Fast twitch muscles consume more energy after external work stops
297
What kind of muscle accumulates a great oxygen debt?
red muscle
smooth muscle
white muscle
heart muscle
White muscle
298
What is the effect of lactic acid in the muscle?
it is an energy storing compound
it is the final product of aerobic glucose oxidation
it is that final product of anaerobic glycolysis which stimulates sarcomeric activity
it is that final product of anaerobic glycolysis which has a direct inhibiting effect on sarcomeric activity
It is that final product of anaerobic glycolysis which has a direct inhibiting effect on sarcomeric activity
299
What are the characteristic properties of white fibres?
quick, powerful contraction, anaerobic glycolysis
slow, permanent contraction, anaerobic glycolysis
quick, powerful contraction, aerobic oxidation processes
slow, permanent contraction, aerobic oxidation processes
Quick, powerful contraction, anaerobic glycolysis
300
What are the characteristic properties of red fibres?
quick, powerful contraction, anaerobic glycolysis
quick, powerful contraction, aerobic oxidation processes
slow, permanent contraction, anaerobic glycolysis
slow, permanent contraction, aerobic oxidation processes
Slow, permanent contraction, aerobic oxidation processes
301
How can you tell whether a whole muscle fibre belongs to the white or red group?
by measuring the strength of the muscle
by counting the ratio of white and red filaments in muscle
by measuring the length of the whole muscle
by counting the number of sympathetic fibers innervating the whole muscle
By counting the ratio of white and red filaments in the muscle
302
What types of fibers exist in skeletal muscle?
pink and red
red
pink and white
red and white
Pink and white
303
What is the color of slow twitch fibers?
pink and red
pink and white
red
red and white
Red
304
What is the ratio between myoneural junction/filaments in fast twitch fibers?
many filaments one nerve
some filaments(2-3) one nerve
grape like
near to one filament/one nerve ratio
Near to one filament/one nerve ratio
305
What is the ratio between myoneural junction/filaments of red fibers?
many filaments, one nerve
some filaments(2-3), one nerve
many filaments, one nerve with grape-bunch like innervation
one filament, one nerve
Many filaments, one nerve with grape-bunch like innervation
306
```
What is the contraction time of red fibers?
2 ms
20 ms
10 ms
200 ms
```
200 ms
307
What is the contraction time of pink fast fibers?
20 ms
2 ms
200 ms
10 ms
20 ms
308
what is the contraction time of the quickest white fibers?
2-3 ms
10 ms
20 ms
200 ms
2-3 ms
309
What is true for the fatigue of fast twitch fibers?
slow
there is no fatigue
quick
medium
Quick
310
What is true for the fatigue of slow twitch fibers?
there is almost no fatigue
quick
medium
slow
There is almost no fatigue
311
What type of metabolism do you find in red muscles?
anaerobic
oxidative
mixed
only fat burning exists
Oxidative
312
What do we mean by "quantal summation"?
the increase of tension is given by the intracytoplasmic calcium level increase
the increase of tension is given by the sum of the contractions of many fibres
the increase in the power of contraction is the consequence of the fact that the calcium has no time to leave the cytoplasm after the previous contractions
the maximal contraction and the summation which caused this contraction
The increase of tension is given by the sum of the contractions of many fibres
313
What do we mean by "contraction summation"?
the increase of tension is given by the sum of the contraction of many fibres
the increase in the power of contraction is the consequence of the fact that the calcium has no time to leave the cytoplasm after the previous contractions
the increase of tension is determined by the increased calcium level
the maximal contraction and the summation forms which caused this contraction
The increase of tension is determined by the increased calcium level
314
What do we mean by "Treppe"?
the increase of tension is given by the sum of the contraction of many fibres
the increase of tension is given by the intracytoplasmic calcium level decrease
the maximal contraction and the summation forms which caused this contraction
the increase in the power of contraction is the consequence of the fact that the calcium has no time to leave the cytoplasm after the previous contractions
The increase in the power of contraction is the consequence of the fact that the calcium has no time to leave the cytoplasm after the previous contractions
315
What can we learn from the the speed-tension diagram?
the working power of the muscle
the measure of the stretch of the muscle
the output of the muscle
the length of the maximal stretch of the muscle
The output of the muscle
316
What can we learn from the length-tension diagram?
the working power of the muscle
the measure of the stretch of the muscle
the output of the muscle
the length of the maximal stretch of the muscle
The working power of the muscle
317
What is the physiological role of the heat production of the muscle?
it has no significant role, it mainly means a loss
it has significant role in maintaining the coat temperature
only heat production through shivering has a significant role
it has a physiological role in maintaining core temperature
It has a physiological role in maintaining core temperature
318
```
How many main components make up the total work of the muscle?
3
1
4
2
```
2
319
What is the contraction/length domain of the optimal muscle workload?
medium tension/rest length
medium tension/ minimal length
maximal tension/rest length
minimal length/ maximal tension
Medium tension/rest length
320
When do phasic fast fibres produce a great quantity of heat?
under restitution
under active contraction
under passive tension
only under "Treppe"
Under restitution
321
When do red slow tonic fibres produce a great quantity of heat?
under restitution
under passive tension
under active contraction
only in relation with the initial heat production
Under active contraction
322
What type of metabolism is there in white phasic fibres?
oxidative
mixed
anaerobic
there is only fat oxidation
Anaerobic
323
What type of metabolism is there in pink phasic fibres?
oxidative
anaerobic
there is only fat oxidation
mixed
Mixed
324
How long is a fibre in pink phasis fibres?
very long
middle sized
very short
short
Middle sized
325
```
What is the length of a fibre in white phasic fibres?
middle sized
very short
very long
short
```
Very long
326
What is the fibre-length in red tonic fibre?
very long
middle sized
short
varying
shorty
327
Which muscle type contains the most collagen fibres?
the heart muscle
the skeletal muscle
the plain muscle
the skeletal and the heart muscle
The heart muscle
328
What is a "twitch"?
muscle relaxation
muscle tremor
continuous muscle contraction
the refractory state of the muscle
Muscle tremor
329
Which statements below is correct?
the calcium transient occurs concurrently with AP, there is no biological delay
the calcium transient follows an AP, the biological delay does not occur here
the calcium transient does not directly follow AP, there is biological delay
AP is followed by calcium transient with no delay
The calcium transient follows an AP, the biological delay does not occur here
330
What is isometric contraction?
only the length of the muscle changes, but the tension does not
both the length and tension change
the muscle overstretches
only the tension changes, the length of the muscle does not
Only the tension changes, the length of the muscle does not
331
What is isotonic contraction?
only the length of the muscle changes, but the tension does not
only the tension changes, the length of the muscle does not
both the length and tension change
the muscle overstretches
Only the length of the muscle changes, but the tension does not
332
What is auxotonic contraction?
only the length of the muscle changes, but the tension does not
both the length and tension change
only the tension changes, the length of the muscle does not
the muscle overstretches
Both the length and tension change
333
What arrangement suits the "preload" circumstances?
a load is put on the muscle
a load is put on the muscle and free movement of muscle is restricted with the use of a frame
a load is put on the muscle, passive flexing is allowed to a certain degree, then the load is proped up
free movement of muscle is hindered with a load
A load is put on the muscle, passive flexing is allowed to a certain degree, then the load is proped up
334
Which arrangement suits the "afterload" circumstances?
A load is put on the muscle
a load is put on the muscle and we the passive stretching is hindered with a support
free movement of muscle hindered with a load
a load is put on the muscle and free contraction is hindered with a buffer
A load is put on the muscle and free contraction is hindered with a buffer
335
What do we mean by "all-or-none" law?
in a single fiber maximal contraction is caused by an adequate stimulus, a smaller stimulus does not produce contraction
all muscle fibre contractions are caused by one single stimulus
the stimulus does not produce answer in all cases
the total muscle either contracts maximally or does not respond at all
In a single fiber maximal contraction is caused by an adequate stimulus, a smaller stimulus does not produce contraction
336
Does the muscle produce heat in rest?
Not at all
Yes, this heat is a small contribution to the total heat production
Yes, this is the BMR
Yes, this heat production makes most of the BMR
Yes, this heat production makes most of the BMR
337
BMR
Basic metabolic rate
- the rate of energy expenditure per unit time by endothermic animals at rest
338
the activation heat belongs to which stage of heat production?
to the initial heat production
to the resting heat production
to the delayed heat production
to the BMR of muscle
To the initial heat production
339
Where does the activating heat production originate from?
calcium pump and cross bridge cycling
electromechanical coupling
onset of stimulus
replenishment of used up energy
Electromechanical coupling
340
Which is larger in the fast glycolytic fiber?
The initial heat production is larger than activating heat production
The delayed heat production is larger than activating heat production
The initial heat production is larger than delayed heat production
Contraction heat production is larger than activating heat production
The initial heat production is larger than delayed heat production
341
```
What is the efficiency of the skeletal muscle?
30 %
15 %
7%
20 %
```
20%
342
```
What is the maximal speed of frame muscle?
7 m/sec
30 m/sec
15 m/sec
20 m/sec
```
7 m/sec
343
Why do the muscles get tired in physiological circumstances?
Result of transmitter deficiency
Metabolic by-products accumulate
The oxygen supply is not adequate
Capacity of oxidative enzymes is not enough
Metabolic by-products accumulate
344
What is the first sign of fatigue on the mechanogram?
The muscle does not relax
Reduced amplitude of contractions
The muscle only react on bigger stimulus
The muscle does not react on any stimulus
Reduced amplitude of contractions
345
What is happening when the muscle is working in an oxygenated atmosphere in vitro?
After the muscle gets tired, it needs a long time to recover
The muscle does not recover from exhaustion
restitution is quick after the muscle gets tired
The muscle can not be exhausted
Restitution is quick after the muscle gets tired
346
What is happening when the muscle is working in a nitrogen atmosphere in vitro?
After the muscle gets tired, it needs a long time to recover
Restitution is quick after the muscle gets tired
The muscle gets never tired
The muscle cannot recover after fatigue
The muscle cannot recover after fatigue
347
Which type of muscles get tired the most easily?
White muscle
Whole muscle
Smooth muscle
Red muscle
White muscle
348
Which type of muscles get tired least easily?
White muscle
Red muscle
Whole muscle
Smooth muscle
Red muscle
349
What mediates the effect of acetylcholine on the muscle membrane?
Muscarinic receptor
G-protein receptor
Nicotinic receptor
Transmembrane enzyme
Nicotinic receptor
350
what occurs when acetylcholine binds?
sodium-channel closes
Ligand-dependent cation channel closes
sodium-channel opens
Ligand-dependent cation channel opens
Ligand-dependent cation channel opens
351
What does opening of cation channel cause after the binding of acetylcholine?
It induces the generation of End Plate Potential
Hyperpolarization
Cation outflow
Closure of thesodium-channel
It induced the generation of End Plate Potential
352
```
What does the rate of muscle fiber and nerve fiber depend on?
Length of muscle
Exercise of muscle
Number of muscle fibres
The working ability of muscle fiber
```
Exercise of muscle
353
What is happening right after the nervous AP arrives at the myoneural junction?
acetylcholine is filling the synaptic junction
The muscle fiber is contracting
Calcium enters the synaptic knob from the EC
The ligand- dependent cation channel is opening on the muscle fiber's membrane
Calcium enters the synaptic know from the EC
354
Where is acetylcholine produced?
On the post synaptic membrane
In the axon
In nerve cell body
In the synaptic junction
In the synaptic junction
355
How many subunits does the ligand-dependent acetylcholine receptor make in the muscle?
5
4
3
2
5
356
What kind of subunits does the acetylcholine-dependent receptor have in the muscle?
2 alpha, 3 beta
2 alpha, 2 beta, 1 delta
5 alpha
4 beta, 1 alpha
2 alpha, 2 beta, 1 delta
357
What kind of subunits does the acetylcholine-dependent receptor have in the CNS?
2 alpha, 3 delta
2 alpha, 3 beta
5 alpha
4 beta, 1 alpha
2 alpha, 3 beta
358
What is the difference between the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of muscle and central nervous system?
There is no difference
The muscle has got 4 and the nerve has got 5 subunits
The nerve has no delta subunit
Only the nerve receptor is sensitive to the curare
The nerve has no delta subunit
359
What is happening right after the calcium enters the synaptic knob?
Calcium causes IP3 increase
The acetylcholine is released to the synaptic split
Calcium activates the vesicles
Calcium activates the protein system which binds the vesicula to the presynaptic membranes binding sites
Calcium activates the protein system which binds the vesicula to the presynaptic membranes binding sites
360
What is the MEPP?
One quantum of acetylcholine induces 1 mV End Plate Potential
One type of AP
Voltage dependent channel's opening induces the potential changing
Maximal End Plate Potential
One quantum of acetylcholine induces 1mV End Plate Potential
361
What kind of AP is generated, when the muscle fiber membrane's voltage dependent sodium channels is open?
Amplitude fluctuates, frequency is equal to growing amount of acetylcholine
Amplitude is permanent, frequency is proportional to the amount of acetylcholine released from the presynaptic knob
Amplitude is uniformly decreasing
Amplitude is uniformly increasing
Amplitude is permanent, frequency is proportional to the amount of acetylcholine released from the presynaptic knob
362
What degrades acetylcholine?
acetylcholine- hydrolase
acetylcholine-lyase
acetylcholine-esterase
acetylcholine- hydroxylase
Acetylcholine-esterase
363
What happens to choline after acetylcholine release?
It is used up by the nerve cell during its energy producing processes
it is eliminated from the organism
it is further metabolized
after presynaptic reuptake it is used for acetylcholine synthesis
After presynaptic reuptake it is used for acetylcholine synthesis
364
What inhibits the binding of acetylcholine?
the high extracellular magnesium level
the low extracellular magnesium level
the high intracellular calcium level
the low intracellular calcium level
The high extracellular magnesium level
365
How can you inhibit acetylcholine- esterase activity?
curare
eserine
bungarotoxin
magnesium
Eserine
366
What does curare inhibit?
the acetycholine- esterase
the excretion of acetylcholine
the generation of the end plate potential
the binding of acetylcholine to the receptor
The generation of the end plate potential
367
What has an effect similar to curare?
eserine
the high EC magnesium level
the high intracytoplasmic calcium level
botuline and bungarotoxin
Botuline and bungarotoxin
368
What causes myasthenia gravis?
there aren't or there are only a few acetylcholine receptors, or they don't work because of autoimmune processes
too many acetylcholine receptors
too much acetylcholine- release
the function of voltage-dependent sodium channels is defective
there aren't or there are only a few acetylcholine receptors or they don't work because of autoimmune processes
369
How can you cure myasthaenia gravis?
with curare
with acetylcholine- esterase inhibitors
with infusion of magnesium
with bungarotoxin
with acetylcholine-esterase inhibitors
370
What composes the motor unit?
motor unit = myoneural junction
the axon ending on the muscle fibre's membrane
the nerves supplying the muscle and the muscle itself
the nerves supplying the muscle
The nerves supplying the muscle and the muscle itself
371
What belongs to the large motor unit?
tonic fibres
tonic fibres and nerves
the red muscle
fast fibers
fast fibres
372
What belongs to the small motor unit?
slow twitch fibres
fast fibres
fast and slow twitch fibres
the white muscle fibres
slow twitch fibres
373
How can you describe the conductivity of the small motor unit's nerves?
slow
fast
very fast
average
fast
374
How can you describe the conductivity of the large motor unit's nerves?
slow
fast
very fast
average
very fast
375
How can you describe the excitability of the large motor unit's nerves?
very difficult to stimulate
average
easy to stimulate
difficult to stimulate
Difficult to stimulate
376
How can you describe the excitability of the small motor unit's nerves?
easy to stimulate
very difficult to stimulate
average
difficult to stimulate
Easy to stimulate
377
What is not true regarding the small motor unit's muscles?
their metabolism is oxidative
their stretchability is good
they are slow
they don't get tired
Their stretchability is good
378
What is not true regarding the large motor unit's muscles?
their metabolism is anaerobic
they are quick
their fibre length is small
they get tired easily
Their fibre length is small
379
On what level do the small and the large motor unit differ?
They already differ at the level of the truncus cerebri
they don't differ
only at the level of the fibres
both at the level of the spinal alfa motor neurons and at the level of the fibres
Both at the level of the spinal alfa motor neurons and at the level of the fibres
380
What is true for the intrafusal fibre?
It is a specialized, stretch sensitive, and to some extent, contractile fibre
it accounts for the main mass of the skeletal muscle
it is tendon receptor
it is a pain sensitive fibre
It is a specialized, stretch sensitive, and to some extent, contractile fibre
381
What is true regarding extrafusal fibres?
They exist as a few, muscle-stretch sensitive fibres
working muscle fibres, which give the main mass of skeletal muscle
they are tendon receptors
they are pain sensitive fibre-types
working muscle fibres, which give the main mass of skeletal muscle
382
What kind of receptor is found in the tendon?
extrafusal fibre
intrafusal fibre
Golgi-receptor
Meissner-receptor
Golgi receptor
383
What kind of afferents start from the nuclear chain receptor?
dynamic
dynamic and static
special
static
Static
384
Where are the nuclear bag and nuclear chain receptors?
in the intrafusal fibres
in the extrafusal fibres
in the tendon
in the axon endings
In the intrafusal fibres
385
What is the servo- mechanism of the muscle?
it is a spinal feedback mechanism, which prevents contraction
it is a reflex ensuring smooth muscle movement at the spinal level
it is a reflex of the extrafusal fibres
it is a cerebellar reflex
It is a reflex ensuring smooth muscle movement at the spinal level
386
What is coactivation?
it is a reflex exclusively governed by the spinal cord
it is a reflex exclusively governed by the sensory cortex
the concurrent activation of alpha and gamma motoneurons
it is a reflex exclusively governed by the alpha motoneurons
The concurrent activation of alpha and gamma motoneurons
387
Which receptor discharges more frequent afferent AP when the muscle is overstretched?
Intrafusal fiber
Extrafusal fiber
Nuclear chain receptor
Golgi receptor
Golgi receptor
388
What discharges more frequent afferent AP with increasing load of the muscle?
Intrafusal fibres
Only the Golgi receptor
Extrafusal fibres
None of them
Intrafusal fibres
389
What happens when the contraction exactly follows the motor command?
Intrafusal and extrafusal fibres contract with the same strength but not the same speed
Intrafusal and extrafusal fibres contract with same speed and same strength
Intrafusal and extrafusal fibres contract with the same speed but not with the same strength
Intrafusal and extrafusal fibres contract with differing speed and strength
Intrafusal and extrafusal fibres contract with same speed and same strength
390
What's the main function served by the smooth muscle?
Moving the skeleton
Moving the skeleton and setting the volume of hollow organs
Moving inner organs and setting the volume of hollow organs
they can be found in sphincters only
Moving inner organs and setting the volume of hollow organs
391
What is not typical of single-unit smooth muscles?
There are no gap junctions connecting the fibres to each other
Each fibre or small group of fibres has its direct innervation
Fast and exact movements
They form a functional syncytium
They form a functional syncytium
392
What is not typical of multiple - unit smooth muscle?
There are no gap junctions connecting the fibres to each other
Just a very few nerves are going to the functional syncytium
It is present in m. Ciliaris
they form a functional syncytium
There are no gap junctions connecting the fibres to each other
393
What is MLCK (myosin light chain kinase) enzyme responsible for in smooth muscle?
For relaxation
For starting the cross - bridge cycle and for sustained contraction
For energy supply of the muscle
For mobilization of energy stored in glycogen
For starting the cross-bridge cycle and for sustained contraction
394
What is myosin phosphatase enzyme responsible for in smooth muscle?
For starting the cross - bridge cycle and for contraction
For contraction
For producing relaxation
For binding ATP to myosin
For producing relaxation
395
What happens in smooth muscle when myosin phosphatase is inhibited?
Muscle relaxes immediately
Muscle contracts maximally
Muscle relaxes after a short contraction
Muscle remains in a contracted state
Muscle remains in a contracted state
396
What does "latch" mechanism mean in connection with the function of smooth muscle?
Immediate relaxation of the muscle in case of overstraining
Muscle's reaction to a strong stimulus is not relaxation but contraction
Muscle relaxes after a short contraction
Muscle contracts without energy investment because of the MLCK mechanism
Muscle contracts without energy investment because of the MLCK mechanism
397
What is the function of myosin phosphatase in smooth muscle?
It expels calcium from the IC compartment and causes relaxation this way
Dissociates the phosphoryl group from actomyosin thereby producing relaxation
It activates the sliding filament mechanism
sustains continuous cross bridge cycling
Dissociates the phosphoryl group from actomyosin thereby producing relaxation
398
Is the "all-or-none" law true for smooth muscle?
No, because smooth muscle functions as a syncytium
Yes
No, because smooth muscle is in a continuous, slight contraction
Yes, just like skeletal muscle
No, because smooth muscle is in a continuous, slight contraction
399
What adjusts the ratio of active MLCK/MP?
EC calcium level
IC magnesium level
Energy-supply of the muscle
IC calcium level
IC calcium level
400
What increases the MLCK enzyme activity in smooth muscle?
Saturation of calmodulin by the rising calcium level
Calcium concentration of EC
Calcium concentration of IC
Increasing irritability of the muscle
Saturation of calmodulin by the rising calcium level
401
What does a myogenic answer mean?
Stretching of an extensor causes relaxation of a flexor muscle
Straining of the smooth muscle causes automatic contraction in some of the organs
Relatively slight stimulus can cause contraction
it is the same as the reflex relaxation
Straining of the smooth muscle causes automatic contraction in some of the organs
402
What is reflex relaxation?
Stretching of the smooth muscle is followed by decreased tension in some of the organs
Relatively slight stimulus can cause contraction
Straining the smooth muscle causes visceral pain
Straining causes a gradually rising contraction
Stretching of the smooth muscle is followed by decreased tension in some of the organs
403
What does not elicit contraction in smooth muscle?
Effect of a neural AP
Chemical ligands
Beta-2 receptor stimulation and NO release
Calcium release from sequesters
Beta-2 receptor stimulation and NO release
404
What doesn't induce relaxation in smooth muscle?
Phosphorylation by MLCK
Chemical ligand binding to ligand- dependent calcium channel
Beta-2 receptor stimulation and NO release
Increasing MP (Myosin Phosphatase) activity
Chemical ligand binding to ligand dependent calcium channel
405
What kind of receptor is not present in the single-unit smooth muscle?
Muscarinic ACh- receptor
Nicotinic ACh- receptor
Beta-2 receptor
Beta-1 receptor
Nicotinic ACh-receptor
406
Which one of these muscles is not a single-unit smooth muscle?
Bronchial muscles
m. ciliaris
Gastrointestinal muscles
Muscles of the blood vessels
M.ciliaris
407
Which ligand causes smooth muscle contraction?
Acetylcholine
NO
Adenosine
ATP
Acetylcholine
