Midterm 4 Flashcards
Structures from Telencephalon
Olfactory lobes, Hippocampus, Cerebrum
Structures from Diencephalon
Retina, Epithalamus, Thalamus, Hypothalamus
Structures from Mesencephalon
Midbrain
Structures from Metencephalon
Cerebellum and pons
Structures from Myelencephalon
Medulla
BDNF is important in:
- On-going plasticity in adult CNS
- KOs = obese (hypothalamus), aggressive, fear (amygdala), impaired spatial learning, increased depression.
- Cell #s same in cortex and striatum, but fewer spines and fewer dendrites.
What promotes epidermal fate?
BMPs
What inhibits BMPs?
Noggin and chordin
What helps with the closure of the neural tube?
Folic acid and Shh
What are the divisions of the neural tube?
Prosencephalon -> telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon
What transcription factors control development?
Hox and Pax
What is Pax for?
Eye development
What is Hox for?
Encodes TFs that help specify final location of parts of body and where on the body it belongs.
- Anterior/Posterior patterning
What are the inductive signals?
- RA (intracellular)
- FGFs (extracellular)
- Wnts (extracellular, frizzled)
- Shh (Patched/Smoothened)
- BMPs (BMP extracellular)
What are FGFs?
Fibroblast growth factors: involved in angiogenesis, wound healing. Key players in proliferation and differentiation of wide variety of cells and tissues.
BMPs are important where?
Identity of neural cells in the dorsal spinal cord (roof plate).
What is Shh important for?
Ventral patterning in notochord and floor plate.
Symmetrical cell division in neurogenesis leads to what?
More stem cells
Asymmetric division generates:
Post-mitotic neuroblast and new asymmetric dividing cell.
What can you use for birth dating?
BrdU or thymidine to label new DNA. (See cells in deeper layers born first)
What is the delta-notch signaling important for?
Cell-cell communication.
What is holoprosencephaly?
No midline (Shh)
What is medulloblastoma?
Cerebellum cancer
What transition must occur for migration to occur?
Epithelial to mesechymal
Migration along radial glia occur where?
in CNS
How does migration in PNS work?
Neural crest cells migrate and many final cell fates
Explain the growth cone.
Lamellipodium (sheet like) with filopodia (finger like) sensing the environment. Guided by actin and microtubule depolarization and polymerization reaching towards synaptic target.
What are the non-diffusible signals?
ECM + integrins, NCAM and L1, cadherins, ephrins and Eph receptors.
Ephrins and Eph receptors are important for:
topographic connections/organization.
Cadherin is dependent on what?
Calcium. Cadherin is a CAM found on growth cones and cells over which they grow.
What does integrin do?
Receptor molecules found on growth cones that bind to CAMs such as laminin and fibronectin
What is the diffusable attractive signal?
Netrin/DCC receptors (anterolateral system axons crossing midline)
What does robo/slit do?
A repulsive signal that prevents growing back again in (prevents activity of netrin)
What are the repulsive signals?
- Slit/robo
2. Semaphorins/plexin & neurophilin receptors.
KOs of neurotrophins leads to:
Defects in PNS
What is Hebb’s postulate?
Neurons that fire together, wire together.
