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Molecular Neurobiology > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

NMJ prep and ACh causes what?

A

EPP (or measure EPC with voltage clamp

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2
Q

Is there current flow at Erev?

A

No current flows at reversal potential.

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3
Q

What can you use Erev for?

A

See which ions are flowing.

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4
Q

Current reverses direction at _____ mV for ACh channels.

A

0mV. Open to both Na+ and K+ions.

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5
Q

What drives PSP or EPP and towards what?

A

Neurotransmitters drive the PSP or EPP towards Erev for the ion(s) that flows.

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6
Q

Large EPPs ensure what?

A

Generation of an AP is propagated in a muscle cell.

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7
Q

Are PSPs bigger or smaller than EPPs?

A

Much smaller (fractions of mV) than EPPs and are rarely sufficient to generate an AP.

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8
Q

Post-synaptic cell sums what?

A

EPSPs and IPSPs

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9
Q

PSPs are depolarizing if …

A

Erev is more POSITIVE than the resting membrane potential (always the case for EPPs).

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10
Q

PSPs are hyperpolarizing if …

A

Erev is more NEGATIVE than the resting membrane potential of the post-sypnatic cell.

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11
Q

If the Erev for a PSP is more positive than the resting membrane potential, a neurotransmitter is …

A

Excitatory and an EPSP is generated. If EPSP is above AP threshold, AP is generated.

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12
Q

If the Erev for a PSP is more negative than the AP threshold, then the neurotransmitter is …

A

Inhibitory and an IPSP is generated (either with a hyperpolarizing or a depolarizing current).

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13
Q

Where is ACh found?

A
  1. NMJ
  2. ANS
  3. CNS basal forebrain (Alzheimer’s)
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14
Q

What is the main function of glutamate?

A
  1. Major excitatory neurotransmitter.

2. Amino acid

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15
Q

What is the main function of GABA?

A
  1. Main inhibitory neurotransmitter

2. Amino acid

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16
Q

Where is Gly important and its function?

A

Important amino acid in the spinal cord synthesized from Serine and is an inhibitory NT.

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17
Q

Where is Dopamine found?

A
  1. Substantia Nigra (control of movement)
  2. VTA (reward pathway to NAc(nucleus accumbens)) only 100,000 DA neurons.
  3. Biogenic amine
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18
Q

Where is noradrenalin found?

A
  1. Source: locus coeruleus in sympathetic neurons.

2. Biogenic amine

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19
Q

Where is adrenalin found?

A
  1. Few cells in medulla, hormone releases from adrenals.

2. Biogenic amine

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20
Q

Where is Dopamine found?

A
  1. Substantia Nigra (control of movement)
  2. VTA (reward pathway to NAc) only 100,000 DA neurons.
  3. Biogenic amine
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21
Q

Where is noradrenalin found?

A
  1. Source locus coeruleus in sympathetic neurons.

2. Biogenic amine

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22
Q

Where is adrenalin found?

A
  1. Few cells in meuall, hormone releases from adrenals.

2. Biogenic amine

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23
Q

Where is indoleamine - serotonin found?

A
  1. Raphe nuclei

2. Biogenic amine

24
Q

Where is histamine found?

A

Hypothalamus

2. Biogenic amine

25
Q

Which purine can be used as a NT?

A

ATP (from adenosine), important in taste: sweet, bitter, and umami.

26
Q

What are opioids for?

A
  1. Endogenous analgesia

2. Neuropeptide

27
Q

What are neuropeptides in the hypothalamus and pituitary used for?

A
  1. Homeostasis control: weight, sleep, growth, sex, etc).
28
Q

What are three unconventional neurotransmitters?

A
  1. Endocannabinoids
  2. NO
  3. Adenosine
29
Q

What are the two types of ACh receptors?

A
  1. Ionotropic (nAChR)

2. Metabotropic (mAChR)

30
Q

What 3 receptors does Glutamate use?

A
  1. Ionotropic (mainly AMPA - rapid, large ion flow)
  2. NMDA (co-incident detector: need depolarization usually from AMPA)
  3. LTP: Kainate (mGluR)
31
Q

What receptors does GABA use?

A
  1. Ionotropic (Cl- ions flow - bind benzodiazepines, barbiturates, alcohol, and metabotropic)
32
Q

What receptor(s) does Dopamine use?

A

Metabotropic only

33
Q

What receptor(s) does Noradrenalin use?

A

Metabotropic

34
Q

What receptor(s) does serotonin use?

A
  1. Ionotropic (anti-nausea)

2. Metabotropic

35
Q

What receptor(s) does ATP use?

A
  1. Ionotropic

2. Metabotropic

36
Q

What receptor does adenosine use?

A

Metabotropic

37
Q

Where is ACh terminated?

A

AChEsterase in synaptic cleft

38
Q

Where are amino acids terminated?

A

Transported into glia and neurons

39
Q

Where are monoamines terminated?

A

Transport (re-uptake) into pre-synaptic terminals.

- MAO and COMT in pre-synaptic terminal (degrade DA, NE, Ep)

40
Q

Where are purines terminated?

A

ATP into adenosine in synaptic cleft

41
Q

Where are neuropeptides terminated?

A

Proteases in synaptic cleft

42
Q

Examples of NMDA antagonists and what NT receptor it acts on.

A
  1. Anesthetics (e.g. Ketamine)

2. Act on Glutamate. (mGluRs)

43
Q

What do benzodiazepines do?

A
  1. Enhance GABA action
  2. EG Diazepam
  3. Anti-convulsant
  4. Muscle relaxant
44
Q

What do barbiturates do?

A
  1. Open GABA channel longer
  2. Used as anesthesia
  3. Anti-convulsant (hypnotics)
45
Q

What does picrotoxin do?

A
  1. Block GABA channels (used in lab, causes seizures).
46
Q

What does valproate do?

A
  1. Blocks GABA transanimase in epilepsy, bipolar.
47
Q

What is MAOi?

A
  1. MAO inhibitor.

2. EG phenelzine = Anti-depressant

48
Q

What are tricyclics?

A
  1. Anti-depressant

2. Block reuptake of NE

49
Q

What does prozac do?

A
  1. aka SSRI
  2. aka Fluoxetine
  3. Inhibits reuptake of Serotonin.
  4. Anti-depressant, OCD, panic disorder
50
Q

What do amphetamines do?

A
  1. Release of DA, NE, 5-HT (high doses)
  2. Also DA and NE reuptake inhibition
  3. Used for ADHD (Ritalin), chronic fatigue syndrome, and narcolepsy.
51
Q

What does cocaine do?

A
  1. Blocks reuptake of DA
52
Q

What does methamphetamine do?

A
  1. Release of DA, NE, 5-HT (even more than amphetamine).

2. DA and NE reuptake inhibition.

53
Q

What does MDMA (ecstasy) do?

A
  1. Serontonin release
  2. Reuptake inhibition
  3. Lesser effects on DA and NE reuptake
54
Q

What does Caffeine do?

A
  1. Affects purines
  2. Theophylline block adenosine receptors
  3. Ryanodine agonist
  4. PDE inhibitor
55
Q

What do opiates do?

A
  1. Neuropeptides that act as analgesics (heroin, morphine, codeine, oxy)
  2. Act as agonists at opioid receptors
56
Q

What does phosphadisterase do?

A

Inactivates cAMP and cGMP.

Molecular Neurobiology (4 decks)

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