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Molecular Neurobiology > Midterm 3 - Pain > Flashcards

Midterm 3 - Pain Flashcards

1
Q

How is pain information carried?

A

Afferent nociceptive fibers.

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of pain fibers and their role in pain?

A
  1. A-delta thin myelination: first pain

2. C unmyelinated: second pain

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3
Q

What does affective-motivational mean?

A

Aspects of pain: The fear, anxiety, and autonomic nervous activation that accompany exposure to a noxious stimulus.

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4
Q

What is the anterolateral system?

A

The ascending sensory pathway in the spinal cord and brainstem that carries information about pain and temperature to the thalamus.

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5
Q

What is central sensitization?

A

Increase in excitability of neurons in dorsal horn of spinal cord following high levels of activity in nociceptive afferents.
- sub-threshold nociceptive activity can now generate AP in dorsal horn neurons = increase in pain sensitivity.

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6
Q

Besides an increase in pain sensitivity, what else does central sensitization affect?

A
  1. Effects can be generalized to mechanoreceptors.

2. Innocuous stimuli activates secondary neurons in dorsal horn = increase in sensation of pain.

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7
Q

Damage to pain pathways may cause what?

A

Neuropathic pain: hyperalgesia and allodynia.

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8
Q

What role does glial activation play in pain?

A

Mediation of pain including neuropathic pain.

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9
Q

Which pathway modulates pain?

A

Descending pathways modulate pain.

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10
Q

Opioids are important for what and where are they located?

A

Important in descending pathway and help modulate transmission of ascending pain signals.
2. Enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins all found in PAG.

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11
Q

List the descending pathway of pain.

A
  1. Somatic sensory cortex
  2. Amygdala, Hypothalamus
  3. Midbrain PAG
  4. Parabrachial nucleus, medullary reticular formation, locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei
  5. Dorsal horn of spinal cord
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12
Q

Describe peripheral sensitization.

A

Inflammatory molecules released interact with nociceptors augment response of pain e.g. cytokines, bradykinin, prostaglandins.

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13
Q

What does prostaglandin do?

A

Reduce threshold depolarization required for AP via phosphorylation of TTX-resistant Na+ channels expressed in nociceptors.

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14
Q

What are NSAIDs and their function?

A

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs e.g. Aspirin, ibuprofen inhibit COX, which decreases the biosynthesis of prostaglandins.

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15
Q

What does the retinal pigment epithelium do?

A
  1. Has melanin and prevents light from scattering at back of eye.
  2. Phagocytoses old photoreceptor disks and recycles components.
  3. Converts trans-retinal back to cis-retinal for phototransduction.
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16
Q

What does light adaptation in the retina do?

A
  1. Activated guanylate cyclase to make more cGMP.
  2. Activates rhodopsin kinase = Ps rhodospin and arrestin binds and inhibits rhodopsin.
  3. Affinity of channel for cGMP increases.
  4. Helps us be sensitive to differences in luminance at many ambient light levels.
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17
Q

Describe rods.

A
  1. High sensitivity
  2. Low acuity
  3. Rhodopsin found in rods
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18
Q

Describe cones.

A
  1. High acuity (esp at fovea)

2. Low sensitivity

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19
Q

Describe opsins in cones.

A 
S = blue
M = green
L = red
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20
Q

What happens to RGCs when center + surround is stimulated?

A

Horizontal cells dampen the signal

21
Q

RGCs project where?

A

Brain

22
Q

What is cataracts?

A

Clouding of the lens

23
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

Increased pressure within eyeball

24
Q

What is macular degeneration?

A

Loss of vision in center field

25
Q

What is retinitis pigmentosa?

A

Inherited degenerative eye disease

26
Q

Layer 4 of VC responds to what?

A

Input neurons from LGN.

a lot of layer neurons b/c they receive information from thalamus

27
Q

Layer 4 of VC projects to what?

A

Layer 2/3 (where first VC cells responds to both eyes.

28
Q

Layer 2/3 of VC projects to what?

A

Layer 5 = main output cells.

a lot of layer neurons b/c they send output to LMN

29
Q

Within a vertical column in the cortex: cells respond to…

A

Same or similar stimulus.

30
Q

In a horizontal section of cortex layers respond to…

A

Different stimuli

31
Q

Olfactory receptor neurons in nasal epithelium project to …

A

Olfactory bulb

32
Q

Describe mechanism of olfactory

A
  1. Activate G-protein
  2. Adenylyl Cyclase ON
  3. cAMP increased
  4. cAMP gated channels open
  5. Depolarize ORN.
33
Q

Do ORNs respond to a few or many odorants?

A

Few. usually one.

34
Q

Describe LMN

A
  1. Alpha MN
  2. Cell bodies in ventral horn of spinal cord
  3. Project to somatic muscle fibers to control voluntary movement.
35
Q

What is FF?

A

Fast fatiguable: High force, fast contraction speed, but fatigue in few seconds.

36
Q

What is FFR?

A

Fast fatigue resistant: Intermediate force, fatigue resistant - fast contraction speed and resistant to fatigue

37
Q

What is S?

A

Slow: Resistant to fatigue, develop low tension postural muscles

38
Q

How does the stretch reflex work?

A

Synapses in spinal cord activates alpha-MN to cause muscle contraction and gamma-motor neuron to contract muscle spindle fiber.

39
Q

What is the GTO?

A

Golgi-tendon organs: detects muscle tension. Helps with muscle relaxation, interaction between flexor and extensor muscles.

40
Q

Lateral corticospinal tracts and UMN.

A

UMN descends from LCT and acts at local circuit neurons or LMN directly to control distal limbs.

41
Q

Anterior medial pathways and UMN

A

UMN descends ipsilaterally and controls postural muscles with bilateral innervation

42
Q

Does basal ganglia and/or cerebellum have direct connection to LMN?

A

NO. Both basal ganglia and cerebellum project to UMN only.

43
Q

Basal ganglia important for…

A

Initiation of movement

44
Q

Cerebellum important for…

A

Controlling fine motor movement.

45
Q

Overall, direct pathway of basal ganglia …

A

Dis-inhibits movement (allows it).

46
Q

Overall, indirect pathway of basal ganglia …

A

Inhibits movement

47
Q

Substantia Nigra’s role in basal ganglia pathway…

A
  1. Direct: Activates via D1 receptors to increase movement.
  2. Indirect: Inhibits via D2 receptors to remove inhibition.
  3. Substantia Nigra leads to increased movement.
48
Q

Why Parkinson’s occurs?

A

Loss of substantia nigra DA axons. Reduced direct, Increased activity of indirect pathway = more difficult to move. HYPOKINETIC

49
Q

Why Huntington’s?

A

Degeneration of caudate/putamen = increased activity of indirect pathway = more spontaneous movement = HYPERKINETIC

Molecular Neurobiology (4 decks)

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