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psych 2700 > midterm 4 > Flashcards

midterm 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Crypsis

A

The ability of an animal to remain undetected by other animals

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2
Q

pepper moths

A

there are black and white pepper moths that can be cryptic based on the lichen on trees. pollution killed lichen causing the black moths to be cryptic then pollution laws caused the lichen to grow back and the white moths became cryptic. natural selection caused black moths to become better than after the laws the reverse happened

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3
Q

visual crypsis

A

cryptic vs conspicuous

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4
Q

Cryptic crypsis

A

you blend in the background

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5
Q

conspicuous crypsis

A

not blending in the background

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6
Q

Dilution effect

A

when theres more of you theres less of a chance to get preyed on

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7
Q

the many eyes hypothesis

A

the bigger the group the more eyes there are to see predators

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8
Q

chaotic dynamic

A

who is keeping watch at any one given time

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9
Q

swim bladder

A

fish communicate through vibrating their swim bladder, which is then perceived as sound.

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10
Q

elk and wolves

A

in an experiment where they compare birth rate vs survival of elks when theres no wolves vs the intro of wolves. The elk forage less with the presence wolves so then they repro less

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11
Q

Sentinel behaviour

A

some individuals oversee being on the lookout

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12
Q

confusion effect

A

the presence of the many makes it hard to focus on one

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13
Q

Rosettes

A

all the lobsters put their butts in the middle and then they have their spiny antennae on the outside

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14
Q

mesocosm expiriment

A

the bigger the lobster group size was, the more likely they were to survive

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15
Q

domain of danger

A

the area in which that individual is the closest individual to an
unseen predator - the middle has less domain of danger

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16
Q

bobwhite quail - coveys

A

There is an optimal group size, which is big enough to afford protection but also allow effective foraging. too big they leave, too small they try to find bigger

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17
Q

tradeoff in larave

A

larvae will hatch early when theres a predator. the tradeoff is that they are small when they develop but they survived as larvae

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18
Q

Deimatic

A

startle displays

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19
Q

Protean

A

confuse predator ex. squid inking

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20
Q

intimidation hypothesis

A

animals use certain signals, postures, or displays to intimidate or deter potential predators, rivals, or threats rather than engaging in physical confrontations

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21
Q

deflection hypothesis

A

deflect or redirect attacks from predators away from vital body parts, thereby increasing the animal’s chance of survival

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22
Q

examples of deflections

A

eye spots and false heads on butterflies

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23
Q

types of alarm calls in smooth billed anis

A

chlurp
ahnee alarm

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24
Q

chlurp signals what

A

flying predators

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25
Q

ahnee alarm signals what

A

terrestrial threat

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26
Q

screaming

A

can attract or startle predators - birds and rabbits scream

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27
Q

stotting

A

when an animal randomly bounces
functions: signal a predator, show social cohesion, cause confusion in predators, or pursuit defence signal

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28
Q

what is stotting’s correct function

A

pursuit defence signal - basically telling predator they’re too fit to be their prey

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29
Q

Aposematism

A

an animal develop traits (ex. colour) to show that they are toxic to prey

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30
Q

plasticine snake experiment

A

researchers used brown or tricoloured plasticine snakes, the soft material made it easy to see how many times the birds attacked the snake. tricolour snakes were attacked much less

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31
Q

mimicry complex

A

where one species evolves to resemble another, often to gain a survival advantage

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32
Q

Müllerian mimicry

A

two or more species that are harmful, toxic, or otherwise unpalatable evolve to resemble each other

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33
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

when a harmless species evolves to resemble a harmful one to gain protection from predators

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34
Q

when do mullerian mimics benefit

A

when theres a high density of them

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35
Q

when do batesian mimics benefit

A

when there are more models around them

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36
Q

examples of a batesian mimic

A

a fruit fly mimicking a jumping spider
burrowing owl mimicking the sound of a rattle snake

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37
Q

caudal autotomy

A

a defensive behavior in which an animal voluntarily sheds its tail to escape from predators

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38
Q

feigning death

A

a defensive behaviour in which an animal appears to be dead to avoid predation

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39
Q

Homology

A

refers to the similarity between characteristics or traits of different species that result from shared ancestry

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40
Q

analogy

A

refers to traits or features that appear similar between species, but which have evolved independently due to similar environmental pressures or functional requirements, rather than from a shared ancestry

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41
Q

comparative method

A

a research approach used to study the similarities and differences among species to understand evolutionary processes, functional adaptations, and the underlying mechanisms of various biological traits

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42
Q

what are some of the signal modalities

A

light, sound, vibrations,
chemicals

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43
Q

what colour wavelengths are reflected

A

red or infrared

44
Q

Hue on a graph

A

where the peak of the reflected light is

45
Q

Saturation on a graph

A

how narrow the curve is

46
Q

Visual signal production

A

refers to the use of visual cues or signals by animals to communicate with each other or with other species

47
Q

pigments

A

chemicals that have a particular light absorption

48
Q

Carotenoids

A

are a type of pigment, usually oranges, reds, and yellows. come from diet, useful signals, signals health

49
Q

Melanins

A

pigments synthesized in the body; blacks, greys, and browns

50
Q

structural colours

A

blue, violet, ultraviolet, white

51
Q

what is the cause of structural colours

A

the size of the gaps in the matrix of keratin interacts with different wave lengths changing its reflection and saturation

52
Q

sound

A

a wave of pressure that travels through a medium

53
Q

how does sounds travel

A

through alternating periods of condensation and rarefaction (pressure).

54
Q

amplitude

A

loudness - perceived by the difference pressures of peaks

55
Q

wavelength

A

frequency/pitch - the distance from peak to peak

56
Q

harmonics

A

frequencies that form tight, regularly spaced peaks. integer multiples of a fundamental frequency

57
Q

formants

A

are certain frequencies that are amplified by the shape of the resonator. in speech resonator = mouth/throat

58
Q

reading a spectrogram

A

is the frequency of a sound (y axis) over time (x axis). The third axis (the darkness of the spectrogram) represents amplitude. So what you’re seeing is the amplitude of
certain frequencies over time.

59
Q

audiogram shows what

A

the sensitivity thresholds of
hearing of different frequencies in different animals

60
Q

what can happen to sound in dif environments

A

it can degrade

61
Q

Global attenuation

A

the overall drop in sound energy

62
Q

Frequency-dependant attenuation

A

environments degrades specific frequencies. Some
frequencies travel better.

63
Q

Reverberation

A

the lingering effect caused by sound bouncing off of stuff in the environment.

64
Q

acoustic adaptations

A

animals have the ability to adapt to their environment by creating signals that are resistant to degradation

65
Q

active space

A

is the space in which a signal can act, limited by global attenuation

66
Q

environment and frequency

A

animals who live in more dense environment (ex. forest) use lower frequency than animals who live in open environments (ex. fields) who use higher frequencies

67
Q

Anthropogenic noise

A

refers to any sound generated by human activities that disrupts the natural acoustic environment

68
Q

Anthropogenic noise causes?

A

animals to have to change their frequency songs to communicate better

69
Q

properties of olfactory communication

A

slow
non-directional
non-spectral
ancient and widespread

70
Q

Volatility affects what

A

duty cycle and active space

71
Q

duty cycle

A

duration of a signal

72
Q

olfactory signals are best for

A

marking territory, leaving a trail, and identification

73
Q

vibrational communication

A

a discrete way of communicating between individuals of the same species

74
Q

electrical communication

A

only occurs in fish, used for electrolocation

75
Q

honest signalling

A

refers to the transmission of signals between individuals in a way that accurately reflects the sender’s intentions, traits, or condition.

76
Q

cheap talk

A

signals that don’t have any guarantee of reliability

77
Q

Zahavi’s handicap principal

A

provides an explanation for how honest signaling can evolve in animal communication, particularly in situations like mate selection, where individuals signal their quality to others.

78
Q

what signals can be costly

A

sexual signals produced by males
convention - the way that a signal is treated

79
Q

Conventional costs

A

refers to the energetic, physiological, or ecological costs associated with behaviors or traits that animals use

80
Q

index signals

A

refer to signals that are directly tied to a specific, honest physical characteristic or condition of the animal that cannot easily be faked

81
Q

vulnerability costs

A

refer to the risks or increased susceptibility to negative outcomes (ex. predation) that come with certain things

82
Q

unreliable signals

A

refer to signals that do not accurately reflect the sender’s true condition, status, or abilities, or are easy to manipulate or deceive

83
Q

deceit

A

signal deviates from the typical relationship and characteristics of sender or environment benefitting the sender

84
Q

affect induction

A

refers to the process of influencing or inducing specific emotional states or feelings in animals, often as a result of environmental stimuli or social interactions.

85
Q

eavesdropping

A

when other animals other than the recipient intercept and interpret signals

86
Q

intraspecific eavesdropping

A

refers to the ability of one individual of a species to listen in on or observe the communication signals of the same species

87
Q

Interspecific eavesdropping

A

refers to a phenomenon where individuals of one species listen to or intercept the signals of another species

88
Q

Direct influence in animal communication

A

refers to the ways in which animals influence the behavior, emotions, or actions of other animals through direct and often intentional signals or cues.

89
Q

The informational approach in animal communication

A

focuses on how animals transmit and receive information, with an emphasis on understanding the content and purpose of signals

90
Q

prey model of foraging

A

Currency - amount of food/time
Strategy - either add a prey another prey type to the diet or to not
Constraints - time, energy, accessibility

Going for the most high quality prey is optimal but based on the amount of prey, the more the more narrow diet

91
Q

patch model of foraging

A

currency- optimal food intake
strategy- to stay or leave environment
constraint - prey density and rate of return

when is the optimal time to move on, rate of return decreases when prey is less dense
tau - time of moving between enviro
>tau = longer time at each spot, as travel time increases so does time spent in enviro

92
Q

risk sensitive foraging

A

animals choose a risky strategy when they are in an energetic need
patch a: low risk
patch b: high risk

93
Q

types of currencies

A

nutrients, predation, sampling

94
Q

nutrients

A

like protein, or essential vitamins might be highly valued.

95
Q

predation

A

Looking out for a predator makes it harder to look for food.

96
Q

sampling

A

trying a new prey or food

97
Q

Bayes’ theorem

A

integrating new information with old information

98
Q

search image

A

ability to find prey improves the more you search

99
Q

adaptations for foraging

A

search image
tool use
traps
caching
farming

100
Q

leaf cutter ants

A

leaf cutter ants dont eat the leaves they collect, they take parts of leave and give it to the fungus, they then eat the fungus

101
Q

cooperative hunting

A

refers to the behaviour where individuals of the same or different species collaborate to locate, pursue, and capture prey.

102
Q

Aggressive mimicry

A

a form of mimicry in which a harmful organism imitates a harmless species to deceive its prey

103
Q

echolocation

A

a biological process used by certain animals to navigate, locate objects, and hunt by emitting sound waves and interpreting the returning echoes.

104
Q

the terminal buzz

A

a rapid series of high-frequency echolocation calls produced by animals, particularly bats and toothed whales, as they close in on their prey during hunting

105
Q

Kleptoparasitism

A

is a form of feeding behaviour where one animal steals food or other resources that another animal has procured or prepared.

106
Q

the dancing language of honeybees

A

a sophisticated form of communication used by worker bees to convey information about the location of food sources, water, or potential nest sites

107
Q

waggle dance

A

communicate the angle and distance of a food source to the other bees, based on the angle from the sun

psych 2700 (3 decks)

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