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psych 2700 > Midterm 3 > Flashcards

Midterm 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Genetic mating system

A

Copulations outside of their social pairing

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2
Q

Social mating system

A

Who or how your paired

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3
Q

Lek

A

A traditional location were multiple males display for females, waiting to be selected

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4
Q

Explosive lek

A

Multiple dispersed locations for males to display for females, waiting to be selected

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5
Q

Sage grouse

A

Mating success in males has high variance few males meet with many females, while other males have very little copulations

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6
Q

Hotspot hypothesis

A

Males go where the females are. Doesn’t support the idea that females congregate for a reason other than lekking

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7
Q

Hotshots hypothesis

A

Lesser males congregate around a superior male to get a peripheral attention - satellite behaviours. This can be supported, because if you remove the superior male, they will just warm to the next in line

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8
Q

Crickets

A

Satellite males, who do not call hang around a male who can attempting to intercept females

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9
Q

Female preference

A

Females prefer to visit large group of males. It’s better for more females to show up to larger leks of males.

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10
Q

Monogamy

A

One male paired with one female, both socially and genetically meaning exclusive pair bonds. Happens in birds, some primates and termites.

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11
Q

Serial monogamy

A

Moving from one monogamous relationship to another

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12
Q

Compatibility

A

Mutual mate choice

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13
Q

Old field mice experiment

A

When a male mouse was given a choice between two females, the male had more reproductive success after choosing a female. When a new male was introduced to the same females, he chose different from the first.

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14
Q

Puerto Rican parrot experiment

A

Who won facility, paired mates, for genetic diversity, and another allow them to choose for themselves. The facility that chose for themselves had twice the reproductive success.

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15
Q

Polyandry

A

Females have multiple partners socially are genetically

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16
Q

Polygyny

A

Males have multiple female partners, socially or genetically

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17
Q

Genetic polygamy in lekking

A

Some males meet with more than one female, increasing their reproductive success

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18
Q

Promiscuity

A

The lack of any kind of social mating system, no social pair bonds or male investment

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19
Q

Promiscuous systems

A

When the males fitness increases after leaving mating, very little pair bonding.

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20
Q

Horse shoe crab

A

Explosive breeding, when they gather in one spot, mate, then leave. Prevents predator satiation

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21
Q

Monogamous systems have less what

A

Reproductive skew between males and females and sexual dimorphism

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22
Q

Bateman gradient

A

Voluntary male monogamy is non-adaptive, males tend to stay with their mates, when the cost of finding another mate outweighs the benefit

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23
Q

Mate guarding

A

Protecting their mate from being courted or taken by competitors, happens when it increases male fitness by remaining with the same female or female has extended fertility window

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24
Q

Mate assistance

A

Increases fitness by helping raise their young. Ex. Male seahorses

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25
Q

Synchronous breeding

A

When breeding happens at the same time in a population

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26
Q

Ecology of monogamy

A

Common when resources are distributed more evenly, where one male can only defend for one mate vice versa

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27
Q

Barnacle geese

A

An example of how an individual who stays with their mate longer have greater lifetime reproductive success

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28
Q

Divorce

A

When a pair who could stay together choose to split. Birds do it opportunistically

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29
Q

Extra pair copulations (EPC)

A

EPC can result in extra pair fertilization’s [EPF]

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30
Q

What do EPF do?

A

Introduces more reproductive variance, increasing sexual selection, pressures, even in socially monogamous species

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31
Q

EPCs in females

A

According to the bateman gradient, it does not make sense for females to seek EPC’s because it can be more costly

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32
Q

Why do females pursue EPC’s

A
  • In prairie dogs: females who mate more are likely to reach maximum reproductive viability. The more sex you have the more likely you are to get pregnant.
  • to divide parental responsibility
  • better genes
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33
Q

Polygamy

A

In any system, where one individual mates with multiple individuals

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34
Q

Social polygamy

A

Some males are mated to multiple females, leading to high reproductive variance

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35
Q

Female defence

A

One male defends, a group of females

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36
Q

Resource defence

A

A male defends a resource that a female needs so they have to come to him

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37
Q

Polygyny threshold model

A

Explains why females may choose to mate with a male who already has another mate rather than a sole mate of a single, unpaired male

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38
Q

Female defence polygyny

A

Males choose to defend clusters of females

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39
Q

Cooperative polyandry

A

When multiple males copulate with one female, and raise the offspring together

40
Q

The cost and benefits of parental care

A

Increasing the survival rate and fitness of your offspring

41
Q

Why male provide parental care

A

Providing care is less costly than not, higher survival rate of offspring, or when the cost for parental care is higher in females

42
Q

Why do females provide parental care?

A

Females make a greater investment in the future via their offspring

43
Q

The sunk cost fallacy

A

Whether a female stays or abandons has no effect on the amount of resources, time and energy she has invested previously

44
Q

Parental favouritism in burying Beatles

A

Your mother doing something that favours the senior offspring more

45
Q

Solitary breeding with no parental care

A

Males and females meet only to join their gametes and go their separate ways. Neither contributes parental care.

46
Q

Solitary breeding with parental care

A

Social interactions may happen between parents and between parents and offspring.

47
Q

Colonial breeding

A

involves pairing off within a larger population. Breeding pairs aggregate at a location.

48
Q

Communal breeding

A

something like a shared nest

49
Q

Cooperative breeding

A

is when the kids or relatives stick around to help raise the offspring. Usually, the helpers are previous offspring.

50
Q

Eusociality

A

or superorganism - like colony insects, where reproduction is limited to a few individuals and the rest are non-reproductive workers. These groups can be very large. - evolves when cost is low and benefits are

51
Q

Ideal free distribution

A

describes a situation in which animals are able to freely distribute themselves evenly according to the distribution of resources. If resources are clumped animals may clump

52
Q

The Tragedy of the Commons

A

the temptation to exploit shared resources because theres no cost in doing so - cheaters will evolve and undermine group fitness

53
Q

darwinian dilemma

A

selection eliminates behaviours that reduce an individuals reproduction

54
Q

Aggregation

A

is a behaviour that provide benefits to cooperating individuals

55
Q

Mobbing

A

when prey species are able to attack the predators in a group.

56
Q

lifetime reproduction

A

the measurement of costs and benefits of social interaction

57
Q

indirect benefits of helping

A

the survival of the offspring increases

58
Q

direct costs of helping

A

inability to breed while helping
reduces body weight in choughs

59
Q

Seychelle warbler study

A

in saturated environments - birds are unable to disperse so its less costly to help
in unsaturated environments - siblings dispersed into new territories rather than help raise kids at home

60
Q

Robert Sapolsky

A

stress in baboons - more submissive baboons have increased levels of stress

61
Q

Sequential assessment model

A

explains how animals decide the outcome of contests or fights through a series of escalating interactions

62
Q

Altruism

A

permanent self-sacrifice of direct fitness to benefit another individual

63
Q

Benefits of group living

A

foraging help
Defend territory better
Division in labour
Change their environment
Provide learning

64
Q

Cheating

A

those who are detrimental to the common good

65
Q

Costs of group living

A
  • fighting
  • Disease and parasites
  • Tolerate dominant individuals
    Ex. The groove-billed anis - lay their eggs in a communal nest but other birds may destroy, bury, etc previously laid eggs - interference competition
66
Q

Dilution effect

A

being in a bigger group when encountering a predator increases your rate of survival

67
Q

Green beards

A

ex of how if altruistic genes were obvious you could fall victim to cheaters but also seek out one another to cooperate

68
Q

Inclusive fitness theory (Hamilton’s rule)

A

d + rx > 0
Actor and recipient, altruism will spread through mutation. Basically, this model says that heritable altruism will spread when direct fitness consequences (d) are less than the benefits yielded to related individuals.
d = the effect of the behaviour upon your direct fitness. If it’s a cost, the value is negative.
r = the degree of relatedness (how many genes are held in common) * 1 would mean clones, basically. .5 would be siblings.
x = the benefits to the recipient

69
Q

Manipulation (policing)

A

policing a group for cooperation, social behaviour is imposed and enforced - cheaters are punished

70
Q

Experiment of the pig tailed macaques

A

removed individuals that policed then pop. With their removal the pop. became more fragmented and less cohesive

71
Q

Many eyes hypothesis

A

the more animals that are alert to predators, the more likely they are to detect them

72
Q

Mutual benefit

A

cooperation reduced competition for both so they mutually benefit

73
Q

One shot prisoners dilemma

A

Two prisoners arrested for the same crime, interrogators attempt to get them to sell each other out, rat them out (defect) or not (cooperate), either both cooperate for a light sentence, one is defect and goes free. So should they cooperate or defect?

74
Q

Iterated Prisoners dilemma

A

A situation that allows repeated iterations explores how individuals should react to the actions of their partner.

75
Q

Reciprocal cooperation

A

someone doing something for you so later you do something for them or vice versa- happens because cost is usually low, ex. vampire bats

76
Q

Raising Kin

A

raised together
Taking a taste - spadefoot toads
Look like them

77
Q

Relatedness

A

r in Hamiltons theory - the probability that a certain gene would be inherited, the closer you’re related the more likely

78
Q

Selfish herding

A

attempting to be in the middle of the herd because the middle is less vulnerable to predation

79
Q

Spite

A

harms both the actor and the recipient

80
Q

Tit-for-tat

A

part of the prisoners dilemma, on your first turn you cooperate, subsequent turns you copy the opponents previous strats

81
Q

Agression

A

conflict over resources

82
Q

Agressive signals

A

asymmetric contests between competitors, fighting ability, motivation, dominance

83
Q

Age and value of survival

A

Eggflys - younger animals who die in fights lose a lot of fitness whereas someone who is older doesn’t, older butterflies fight harder because they have less to lose

84
Q

Agnostic behaviour

A

behaviour that mediates conflict

85
Q

Dear enemies

A

territorial neighbours tolerate each other to a certain degree, unknown opponents are met with much more aggression

86
Q

Dominance Hierarchies

A

establishing relationships and signals that mitigate the costs of fighting, both winners and losers benefit from not fighting. Limited to small pop.
- in hens: the most dominant individual is the one performing the most aggressive acts

87
Q

ESS

A

evolutionary stable strategy

88
Q

Honest Signaling

A

signals animals use during conflicts to convey their true fighting ability or willingness to escalate a confrontation

89
Q

Motivation

A

how badly an animal wants to win
- Salamanders, the male is more willing to fight for longer dependent on the size of females

90
Q

Owners advantage

A

the owner of the territory almost always wins because they have higher RHP and have more motivation to keep their territory

91
Q

Resource holding potential

A

the ability to win an escalated fight, size matters

92
Q

Cost of fighting

A

lose territory
death

93
Q

Winner effect

A

winning increases the probability of winner future

94
Q

Loser effects

A

losing increase the probability of winning future fights

95
Q

Bystander Effect

A

change in behaviour from observing others fight

96
Q

Audience effect

A

Change in behaviour from being observed while fighting

psych 2700 (2 decks)

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