Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

psych 2700 > midterm 2 > Flashcards

midterm 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

canalization

A

the tendency for the development of a specfic genotype to follow the same trajectory under dif circumstances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cross fostering

A

offspring from one population is raised by another population
- Siblicide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

common garden experiments

A

taking two separate but similar species and putting them in a lab w same enviro and see if they remain the diff across gen - if they stay diff they are genetically different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

developmental constraints

A

Limitations on the range of phenotypic traits or behaviour that can evolve due to the way organisms develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

epigenesis

A

interactive view of genes and environment. behaviour can be driven by genes and the expression of gene can be driven by behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

fluctuating asymmetry

A

Deviations from symmetry in bilateral traits - women find men with low FA better than men with high FA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

FOXP2

A

gene responsible for learning in both humans and birds
those with FOXP2 inhibited were the worst of being tutored to learn songs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

gene by environmental interactions

A

The capacity to produce different phenotypes according to the variation in the environment- plasticity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

genetic engineering

A

Changes something about gene expression in the context of behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

harlows experiment

A

Experiment of attachment and social development in monkeys
Two surrogate mothers - one made of wire who provided food and one made of cloth that didn’t provide food
Babies preferred the cloth mother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

inbred lines

A

Inbreeding leads to less genetic variation. Inbreeding for generations causes everyone to become completely homozygous/ pure lineages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

mendels law

A

Think, punnets, square - diploid have two copies of each gene, meiosis distributes them in sex cells, dominant or recessive or additive.
Genes are on chromosomes. proximal genes are more likely to be inherited .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

norms of reaction

A

Developmental plasticity can vary by genotype some respond to environmental change some not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

types of plasticity

A

adaptive - improves organisms fitness or survival
non-adaptive - does not improve organisms fitness or survival
continous - adjusts traits or behaviour over lifetime
discrete - ability to switch phenotypes in response to specific environmental conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

QTL analysis

A

stands for quantitative trait loci - analysis of a specific place in the genome that controls quantitative traits starts with homozygous lines. Then we breed two different genes into heterozygous individuals to test what trait is what

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

quantitative traits

A

To what extent is phenotypic variation genetically influenced by multiple different genes.
based common garden experiments cross fostering and inbred lines
Range of abilities can be described in a normal distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

sensitive/ critical periods

A

Certain developmental phases with more sensitivity to environmental stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

single genes w major effects

A

Drosophilia, FosB, and S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

temporal polyethism

A

Changing behaviours over the course of your lifetime
In bees as they age, they shift rolls the older, the more risky your role
Genes may not be expressed in young bees, but may be expressed in later life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

ontogenetic niche

A

Ecological phenomenon where an organism changes its diet or habituate during its ontogeny
Includes: genetic adaptations, epigenetic adaptation, cultural transmission, and niche construction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

asynchronous incubation

A

when an egg starts its incubation process immediately upon being laid, first one laid has the an advantage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Gene expression over the course of development and across populations

A

Bees - role change, expression of genes further into life
Birds - songs can cause stimulation in the brain to cause a gene expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

FosB

A

A nurturing defect in mice
FosB+ mother keeps her babies under her
FosB- Mother keeps babies away from her

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Mating strategies in male ruffs

A

Two different types of mating behaviours and differences in appearances
Two phenotypes S and s
S - males do all the display
s - attempt to intercept

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Genetic adaptation

A

Darwinian selection
Occurs through genetic evolution
Locus of change: genetic
Heritable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Epigenetic adaptation

A

individual level genetic changes in response to the environment – these can be heritable because the location of change is the epigenome

Genes and the environment are constantly interacting to produce and modify the phenotypes
Gene Robinson - “DNA is both inherited and environmentally responsive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Cultural transmission

A

Heritable in the sense that knowledge is transmissible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Niche construction

A

Changing the environment to suit you - sometimes heritable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Plasticity

A

The ability of a genotype to produce different phenotypes, according to the environment, ex. getting a tan and weight fluctuation
Adaptive - a change in response to the environment that increases fitness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Associative learning

A

Learning how to associate the element of one’s stimulus/behavior with another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Ivan Pavlov - learned that a neutral stimulus that doesn’t produce a response can be associated with an unconditioned stimulus that normally does not produce a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Context of learning

A

Predation, mate choice, learning and individual recognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Predation

A

Pray survive longer if they know their environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Mate choice

A

Female choice in quails - females like the drama and choosemen who are taken

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Learning and individual recognition

A

Wasps can recognize others with facial their markings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Cost and benefits of learning

A

Costs - time, brain size, mistakes
Benefits - behavioral flexibility with an a lifetime -plasticity is the point of learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Garcia effect

A

There are certain stimuli that are better associated with certain consequences
ex. Bats can tell if an insect is poisonous because it induces nausea.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Habituation

A

The response to stimulus decreases over repeated exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Hebbian theory

A

When one neuron consistently activates another neuron, the connection between them become stronger and more efficient - compared to learning and memory

40
Q

Insight learning

A

The process that involves the transfer of previous knowledge to his novel situation
Ex. Chimpanzees learn crate stacking to get bananas, crows make tools

41
Q

Latent learning

A

Describes all associative learning without immediate reinforcement
ex. Bee wolves paralyze their prey to feed later

42
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Certain behaviour receives a negative stimulus/punishment or a reward

43
Q

Population memetics

A

Memes are a unit of culture or systems of behaviour acquired, then passed on by individuals

44
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Behaviour is rewarded with a positive stimulus: ex. Praise

45
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

The behaviour leads to the removal or avoidance of the aversive stimulus

46
Q

Positive punishment

A

An unpleasant or undesirable consequence that is added following the behaviour - behaviour is less likely to occur

47
Q

Negative punishment

A

An enjoyable or rewarding consequence of an action is taken away due to a behaviour

48
Q

Sensitization

A

Response to a stimulus increases over repeated presentation

49
Q

Social learning

A

Knowledge passes from an individual to another individual by watching them do things
- emulation, imitation, teaching

50
Q

Contagion response

A

Existing behaviour released when others do it

51
Q

Local/stimulus enhancement

A

Learning by being in a similar situation as another

52
Q

Song dialect in white crowned sparrow’s

A

Found in specific geographical location
Three criteria - learning, cross generation, lasting modification
Females had a higher sexual attraction to those who sang

53
Q

Vocal learning in song birds

A

Male song is inherently a reward for female song birds
Birds need to be tutor and how to sing the syllables in the song correctly

54
Q

conrad lorenz

A

Imprinting

55
Q

Alternative mating tactics

A

Pre-ejaculation, hermaphrodtic, pathogenesis, asexual

56
Q

Pre-ejaculation

A

Done by lesser males

57
Q

hermaphrodtic

A

Produces both sperm and egg. Can choose to fertilize themselves or others.

58
Q

Pathogenesis

A

Some reptiles can fertilize their own egg

59
Q

Asexual

A

Do not have sex - vegetative fertilization

60
Q

Anisogamy

A

Cells that differ in size
Female: large immobile gametes
Male: small mobile gametes
Isogamous - no different sex cell

61
Q

Bateman gradient

A

Shows the statistical relationship between mating success for both males and females. The more you mate with females the higher reproductive success.

62
Q

Costs and benefits of sex

A

Costs: loss of good genes, cut your descendants and their fitness in half, STDs and disease
Benefits: shuffles your genetic deck, create genetic diversity, abiotic (environmental change) biotic (competition)

63
Q

Cryptic female choice

A

The female choice that happens within the body- sperm selection

64
Q

Direct benefits

A

Better territory and more offspring

65
Q

Exploitation and interference of competition

A

Exploitation - all trying to exploit
Interference - stake claim and defend

66
Q

Fishers runaway model

A

Females with preference increase population, males expressing a certain trait are increasingly advantaged.
Greater preference for exaggerative traits amongst those with already exaggerative traits

67
Q

Hermaphroditism

A

Produce both male and female gametes
Simultaneous - simultaneously male and female with both bits functioning
sequential - switching sex once

68
Q

Indirect benefits

A

Good genes, compatible genes, high quality offspring

69
Q

Intra-sexual selection

A

Competition with the same sex for access to female - female has no choice

70
Q

Intersexual selection

A

Competition within the same sex for female choice
Ex. Dimorphism - attributes like fancy plumage makes you more attractive

71
Q

Mate compatibility

A

Genetic compatibility and MHC

72
Q

Genetic compatibility

A

Females look for optimal outbreeding- those that are genetically different enough, but not two different- too similar may result in too many recessive traits

73
Q

MHC

A

A region in the genome responsible for antibodies, the more diverse the stronger the immune system

74
Q

Reproductive variance and sexual selection

A

Reproductive variance is greater in males than females
High variance : low parental investment
Low variance : high parental investment

75
Q

Sensory bias

A

Bias for a trait before it even evolves

76
Q

Sex ratios

A

1:1 at birth - everyone has a mother and father
When ratio is skewed, the rare sex will have fitness advantage
OSR

77
Q

Operational sex ratio

A

The ratio of individuals able to reproduce at any given moment (favours males)

78
Q

Sex role reversal

A

Mormon crickets - males carry a sperm package then they choose what female to give it to

79
Q

Sexual conflict

A

Conflict between male and female within the same species
Rejection, punishment, forced copulation

80
Q

Sexual selection

A

Selection for access to gametes of the opposite sex
- differing repro success is because of the differing access to gametes of the opposite sex
- Males compete for access to females females choose

81
Q

Sperm competition

A

Sperm from one more than one male and in a female competitions

82
Q

Animal culture

A

Animals can pass learning between individuals through social learning - ex. Washing behaviour

83
Q

Five ways animals adapt to their environment

A

Camouflage/mimicry
Migration
Adaptation of physical features
Predatory defence
Communication

84
Q

Marler’s view on instinct and learning

A

Animals can adapt to learn new things, mechanisms underlining this could be conceptual

85
Q

Mate choice copying

A

Males and females copying mate choices they’ve seen others make - learning what a good mate is (sailfin fish)

86
Q

Adaptations in response to the various modes of sexual selection

A

Intrasexual selection - weaponry and body size, agnostic behavior, territoriality, sperm competition
Intersexual selection - ornamentation and displays, vocalizations and songs, courtship behaviours, visual and chemical signals
Both modes of sexual selection - sexual dimorphism, guarding and mate defence, runaway selection

87
Q

Female aggregation and sexual selection

A

Female aggregation is the tendency of females to gather in groups in the context of sexual selection. This grouping of females can have significant affects on meeting strategies, particularly those of males.

88
Q

Good genes models

A

Selection that suggests individuals with certain traits, often considered attractive or desirable in mates, are preferred because those traits signal superior genetic quality

89
Q

Intersex variation

A

A naturally occurring condition for an individuals biological sex characteristics to not fit typical definitions of male or female

90
Q

Mate choice (female and male)

A

Female - choose males based on certain attributes
Males - choose female for breeding potential and quality offspring

91
Q

Dishabituation

A

The new response to a stimulus after the response had previously diminished due to habituation

92
Q

Discrete plasticity

A

Not all plasticity is continual- there is some kind of environmental stimulus that causes a distinct change in phenotype- tiger salamanders

93
Q

What are the stimulus’ in classical conditioning

A

Neutral stim (NS) - bell before conditioning - no initial response but through association and learning the US is related to NS and becomes CR
Unconditioned stim (US) - food - stimulates and automatic response w/o prior learning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) - bell after conditioning - repeated pairing with the US the NS becomes the CS
Conditioned response (CR) - salivation w bell - learned response to CS
Unconditioned response (UR) - salivation w food - automatic natural reaction to unconditioned stimulus

94
Q

Active avoidance learning

A

When an animal learns to do something to avoid punishment (shuttle box)

95
Q

Passive avoidance learning

A

When an animal learns to suppress a natural behaviour to avoid being punished

96
Q

Mechanisms of social learning

A

Contagion response - existing behaviour facilitated or released when others do it
Stimulus enhancement- behaviour is learned by being socially drawn to another individual and learning the same things that they are by simply being in a similar situation
Emulation - the goal is achieved but the observer does not copy the exact same steps achieve the goal as a demonstrated performs
Imitation - behavior is replicated in detail by the observer
Teaching - there needs to be a demonstration, but the teacher knows the learner is not ignorant

psych 2700 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions