Midterm Flashcards
The members of this group experience a pattern of disadvantage or inequality
Minority group
The members of a minority group potentially share what two things that differentiates them from other groups?
- ) Visible trait
2. ) Characteristics
T/F
Minority groups are self-conscious social units
True
Membership in a minority group is usually determined when?
At birth
T/F
Members of a minority group tend to marry outside the group
False
2 forms of prejudice
- ) Cognitive
2. ) Affective
Cognitive prejudice is…
The tendency to think about other groups in a particular manner
To attach usually negative emotions to other groups
Affective prejudice
Stereotypes are _______ that are thought to apply to all members of the group
Generalizations
T/F
The two dimensions of prejudice are highly correlated
True
The two dimensions of prejudice are distinct and separate and can vary _______
Independently
How many types of theories are there involving the causes of prejudice?
3
T/F
Theories that focus on personality needs as a cause of prejudice
True
Theories that view prejudice as primarily the result of what 2 things?
- ) Being raised in a racist society
2. ) Interacting in many social situations in which discrimination is approved
Theories that view prejudice as arising out of _______ conflict
Intergroup
What is one common factor that seems to account for the origin of all prejudices?
Competition between groups
T/F
Typically prejudice is more a result of a competition than a cause
True
The harsh, blatant forms of prejudice present for most of U.S. history have become _____ recently
Muted
_____ prejudice is no longer a significant problem in American life
Individual
Instead of disappearing, prejudice has taken what kind of form?
Subtle & indirect
Prejudice has its origins in _______ competition
Intergroup
Prejudice is more the result of competition rather than the _____
Cause
Prejudice is used to do what two thing in regards to societal inequality that becomes part of a cultural heritage?
- ) Justify
2. ) Rationalize
T/F
Discrimination and prejudice always occur together
False
Refers to behavior and may be defined as the unequal treatment of a person or persons based on group memebership
Discrimination
What are the 2 main components of Karl Marx’s theoretical perspective on inequality?
- ) Class conflict is inevitable
2. ) Relationship to the means of production
The two groups that fall under relationships to the means of production (Part of Marx’s inequality theory) are?
- ) Bourgeoisie (ruling class)
2. ) Proletariat (working class)
Economic position is the theory of inequality that belonged to whom?
Max Weber
The 2 aspects of economic position are…
- ) Prestige
2. ) Power
What was the main concept behind Gerhard Lenski’s theory of inequality?
Level of development of society
What feeds into the level of development of society
Subsistence technology
A process in which formerly distinct and separate groups come to share a common culture and merge together socially
Assimilation
As a society undergoes assimilation differences among groups begin to _____
Decrease
Exists when groups maintain their individual identities
Pluralism
In a pluralistic society groups remain separate and their ____ and _____ differences persist over time
- ) Cultural
2. ) Social
T/F
Assimilation and pluralism are contrary process but they are not mutually exclusive
True
T/F
Assimilation and pluralism cannot occur together in a variety of combinations within a particular society or group
False - they can
Some segments of a society may be ______ while other are _____ (or even increasing) their differences
- ) Assimilating
2. ) Maintaining
2 Types of Assimilation
- ) Melting pot
2. ) Americanization/Anglo-conformity
A process in which different groups come together and contribute in roughly equal amounts to create a common culture and a new unique society
Melting pot
Rather than an equal sharing of elements and a gradual blending of diverse peoples assimilation in the U.S. was designed to maintain the predominance of the British-type institutional patterns created during the early years of American society
Americanization/Ango-conformity
Under Anglo-conformity what two groups are expected to adapt to Anglo-American culture as quickly as possible
- ) Immigrant
2. ) Minority
Americanization has been a precondition for access to what 3 things?
- ) Better jobs
- ) Education
- ) Other opportunities
What are the 4 main negative connotations brought around by Americanization?
- ) Conflict
- ) Anxiety
- ) Demoralization
- ) Resentment
Who/what make up the “traditional” perspective on Assimilation (Theories & concepts)?
- ) Robert Park
- ) Milton Gordon
- ) Human Capital Theory
Who came up with the “Race Relations Cycle”?
Robert Park
What are the 4 components to Robert Park’s Race Relations Cycle?
- ) Contact
- ) Competition
- ) Accommodation
- ) Assimilation
Robert Park assumed assimilation is what in a democratic and industrial society?
Inevitable
Park believe that in a political system based on what 3 things, all groups would eventually secure equal treatment under the law?
- ) Democracy
- ) Fairness
- ) Impartial Justice
Who wrote “Assimilation in American Life”?
Milton Gordon
Milton Gordon differentiated between what 2 things?
- ) Culture
2. ) Social structure
Social structure is composed of what 2 kinds of networks?
- ) Primary networks
2. ) Secondary networks
What are Milton Gordan’s 3 stages of assimilation?
- ) Acculturation
- ) Integration (structural assimilation)
- ) Intermarriage (marital assimilation)
In this process the groups learns the culture of the dominant group including language and values
Acculturation
When do members of the group enter the public institutions and organizations of the dominant society?
At the secondary level of integration
What happens at the primary level of integration(structural assimilation)?
Members of the group enter the cliques, clubs and friendship groups of the dominant society
When do members of the group marry with members of the dominant society on a large scale?
During the intermarriage stage
More a status attainment theory than assimilation theory
Human capital theory
Human capital theory is _____ in explaining status attainment as it de-emphasizes structural factors in favor of individual factors
Incomplete
T/F
Human capital theory assumse fairness in U.S. society
True
What are the 3 types of Pluralism?
- ) Cultural pluralism
- ) Structural pluralism
- ) Integration without acculturation
This form of pluralism only exists when groups have not acculturated and each maintains its own identity
Cultural pluralism
Structural pluralism exists when a group has ______ but not _____
- ) Acculturated
2. ) Inegrated
T/F
Structural pluralism is when the group has adopted the Anglo-American culture but does not have full and equal access to the institutions of the larger society
True
Reverses the order of Gordon’s first two phases
Integration without acculturation
Goes well beyond pluralism and exists among groups in French Canada, Scotland, Chechnya, Cyprus, Southern Mexico, Hawaii
Separatism
Revolution seeks to do what 3 things?
- ) Switch places with the dominant group
- ) Become the ruling elite
- ) Or create a new social order
A massive immigration from Europe began _____
In the 1820s
_________ destroyed the traditional way of life as it introduced new technology, machines, and new sources of energy to the task of production
Industrialization
What was the response to industrialization?
Peasants began to leave their home villages and move toward urban areas
Where did the first wave or “Old Immigration” come from in the 1820s?
Northern and Western Europe
The second wave or “New Immigration” came from where in the 1880s?
Southern and Eastern Europe
All of the immigrant groups tended to follow “chains” established and maintained by the members of their groups
Chains of Immigration
In August of 1619 a Dutch ship arrived in Jamestown, Virginia and the master of the ship needed provisions and offered to trade his only cargo of…
20 black Africans
T/F
England and its colonies did not practice slavery in 1619
True
Instead of practicing slavery what did the colonies and England do?
Practice the use of indentured servants
What was the main business of colonies?
Agriculture
Farm work in the colonies was ______ ______ or preformed almost entirely by hand
Labor intensive
As colonial society grew and developed, a specific form of agricultural production began to emerge called what?
The plantation system
At the time plantations were rising what kind of labor force was coming in short supply?
White indentured servants from the British Isles
Attempts to solve the labor supply problem by using what race?
Native Americans
What are the two deciding factors as to why colonists chose to use slaves imported from Africa to solve the vexing shortage of labor?
- ) Logical
2. ) Cost-effective
The colonists created ______ to cultivate their lands and generate profits, status, and success
Slavery
The conditions under which groups first come into contact determine the immediate fate of the minority group an shape intergorup relations for years to come
The Contact Situation
If two or more groups come together in a contact situation characterized by ethnocentrism, competition, and a differential in power then some form of racial or ethnic stratification will result
Noel Hypothesis
If a contact situation has all three characteristics of the Noel Hypothesis what will happen?
Some dominant-minority group structure will be created
What are the three characteristics of the Noel Hypothesis?
- )Ethnocentrism
- ) Competition
- ) Differential in power
Blauner identifies what two different initial relationships?
- ) Colonization
2. ) Immigration
The Blauner says that minority groups created by colonization will experience what 3 things more intensely than those created by immigration?
- ) Prejudice
- ) Racism
- ) Discrimination
T/F
The disadvantaged status of colonized groups will persist longer and be more difficult to overcome than the disadvantaged status faced by groups formed through immigrants
True
The nature of intergroup relationships will reflect a society’s subsistence technology
Paternalistic relations
What are two factors of a society that will often result in it developing a for of minority relations called paternalism?
- ) Small elite class
2. ) Plantation based economy
How many key features of paternalism are there?
5
What are the 5 features of paternalism
- ) Vast power differentials and huge inequalities between dominant/ minority groups
- ) Elaborate and repressive systems of control over the minority group
- ) Caste-like barriers between groups
- ) Elaborate and highly stylized codes of behavior and communication between groups
- ) Low rates of overt conflict
Slavery was based on a _____
contradiction
What are the 3 main actions slaves took to fight the powerlessness they dealt with inhibiting them from resisting the system
1.) Revolted
2.) Ran away
3,) Used the forms of resistance most readily available to them
The ______ states industrialized first
Northern
What was one of the underlying causes of the regional conflict that led to the Civil War
Economic diversity
The system of race relations that replaced slavery in the south was…
De jure segregation or Jim Crow laws
Where did De jure segregation get its origins?
In the systems of sharecropping
What did sharecroppers do?
Worked the land for southern plantation elite in return for payment in shares of the profit when the crop was taken to market
What 2 things did black sharecroppers lack which made it difficult to keep unscrupulous white landowners honest?
- ) Political rights
2. ) Civil Rights
T/F
Under this system sharecroppers has few opportunities to improve their situations and could be bound to the land until their “debts” were paid off
True
African Americans once again were locked into a _______ status
Subservient
T/F
The white southern working class wasn’t protected from direct job competition with African Americans
False - they were
What did Plessy (vs) Ferguson (1896) determine?
It was constitutional for states to require separate facilities for African Americans as long as the separate facilities were fully equal
Under de jure segregation as under slavery the subordination of the African American community was ____ and ______ by an elaborate system of racial etiqette
Reinforced and supplemented
Transgressions against the system often resulted in death by ____
Lynching
What was the over all result of African Americans moving from rural to urban areas?
Allowed black political power to grow and eventually provided many of the crucial resources that fueled the Civil Rights movements
T/F
European immigrants groups saw the newly arriving black immigrants as a threat to their status
True
Which man in the black protest movement was associated with Accommodation?
Booker T. Washington
Which man in the black protest movement is associated with the NAACP and civil rights?
W.E.B. DuBois
Marcus Garvey was associated with which movement in the black protests?
Separatism
What 2 things impacted agriculture in the South and had a powerful effect on race relations?
- ) Mechanization
2. ) Modernization
What were the 3 main ways agriculture in the South was affected by mechanization and modernization?
- ) Need to maintain a large, powerless workforce declined
- ) Migration northward to urban areas increased
- ) Political power became more feasible for African Americans
What major event saw one of the first and most successful applications of the growing stock of black power?
WWII
This movement was a multifaceted campaign to end legalized segregation and ameliorate the massive inequalities face by African Americans
The Civil Rights Movement
What did the court case Brown (vs) Board of Education Tokepa (1954) do?
Reversed the Plessey (vs) Ferguson and ruled that racially separate facilities are inherently unequal and therefore unconstitutional
Where is the Civil Rights movement’s origin usually traced back to?
Montgomery Alabama where on Dec. 1, 1955 Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on the bus
______ direct action became a method by which the system of de jure segregation was confronted head-on not in the courtroom or in the state legislature but in the streets
Nonviolent
What was nonviolent protest aimed at?
Confronting the forces of evil rather than those who were committing the evil themselves
Nonviolent protest attempted to win the friendship and support of its enemies rather than to ____ or _____ them
Defeat
Humilate
The successes of the prortest movement combined with changing public opinion and the legal principles established by the supreme court coalesced in the mid 1960’s to stimulate the passage of the what 2 laws that ended Jim Crow segregation?
- ) Civil Rights Act of 1964
2. ) Voting Rights Act of 1965
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 do?
Banned the discrimination on the grounds of race, color, religion, national origin, or gender
What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 do?
Specifically prohibited many of the practices (poll taxes, literacy tests, and whites-only primaries) traditionally used to keep African Americans politically powerless
What are the 4 factors that facilitated the success of the Civil Rights Movement?
- ) Industrialization and urbanization particularly in the South
- ) Post-WWII economic prosperity increased African American political power
- ) The goals of the movement were assimilationist
- ) Widespread sympathetic mass media coverage of the movement particularly TV
T/F
While the Civil Rights movement ended segregation its tactics were less useful in the actual distribution of valued societal resources
True
Segregation resulting from the apparently voluntary choices of dominant and minority groups alike it “just happens” as people and groups make decisions about where to live and work
De Facto Segregation
The de facto variety is often the ________ variety in thin disguise as in citites outside of the South
De jure
What was de factor segregation was often the direct result of?
Intentionally racist decisions made by the governmental and quasi-governmental agencies such as real estate boards, school boards, and zoning boards
______ _____ consisted largely of attacks by blacks against the symbols of their oppression and frustration
Urban unrest
Outside the South….
The problems were different and called for different solutions
A loose coalition of organizations and spokespersons that encompassed a variety of ideas and views many of which differed sharply from those of the civil rights movement
The Black Power Movement
What are some of central ideas of the Black Power Movement?
1) Racial pride
2. ) Interest in African Heritage
3. ) Black nationalism
4. ) Malcom X
5. ) The Nation of Islam
The Black Power Movement helped carve out a new _____ for African Americans as it supplied a view of African Americans that emphasized power, assertiveness, seriousness of purpose, intelligence and courage
Identity
Black power served as a new rallying cry for solidarity and unified action in the ________ _________ of erasing black-white inequality
Unfinished business
Only _______ of American society would rid African Americans of their main problem, institutionalized racism/discrimination
Restructuring
How many people claimed at least some American Indian or Alaska Native ancestry
5 million
But there are only ____ million if we confine the group to people who select one race only
2.5
Roughly how many American Indians living in the continental U.S. in 1492?
Several million to 10 million
By 190 what was the Native American population reduced too?
250,000
Reservations were paternalistically controlled and corrupted by the _______ of the U.S. department of the interior
Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)
T/F
American Indians on the reservations were subjected to coercive acculturation of forced Americanization
True
What were the 2 main components of Americanization of the Native Americans?
- ) Dawes Allotment Act of 1887
2. ) Boarding schools
A deeply flawed attempt to impose white definitions of land ownership and to transform American Indians into independent farmers by dividing their land among the families of each tribe
Dawes Allotment Act
Who was responsible for sending American Indian children to boarding schools which were sometimes hundreds of miles away from parents and kin where they were required to speak English, convert to Christianity and become educated in the ways of Western Civilization
BIA
IRA stands for what?
Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
What were 4 things that occurred due to the Indian Reorganization Act?
- ) Rescinded the Dawes Act
- ) Mechanisms of coercive Americanization were dismantled
- ) Financial aid were made available for the economic development of the reservations
- ) Allowed for an increase in American Indian self-governance
Called for an end to the reservation system and all special relationships including treaty obligations between the federal government and the tribes
Termination
What 2 things were established around the same time termination was being enacted that attempted to encourage American Indians to move to urban areas?
- ) Employment
2. ) Relocation assistance programs
What 2 legal policies were passed in 1975 ti help increase aid to reservation schools and American Indian students as well increased tribal control over the administration fo the reservations
- ) Indian Self-Determination Act
2. ) Education Assistance Act
The Self-Determination Act….
Primarily benefited the larger tribes with well-established administrative and governing structures
Like the Black Power movement encompassed coalition of groups many considerably more assertive than the NCAI and a varied collection of ideas most of which stressed self determination and pride in race and cultural heritage
Red Power Movement
The significance of the Red Power Movement was that…
It encourage both pan-tribal unity an a continuation of tribal diversity
What were the 3 main goals of the modern protect movement centered around the American Indians?
- ) Protecting American Indian resources and treaty rights
- ) Striking a balance between assimilation and pluralism
- ) Finding a relationship with the dominant group that would permit a broader array of life chances without sacrificing tribal identity and heritage
The racial identity of people who later their identity as they move between black and white social settings
Protean
Protean is the _____ common identity in a study of college students with one black and one white parent
Least
The racial identity of people who consider themselves to be either black or white
Singular identity
Singular identity is the ______ common identity in a study of college students with one black and one white parent
Second
The identity of people who rejected the concept of race and insisted on being seen as unique individuals
Transcendent identity
Transcendent identity is the _____ common identity in the study of college students with one black and one white parent
Third
This group consists largely of African Americans and other minority groups of color which have been more or less permanently barred from the mainstream economy and the primary labor markey
Urban underclass
An important tactic used during the civil rights movement in the South to defeat de jure segragation
Nonviolent direct action
Fatalism
The view that one’s fate is beyond one’s control
A theory assertion that poverty causes certain personality traits - such as the need for instant gratification - which in turn perpetuate poverty
Culture of poverty theory
The effort of African Americans in the 1950’s and 1960’s to win the rights they were entitled under the constitution
Civil Rights Movement
The racial identity of people who consider themselves mixed race rather than black or white
Border identity (most common)
A coalition of African american groups that rose to prominence in the 1960’s - some central themes of the movement were black nationalism, autonomy for African American communities and pride in race and African heritage
Black Power Movement
The agency of the U.S. government that has primary responsibility for the administration of American Indian reservations
Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)
Federal legislation passed in 1934 that was intended to give Native American tribes more autonomy
Indian Reorganization Act (IRA)
A policy by which all special relationships between the federal government and American Indians would be abolished
Termination
______ was too brief to overcome two centuries of poverty, illiteracy and powerlessness
Reconstruction
The period of Reconstruction was a brief ____ in the long history of oppression and exploitation of African Americans
Respite
What are the 3 main things that happened during reconstruction?
- ) 15th amendment enfranchised African Americans
- ) Educaiton became possible
- ) Land ownership and business ventures began to create a middle class
Harlem Renaissance became….
The first black ghettos and new forms of oppression that while different from and subtler than those of the South were still devastating in their impact
Besides weakening dominant group controls _____ also created the potential for minority groups to mobilize and organize large numbers of people
Urbanization
The growing needs of an urbanizing population meant….
More opportunities for minority groups
In 1838 and 1839, as part of Andrew Jackson’s Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma.
Trail of Tears
