Midterm 3 Review Flashcards
why did Rome switch form a republic to an empire?
Because of the position of Emperor that’s created
what is the mountain range that runs through Italy called?
The Apennines
why was the agriculture so good in italy?
Volcanic soil due to the Apennine mountains
which side of italy is the most favourable for civilizations?
the western side due to the rain shadow caused by the apennines
what river runs through Rome ?
the Tiber
what are the three main regions of italy to know?
Latium (Rome), Campania (just south of Rome) and Sicily.
what was Villanova culture in Italy?
A nomadic civilization that was not very advanced.
When did Italys Bronze Age and Iron Age start?
Bronze –> 1800 BCE, Iron –> 900 BCE
When do the greeks and the Phoenicians contact Italians?
850-775 BCE
what was the warfare like before 480 BCE in Rome?
It was mostly run by warlords
who had the biggest influence on the early romans?
The Etruscans
why were the Etruscans called Etruscans?
Because they lived in Etruria
how many cities did the Etruscans have?
12
what civilization did the Etruscans borrow from?
The Greeks
what is Hepatoscopy? and who practiced it?
study of the liver, the Etruscans practiced it and the Romans adopted it from them.
What was told through Hepatoscopy?
Fortunes and futures, wills of the gods.
what was Tarquinia?
One of the 12 Etruscan cities
what geographical advantage did Romes location provide?
7 hills
in what century BCE was Rome inhabited? (Romulus’ hut)
9th
how did the Romans solve the problem of not having enough women?
Kidnapping the neighbouring town, Sabines, women
how many mythical kings of Rome were there?
7
what were Numa Pompilius And Tulles Hostilius known for?
Numa for religion and spirituality and Hostilius for war and battle.
who was Tarquinius Superbus and what was he known for?
he was the last king of Rome because he was tyrannical. His son raped Lucretia and she commit suicide which led the romans to vow to never have king again and turning it into a republic.
what were the magistrates?
Members of the republican government (mostly patricians).
what was the Cassian treaty?
a treaty mad with the Latins by the Romans that would ensure every city in Latium will have equal power by switching leaders every year. it also allowed free trade, marriage and immigration.
what were the laws of the 12 tables?
the plebeians went on strike from the city due to inequality between them and the patricians which led to laws and rules being written down to make sentencing fair for plebeians.
what were Secessions?
Plebs that would leave Rome on strike
could plebeians be in the magistrate?
at first no but by the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE they could.
who did the Gauls attack?
Rome and Veii
what does Cursus Honorum mean?
Path of Honours
explain the roman senate
members who had served in the magistrate (Cursus Honorum) and would now advise the current magistrates, it was a life time membership, they had no real authority, they could only advise.
what was the Comitia?
The roman people who would meet and vote for the magistrates.
name and explain the 5 priestly colleges
Pontiffs (administrative and kind of like a lawyer for religion), Flamens (would carry out specific religious practices), Augurs (could tell you about the future and the supernatural world), The 15 Men (were fully converse with the three books of Sybil), Vestal Virgins (their job was to protect the home-fire of Rome, they had to be virgins).
what were the 4 pillars of Roman religion?
Deities, Animistic spirits, Family ancestors and Spirits, Personal Magic.
explain Lares and Genius
Lares is a family guardian spirit like an ancestor, Genius was a powerful spirit protecting an individual
what are some results of religious formalism?
Marching in a straight line, building in specific areas ore in straight lines because the gods said to.
were the romans strict about how their religion should be practiced?
No because it wasn’t pragmatic.
what are Magna Mater, Mithras, Bacchus, Isis and Judais?
all different religions practiced by the Romans.
what was Pater Familias?
Father of the family.
what are the Legions, Auxiliaries and the Praetorians?
the legions are the heavy infantry of the army and were assigned under a commander, they also had benefits to serving in the military since they were citizens. Auxiliaries were pretty much anything that wasn’t a legion and they weren’t citizens at first. Praetorians were the emperors bodyguard.
what were the reforms of Marius?
eformed the military, opened enlistment to non-landowners. Each commander recruits his own army, equipment provided by state, legions were officially permanent, promotional procedures.
why was the roman army so effective against foreign enemies and tactics?
Because they would mutate their tactics and adapt.
what was the republican era known for?
War
what were the 4 periods of roman law?
Primitive, Formative, Classical and vulgarizing
which period of roman law was most important?
Formative because is made law have to abide by certain formulas
difference between civil and statutory law?
civil is personal and statutory is law enforced by the state.
did the romans believe in Retributive justice?
Yes
what was a Delatores?
basically a roman informant in court.
where are the wills of romans kept?
in the vestal temple.
how many Samnite wars were there?
3
what does Rome gain after the Samnite wars?
control of central italy
what three great cultures does Rome come in contact with?
Greeks, Etruscans, Phoenicians
what was the war with Pyrrhus and what did Rome gain after?
the war with Pyrrhus was against the greeks near Sicily and after the Romans won they gained control of almost all of italy.
were roman allies citizens?
no but they had to supply troops.
what was the struggle of the orders?
the new aristocracy formed in Rome where the nobles were people who were related in some way to the consul or past members of the consul.
what was a Novus Homo?
first in the bloodline to be part of the magistrate/senate.
why was there pressure to hold political office?
family reputation
what does Auctoritas mean?
Authority or influence
what started the 1st punic wars?
The sons of mars and Messena
what was the Raven tactic?
a way he Romas boarded Carthaginian ships during the punic wars
who was Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus?
Special commander at age of 25, voted consul at 31. He made his own private army and invaded Africa since the romans wouldn’t give him an army and he succeeded in defeating Africa and he came back to Rome extremely wealthy.
who were the Publicani?
Basically public contractors
what was the second Macedonian war?
Rome wants to expand east and remembers that Macedonia helped Hannibal and so they attack
what is the proclamation of Corinth?
The romans defeat the Macedonians and free the greeks from their rule.
what was the Syrian war?
after the Romans freed Greece of Macedonian rule, the people under the Asian kings rule (Syria) asked for Roman help and so they did and the Romans won and gave the communities their own freedom.
what is the punch curse?
the idea that Rome started to decline after the defeat of Carthage.
what were Latifundium?
Roman plantations worked b slaves.
what does Senatus Consultum Ultimum mean?
The final decree of the senate
what were the Populares and the Optimates?
Populares believe in the power of the people after the Gracci brothers and the Optimates were the opposite.
What was the Corinthian league?
A league created by Philip II after conquering the greeks where they would meet every year at the Panhellenic games to discuss plans for Greece with him as the leader.
Who was Alexander the Great famously tutored by?
Aristotle
which greek city does Alexander flatten?
Thebes
How does Alexander ensure his rule?
By killing his male relatives
What was an activity that differentiates the Macedonians and the greeks?
Hunting as sport
how does Alexander deal with the Persians superior fleet?
he goes from harbour to harbour on th coast taking over and destroying.
what was the idea of a cosmopolis?
That all of Europe and parts of Asia could all be united
explain the difference between stoics, epicureans and cynics/skeptics
stoics believed in natural law and a logical universe/order. epicureans believed in natural pleasure and that nature was the highest being. Cynics and skeptics were kind of like modern day hippies.
what were the big 3 Macedonian kingdoms called?
Seleucid Asia, Antigenic Macedonia, Ptolemaic Egypt.
who end sup succeeding Alexander?
Perdiccas
