midterm 3 lecture terms

Question 1

group

Answer 1

2 or more people who interact and influence one another for longer than a few moments. perceive one another as “us”.

Question 2

functional perspective

Answer 2

groups are useful to individuals and society.

Question 3

fundamental interpersonal relations orientation theory

Answer 3

groups sought to fulfil and receive basic psychological needs:
- inclusion
- control
- affection

Question 4

social facilitation

Answer 4

the impact of the presence of others.

Question 5

arousal

Answer 5

state of being physiologically alert, awake, and attentive. primarily controlled by reticular activating system.

Question 6

reticular activating system

Answer 6

network of neurons involved in arousal, attention, sleep, wakefulness, and control of reflexes. located in brain stem.

Question 7

social loafing

Answer 7

tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool efforts toward common goal then when individually assessed.

Question 8

free-riders

Answer 8

people who benefit from group but give little in return.

Question 9

individuation

Answer 9

loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension. seen in group situations that foster anonymity and draw attention away from the individual, triggered by arousing, self-reinforcing, and large group circumstances.

Question 10

self-reinforcement

Answer 10

watching others do something that expresses our own feelings.

Question 11

group polarization

Answer 11

group produces enhancement of members pre-existing tendencies. strengthening of members average tendency, not a split within the group. explained by persuasive arguments, social comparison, and social categorization theory,

Question 12

social categorization theory

Answer 12

process of grouping individuals based on social information.

Question 13

groupthink

Answer 13

mode of thinking people engage in when concurrence-seeking becomes so dominant in cohesive in-groups that it tends to override appraisal of alternative courses of action. three characteristics:
1. highly cohesive groups.
2. group structure,
3. stressful situations.

Question 14

altruism

Answer 14

motive to increase another’s welfare without conscious regard for one’s own self-interest.

Question 15

empathy

Answer 15

vicarious experience of someone else’s feelings.

Question 16

genuine altruism

Answer 16

altruism motivated by empathy.

Question 17

social exchange theory

Answer 17

theory that human interactions are transactions that aim to maximise rewards and minimize costs.

Question 18

egoism

Answer 18

idea that self-interest motivates all behaviour.

Question 19

reciprocity norm

Answer 19

expectation that people will help those who have helped them.

Question 20

social responsibility norm

Answer 20

expectation that people will help those who are dependent on them.

Question 21

kin selection

Answer 21

idea that evolution has selected altruism toward one’s close relatives to enhance the survival of mutually shared genes.

Question 22

bystander effect

Answer 22

when the presence of others inhibits helping in an emergency.

Question 23

pluralistic ignorance

Answer 23

majority of group members privately reject a norm, but go along with it because they incorrectly assume that most of the group accepts it.

Question 24

the helper effect

Answer 24

more likely to help when the victim is similar to us.

Question 25

learning theory

Answer 25

application of animal learning theory to humans, classical and operant conditioning. mostly interested in operant.

Question 26

piaget’s stages of cognitive development

Answer 26

1. sensorimotor
2. preoperational
3. concrete operations
4. formal operations

Question 27

social learning theory

Answer 27

we learn through observation. modelled behaviour is often repeated. aggression generalizes. bandura and bobo dolls.