final lecture terms

Question 1

aggression

Answer 1

physical or verbal behaviour intended to hurt someone.

Question 2

social aggression

Answer 2

hurting someone’s feelings. bullying, harmful gossiping, hurtful exclusion.

Question 3

physical aggression

Answer 3

hurting someone’s body

Question 4

hostile aggression

Answer 4

driven by anger and performed as an end in itself. (ex: most murders).

Question 5

instrumental aggression

Answer 5

aggression that is a means to some end. (ex: most wars, acts of terrorism).

Question 6

antisocial behaviour

Answer 6

behaviour that is opposed to the norms or expectations of society. often causes distress to others. (ex: littering, bullying, loud partying).

Question 7

antisocial personality disorder

Answer 7

personality disorder characterized by a disregard for the rights of others and impulsive, irresponsible, and aggressive behaviour.

Question 8

cognitive information-processing theory

Answer 8

behaviour is a result of complex thought processes. happens in 3 steps:
1. encode/interpret situation.
2. search for the best response.
3. act on your decision.

Question 9

social learning theory

Answer 9

theory that we learn social behaviour by observing and imitating, and/or by being rewarded and punished. observational learning. bobo doll experiment.

Question 10

proximity effect

Answer 10

we are the most likely to form the strongest relationships with people close to us physically. exception is online relationships.

Question 11

mere exposure effect

Answer 11

being exposed to/near a person makes us more comfortable with them over time.

Question 12

matching hypothesis

Answer 12

people are attracted to other people who are about as attractive as they are.

Question 13

reciprocity

Answer 13

liking someone because they like you.

Question 14

hard to get effect

Answer 14

if someone is “hard to get” and then chooses you, it makes you feel special.

Question 15

triangle of love components

Answer 15

1. intimacy
2. passion
3. commitment

Question 16

excitation transfer

Answer 16

nervousness or adrenaline rush is perceived as being excitation for a particular person.

Question 17

social exchange theory

Answer 17

we form relationships based on their perceived benefits and costs.

Question 18

attachment styles

Answer 18

1. secure
2. avoidant
3. anxious

Question 19

frustration-aggression theory

Answer 19

theory that frustration (blocking of goal-directed behaviour) triggers readiness to aggress. revised theory: frustration causes anger. aggressive cues increase arousal and raise probability of violent behaviour.

Question 20

displacement

Answer 20

redirection of aggression to target other than source of frustration. usually safer and more socially acceptable target.

Question 21

bernhardt’s integrated model of aggression

Answer 21

low serotonin leads to negative moods which increase the likelihood of interpreting situation as aversive, therefore increasing acts of aggression.

Question 22

excitation transfer theory

Answer 22

intensity of anger experience is function of strength of physiological arousal.

Question 23

aggressive cues

Answer 23

any stimuli with an aggressive meaning that increases the salience of aggressive thoughts.

Question 24

need to belong

Answer 24

motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing positive interactions,

Question 25

need for affiliation

Answer 25

desire to establish and maintain many rewarding interpersonal relationships.

Question 26

sociostat

Answer 26

need to affiliate with others and maintain balance of social contacts.

Question 27

loneliness

Answer 27

feelings of deprivation or sadness resulting from lack of connectedness or companionship.

Question 28

prejudice

Answer 28

negative attitude towards a group and individual members.

Question 29

discrimination

Answer 29

unjustifiable negative behaviour towards a group or group members.

Question 30

stereotype

Answer 30

belief about personal attributes of members of a group. positive or negative.

Question 31

xenophobia

Answer 31

intense fear or dislike of people from other countries.

Question 32

ethnocentrism

Answer 32

assumption that one’s way of life or culture are the norm or superior to all others.

Question 33

heteronormativity

Answer 33

assumption that heterosexism is the norm.

Question 34

dual attitudes system

Answer 34

may have conflicting implicit and explicit attitudes towards same thing.

Question 35

social dominance orientation

Answer 35

motivation to have own group be dominant over others.

Question 36

scapegoat theory

Answer 36

prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources.

Question 37

social identity theory

Answer 37

categorization and comparison is heightened when our group is small and lower in status. reflects our need for status, belonging, and positive self-regard.

Question 38

stereotype threat

Answer 38

threat from facing a negative stereotype that can produce performance deficits.

Question 39

visible minority

Answer 39

anyone who identifies as non-indigenous and non-white.

Question 40

ostracism

Answer 40

act of excluding individuals or groups. aka shunning, exile, banishment, silent treatment, cold shoulder. threatens 4 needs:
1. need to belong.
2. sense of control.
3. self-esteem.
4. sense of meaningful existence.

Question 41

4 ways middle eastern americans respond to disruptions

Answer 41

1. humorous accounting.
2. educational accounting.
3. defiant accounting.
4. passing.