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ANIMAL DIVERSITY1234 > MIDTERM 3 > Flashcards

MIDTERM 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Eusthenopteron

A 
Devonian early tetrapod 
    * 385 My ago
    * Strictly aquatic 
    * Upper arm bone (humerus) and two forearm bones (radius and ulna)
Could not support head or walk well
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2
Q

Tik*taalik

A 
Devonian early tetrapod 
 375 My ago 
intermediate b/w tetrapod and love-finned fishes 
    * No operculum 
    * Can lift head
    * Some support on fins
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3
Q

Acanthostega

A

Devonian early tetrapod

* 365 Mya (end Devonian) 
* “Boris”
* Has fingers on limbs
* Weight support
* Limbs not strong enough for land support
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4
Q

Ichthyo*stega

A

Devonian early tetrapod

  • 365 Mya
    • Shoulder girdle and muscles
    • Fish-like tail and gills (and operculum)
    • Amphibian skull and lungs, ear to detect airborne sound
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5
Q

Devonian early tetrapod order

A 
Eusthenopteron 385
Tiktaalik 375
Acanthostega 365
Ichthyostega 365
(ETAI)
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6
Q

Amniota

A

Embryos develop within a fluid filed sac

* Mammals 
* Birds
* Reptiles
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7
Q

Anamniota

A
  • Embryos develop without a fluid filed sac
    • Boney fishes
    • Sharks
    • Lampreys
    • Hagfishes
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8
Q

Agnatha:

A 
Vertebrates lacking jaws 
    * Hagfish 
    * Lampreys 
also extinct Ostracoderms 
(Heterostracans
Osteostacan
Anaspid)
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9
Q

Ostracoderms

A
  • Means shell skin
  • Armoured jawless fishes
  • Lacked paired fins
  • Flourished for 150 million years
  • All went extinct in Devonian Period
    (Heterostracans
    Osteostacan
    Anaspid) HOA
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10
Q

Heterostracans

A
  • Fixed slit mouth openings used to filter small food particles
    • Never evolved paired fins
    • Three layer dermal skeleton
    • Paired nasal openings
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11
Q

Osteostacan

A
  • Means bone shell
    • Had paired pectoral fins
    • Improved swimming ability
    • Small around 30cm in length
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12
Q

Anaspid

A
  • More streamlined
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13
Q

What is a modern fish

A
  • Aquatic vertebrate with gills,
    • Limbs in the form of fins,
    • Skin covered in scales of dermal origin
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14
Q

Subphylum Cephalochordata

A
  • Burrows in mud
  • Expose their mouths to seawater
  • Filter feeder
    • Water enters the mouth driven by cilia in the buccal cavity and pharynx
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15
Q

Subphylum Urochordata

A
  • Also called Tunicata
  • About 3000 species
  • All marine
  • Tunicata: Refers to tough nonliving tunic that surrounds them
  • Class Ascidiacea
  • Class Appendicularia
  • Class Thaliacea
    uAAT
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16
Q

What makes a vertebrate?

A
  • Cranium
    • Vertebral column
    • Tri-partite brain (forebrain, midbrain, hind brain)
    • Neural Crest = “quadroblastic”
    • Ectodermal placodes
    • Homeobox (Hox) genes double duplication
17
Q

Pikaia

A

Early Vertebrates

* Early cephalochordate
* no cranium, no vertebrae
* 505ma 
* Burgess Shale
18
Q

Haikouella

A
  • Sister group to vertebrates
    • brain but no cranium
    • 515 ma, Chengjiang fauna
19
Q
  • Myllokunmingia
A
  • Earliest vertebrate
    • no vertebrae
    • A cranium
    • Segments out from notochord
    • 524 ma, Chengjiang fauna
20
Q
  • Haikouichthys
A
  • Cartilaginous gill supports
    • Sister group to Lamprey- dorsal fins
    • 524 Ma, Chengjiang fauna
21
Q

Earliest vertebrate

A 
Myllokunmingia 524 ma, C
Haikouichthys 524 Ma, C
Haikouella 515 ma, C
Pikaia 505ma, BS
(MHHP)
22
Q

Clade Cyclostomata

A

Class Myxini (Hagfish)
Class Petromyzontida (Lampreys)
Distinct head with brain and cranium 1 pair of semicircular canals
Teeth made of keratin

23
Q

Class Myxini (Hagfish)

A
  • No scales, no dorsal fins
    • One external gill opening
    • Have a notochord
    • Do not have vertebrae
    • Very flexible body
    • Have 6“tentacles”: protrusions to search out food
    • Have keratinized teeth on a protrusible “tongue”
    • Tail-to-head knot to stabilize
24
Q

Class Petromyzontida

A
  • Vertebrae present
  • Often parasitic
  • Single nasal opening on the top of their head!
  • Have 2 semicircular canals
  • Have caudal (tail) and dorsal fins
    lampreys
25
Q

Class Chondrichthyes

A
  • Appeared in Devonian period
    • Well developed sense organs
    • Powerful jaws
    • Cartilaginous skeleton
    • No swim blatter
    • Have internal fertilization
  • Clade Elasmobranchii
  • Clade Holocephali
26
Q

Clade Elasmobranchii

A
  • Consists of Sharks, Rays and Skates
27
Q

Clade Holocephali

A
  • 48 species of chimaeras
    • Diverged from shark lineage 380 million years ago
    • Only 33 species
    • Called Chimeras cause are ugly
    • No teeth have large flat plates
    • Oviparous
28
Q

Clade Osteichthyes

A
  • Means boney fishes because they have a endochondral bone
    Includes boney fishes and tetrapods
    Monophyletic group
    Lungs or swim bladder derived from gut
29
Q

Class Actinopterygii

A
  • Ray finned fished
  • Subclass Cladistia
  • Subclass Chondrostei
  • Subclass Neopterygii
    aCCN
30
Q

Class Sarcopterygii

A

Includes Actinistia, Dipnoi and tetrapods
within clade Osteichthyes
Unique supportive elements in skeleton and girdle of limbs

31
Q
  • Class Ascidiacea
A
  • Little bag
    • Sea squirts
    • Most abundant
    • Larvae:
      • Are free swimming
      • Do not eat
      • Have all 5 chordate c characteristics
    • Adult
      • Only have 2 chordate characteristics: Endostyle and Pharyngeal slits
      • Are sessile filter feeders
      • Compound, colonial or solitary
    • One of aquacultures worst enemies
32
Q
  • Class Thaliacea
A
  • luxuriant
    • The Salps
    • free-swimming, can be solitary or colonial
    • use water current for both feeding and gas exchange as well as for locomotion (form of jet propulsion)
    • feed using a mucus net
33
Q

Class Appendicularia

A

Ghost larva
Larvaceans:
pelagic, free-swimming, tiny
Show all chordate characteristics in the adult form
Secrete a mucous house to suspension feed

ANIMAL DIVERSITY1234 (7 decks)

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