Midterm 3 Flashcards
4 ways to prevent adolescent drug use
Raise the prices, Education, Social competence training, Mentor programs
Single best prevention tactic for adolescence?
Raising the price, this is most likely why less poor, and more wealthy adolescence use drugs
Opioids and Heroin
New “in” drug, not as big of a problem for adolescence than for adults. Percocet, Oxy, etc. lead to heroin use when cut off from dr. Biggest factor is the time that you take it
Adderall/Ritalin
Super popular right now, helps with concentration and focus, you want to keep using it because of the high it gives you feel energized, focused, and feel like you have studies better than you ever have, mild euphoric effect
To quit and addiction how many tries does it typically take?
6
Common reason for as why: People who have addiction problems but don’t think they do
they don’t drink/smoke more than their friends, but they tend to choose friends that do smoke/drink more
Major risks of marijuana:
Regular pot smokers have 3X the risk of schizophrenia, risk of gum disease, don’t know for sure what they are actually smoking, respiratory factor, heart factors, addiction. Bad for you the way junk food is.
Adolescence at what age are at a higher risk of addiction?
Kids who start drinking at 13 have more problems than when they start drinking at 15/16
Some major effects of Alcoholism
Kills brain cells/brain shrinkage, blacking out, passing out, drunk driving
Nicotine use in HS?
15%, Skewed toward white upper class
When do most smokers begin smoking?
before the age of 18, Almost no one starts smoking as an adult
One of the major factors that has caused a drop in smoking over the last 10 years for adolescence
Cost of cigs have gone up and adolescence can’t afford them
Gateway drug theory
People who smoke pot are at more risk to use more other drugs, but smoking pot doesn’t make you crave something harder. Disproving pot being a gateway drug. Not all pot smokers move onto something harder
Peer networks (around drugs) leads to using other drugs why?
you have to buy it, which exposes you to others who are using and possibly have access to or are using other drugs
Deviant behavior (around drugs) means you are more likely to….
If you engage in one type of deviant behavior, it makes it more likely for you to justify other deviant/illegal behaviors
Personality characteristics of drug abusers
Impulse control(ADHD), Anxiety, Hopelessness/Depression, and Sensation thinking (want to try things or are easily bored in their environment)
Arguably Self-medicating could be the reason for use
Interpersonal characteristics of drug abusers
Distant/hostile
Less socially competent/Fewer social skills
Societal influences on drug abusers
Our society loves using certain drugs i.e.. caffeine, alcohol, tobacco, and these are all used to make people feel better.
The major distinction is the side effects and the scale of them
Family factors on drug abusers
The environment for the abuser needs change if you want to fix an addiction
Parents can’t have alcohol in their house if child is an alcoholic
Race/Social Class influences on drug abusers
white kids, and for higher educated, and upper class
more likely to be caught and prosecuted if you’re poor, unequal enforcement for poorer adolescence typically have parents that are less apathetic towards the deviant behavior, so they will leave the kids in jail opposed to pulling them out of the criminal justice system
Relation of Drug Use to Other Problem Behaviors (the predictability based on problematic behavior/age)
Problematic behavior starting at ages 5, 6, 7: likelihood of being a drug abuser
Problem Behaviors at age 12,13,14 predicts trouble, and 14 + doesn’t
It depends on what you’re using but more importantly when you start using
Genetic factors
If your father was an alcoholic then you’re at risk, less risk if mother was alcoholic, degree or reward to which the drug feels to your brain, Certain people have rapid tolerance
Social Tolerance factors on drug use
The extent to which your family/peers/society tolerates drug use
Geography and Drug use
Blue states are more drug tolerant, Wealthy areas are more tolerant, The coasts are more tolerant, Opioid addiction is a problem in the red states
CAGE Test
C have you ever tried to CUT down on …drinking or alcohol use
A has anyone ever been ANNOYED with you by the things you ere using
G have you ever felt GUILTY about the things you were using
E have you ever had an EYE-OPENER (pretty much wake and bake)
Is experimentation ever healthy?
Kids who tried alcohol and marijuana look better adjusted than the kids who have never used
really anxious kids don’t experiment, and they come out a little less well adjusted
Popular kids used drugs and alcohol because that’s what their friends are doing
Does a job interfere with school work?
10-15 hrs/week =No
20+ =Yes
In what ways do too much work negatively effect adolesence
Lower GPA, Higher rates of delinquency, Less parental supervision (Out working, on your own, paying for your own gas),
Absences from school, cut back on homework where lots of kids are working, learning less because the teachers have lower expectations, Less participation in extracurricular activities
Autonomy/Self-Reliance Effects on adolescence that work
How to be on time, Can’t threaten people, How to conform to adult norms, How to be reliable
How do teens that work learn Social Responsibility?
They are learning how to help someone even if the job is boring
Financial lessons of teen work
Value of the dollar, Precocious affluence-
a couple hundred a month and like no expenses, but you feel like if you work you get all this money and at school you don’t get any money, and your parents are working all the time and have like no spending money
View of parents that teens should have zero leisure time:
Don’t have time to get prego… PHEW.
Cant get into trouble (drugs, vandalism, etc.)
Safety concerns (real vs. imagined)
Abduction concern (teens don’t get abducted in numbers like we think)
Opportunities for bullying increases when involved in a lot of stuff (more likely than kidnapping)
Displacement Hypothesis
The theory that restricting the means for a person’s suicide is ineffective
Those planning suicide will substitute another instrument to accomplish their ultimate goal
Organized sports or making up games in the neighborhood?
In neighborhood there are lots of arguments about the rules, gives you skills on how to interact with people the way you will as adults
Organized sports do not offer this oppportunity
Who participates in School extracurricular activities?
Athletics make up a majority of them
More middle than lower class
Helps boys popularity more than girls
correlations on kids of extracurricular participation
Higer self esteem
Predicts doing it in college, which predicts you doing it in adulthood
Associated with doing well and staying in school
Most are school biased, so if you are a marginal student you have the motivation to stay involved in the academic portion during that season at least
Race and income mixing occurs more in these activities
Exposure to aggression
Increases aggression (Internet, TV, & Other Media)
Some effects of spending too much time on the internet
less physical activitiy, less self esteem (fomo)
Availability heuristic
Ability to recall information about something becasue of its exposure even if likelihood of it happening is low
If you hear of a shark attack, you know that’s a possibility, so you should worry about it even though it’s a low base rate
Why do people have overstimates of danger in the world?
Exposed to thousands of murders on TV and news, and it gives people a very distorted view of the world
Race as a Social Construction:
Races genetically is ridiculous, Skin color does not work well as a determinate….
Many traits/diseases can be better causal factors than race, due to geographic location or demographic
Shared characteristics of what it means to be a minority
Heightened self consciousness
Feeling isolated, alone, sense of being an intruder
Nervousness
Attention between wanting to fit in and trying to keep distance between larger group
Contexts of Racism
Car sales, Getting appointments with professors, hand holding iPod on Ebay, its more than just a left, right argument, Colleges have legacy based admission, African Americans in the hospital are less likely to get pain meds because they are assumed to tolerate pain
Self-segregation
Sense of safety, relaxation, humans with similar experiences, You like being with people who are like themselves
Hard Racism
Explicitly racist- “I dont like black people” (yikyak)
Soft racism
when it is stereotypes or unwanted racist/bias’s that make you discriminate against others, whose emails you will reply to, which iPod you will buy off eBay
African Americans
14% of all adolescents, brought to this country with no expectation to be assimilated, Atrocities committed against, Black Adolescence who finish college end up ever so slightly ahead of white males who never go to college,
Hispanic Americans
22% of all adolescence
Have poverty rates that are equal to African American adolescence
Issues of racism seem less serious
Large groups that moved over that take time to assimilate
Asian American/Pacific Islanders
6% of all teens, WWII we had the internment camps
stereotypes: Hard working but less creative, Parents escaped torture or are fleeing from their countries
Native Americans
1% of all teens, Similar to African Americans because they didn’t choose to come to this country to assimilate to the European culture
Probably the worst off group of adolescence, Worst education outcomes, Highest poverty rates
European-Americans
(whites)
If you are in the majority you don’t think of it as an issue or a central part of who you are, it is more like an accent
Doesn’t matter I am just a person, get this ability because we are in the majority, don’t have to give it any thought
What Defines a European-American Culture
Judea/Christian holidays
Common values, property rights and individual rights, not as communal as other groups
Legal system, language is european
Marginality view of assimilation
I’m different and I am just going to lay low, Not going to fit in, get by as best I can, leads to isolation from larger society
Separation view of assimilation
I’m not going to try and fit in, we are going to be our own group without the mainstream acceptance
Biculturalism view of separation
I’m going to celebrate my own culture and recognize the value of it in addition to assimilation
(Leads to code switching)
Code switching
Able to shift between 2 languages. Speak the languages of each culture
Tasks of establishing ethnic identity
Understand their own culture, understand the value of being [group]
Relate to the mainstream larger culture
Learned to deal with prejudice
Who is in poverty?
Members of racial/ethnic minority groups
Youths living in single-parent households
Two-parent households
Geography
Urban & Rural Poverty
Externalizing- rule breaking behavior
Vandalism
Substance abuse
Smashing windows of store fronts
Internalizing behaviors
symptoms felt internally, don’t effect other people
Emotional problems
Anxiety
Depression
Anorexia
Terrie Moffitt’s theory
Engaging in criminal/deviant behavior during this short amount of time
Terrie Moffitt’s theory: Life-course persistent offenders
These are the kids who are getting in trouble before adol, and in adol, and it will continue after
Have multiple forms of delinquency
Tend to have high rates of offending, good portion of crime that is out there
Had problematic childhood experiences
Assessments via “official” records on Externailzing delinquent behavior
Often don’t reflect what actually happened
Cops called- typically will take you home and the parents seem concerned/take it seriously they get let off
Pretrial diversion
before go to court and they have a pretrial and if they are back in there they will be in trouble
Postponed trial leading to dismissal
told to be good because if they have two things that they need to go over with the judge then after a year it can be dismissed
Status offenses
Underage drinking is the largest
Truancy- not going to school
Smoking cigs
Being out of your parents control
Striking decreases in 1990’s in adolescent delinquency
3 strikes law- taken the highest frequency criminals off the streets
In the 70’s we started to outlaw lead in gasoline-Environmental, led is really bad for your body and impulse control, Kids growing up after this are seeing a decrease in crime
Rowe Vs. Wade- abortions legal, Unwanted children went down, The age these kids would have been adolescence peaks right about when the rates go down
Violent crimes
Have decreased, People dramatically overestimate the likelihood of its occurrence, School is the safest place you could be, Driving to school is probably the least safe
How did the delinquent kids at school differ from you?
They interrupted class, did drugs, underage drank
Kids with parents with positions of power
Got a kick out of pissing people off
Engage in problem behaviors to seek attention
Had parents with mental heath/substance abuse problems
Impulsive
Selfish/self-centered
Both sides of the parental involvement spectrum
Problem behaviors tend to…
Co-occur
Unconventionality trait
Need to know why these all go together
If the same kids tend to be doing all these same things, what are the risk factors? They have to have an underlying trait to these: Unconventionality
Not buying into society/societies rules is the cause of these deviant behaviors
Arguments against ‘syndrome theory’
These different behaviors have different origins, and sometimes behaviors lead to each other
Not because they have a common underlying origin
Get drunk/high and then you go steal or vandalize
If this so then you want to find a way to eliminate the causal behavior
They don’t always co-occur-some kids who got high everyday didn’t always get in trouble in the other fields
Most delinquents are not heavy drug users
Sex seems like a different tract than the other delinquent behaviors
Gottfredson & Hirschi’s Social control theory
Kids get into trouble because they don’t get attached to their parents, and therefore they do not get attached to/buy into the societal institutions their parents are attached to (Kids are born delinquent and get socialized by their parents to follow the rules)
Psychologists don’t pay much attention to this theory but sociologists do
Patterson’s coercive interaction cycles
Kids learn that they can get what they want when they push harder for it if the parents eventually give in.
Autonomy in parenting
Lack of autonomy predicts hostile behavior (with their peers decades later)
Relatedness in parenting
Lack of relationship with parents predicts higher levels of delinquency
Helicopter parents are more likely to have fights where…
they have an explosion like argument where they won’t talk to each other for a month
Attachment and Delinquency behavior
Pretending you don’t need anyone else, so you don’t see why not to go out and break the rules.
Try to not think about your parents so you are less likely to/want to follow their rules.
Poverty is associated with delinquency why?
Parents have less time to spend with their kids
exposed to more criminal behavior
High unemployment and association of criminal behavior with success(thats what they see)
Discount the future becasue it is not as certain/valuable
School may or may not pay out in the end.
Peer Influences on delinquency
you associate with peers like yourself
When you hang out with delinquent kids delinquency is multiplied
(peer delinquent war stories)
Delinquency and Denial
“I didn’t do it”
Often teens will claim they didnt do something, but the evidence is tacked against them
often they will actually do it like the next day though
So Healthy Skepticsm is good when evaluating blame
(Sounds kind of dicey to me, but like I can see where the cops are coming from)
Intergenerational transmission/ heritability of delinquency supporting ideas
Often had parents that were delinquent as well (possible parenting)
Adoption studies show Levels of delinquency is more like their biological parents
Gene X Environment Interactions and deviant behavior
There are kids who had terrible parents but they grew up just fine
It may be that some kids are just more sensitive to this than others
(Dandelions Do what they do no matter what, green house flowers, can bloom or die depending on the environment)
Do teens that commit deviant acts have low self esteem?
No, They are doing things that they think they deserve (like stealing an iPhone)
The role of adaptive behaviors in teen deviance argument:
If you thought you could do wedll in a class, you’d try. Deviant teens feel like they cant perform in society
Lack of impulse control an explanation for deviance?
If a teacher is picking on you, how confident are you that you could respond in a way that doesn’t get you in trouble?
Deviant teens often feel they cannot even if they wanted to
Higher order thinking (prefrontal cortex)
Interpersonal Negotiations Strategies in teens that engage in deviant behavior
All they have been exposed to in their family, and what has worked with them in the past was deviant behavior (fighting)
But now you don’t have the ability to have any discussion or ability to hold any middle ground
Dodge’s Theory:
Perceptual biases in ambiguous situations
Testing perceptual biases in ambiguous situations
Show an aggressive kid a situation where others are being hostile, they can recognize it as it is, or if a situation that is clearly kind they will see it as it is.
Show an ambigous situation and kid will idetify it as hostile, they think that people are out to get them in the world
Prevention of teen delinquency, what works?
- Scared Straight & Boot Camp type programs
- Nothing
- Juvenile/adult prison
- Comprehensive family treatment programs
Comprehensive family treatment programs!
- 15 yrs ago “nothing worked”
- Prison is costly (4mil for life)
- Scared straight stops for a few days and picks back up maybe worse
How have we made adolescence longer?
Delaying Markers of Adulthood:
- Married 4 years later than average
- Entering the real workforce 2/3 years later
- Drivers’ Licensesthe day of 16th bday (no more)
- Contact with Parents has increased immensly
- The Adolescent Bubble
- Finantial dependency for much longer
The Adolesent bubble
Teens not doing anything that affects anything in any real way
The Nurture Paradox
Parents want to give their kids every chance to succeed
Now with modern technology it is easy to be overly involved in adolesencents life, giving them little autonomy.
Are you working to better yourself for yourself or your parents?
Psychosocial moratorium
Idea that states that teens need a period where they can safely make mistakes that wont effect them in the long run.
Time where you can live(think about things and explore)with parental help if it is needed, and not as much at stake
The Fear Factor (Endless adolescence parenting)
Parents aren’t just checking your grades to see how your doing, but they are afraid you aren’t doing well
Cant walk home from school bc they could get kidnapped
😱
How is there a mismatch of Environment and Biology (endless adolesence)
We haven’t been evolved to sit in a class and take notes all day
Teens are in their prime of their health and abilities
Circus animals in cages example
WHY does delinquency increase so dramatically in early adolescence?
Autonomy, wanting to have an impact
The life course of ‘Cool kids
Kids macho stuff, trying to act older than they are, saying that they are sexually active because adults are
Why does it decline so precipitously at end of adolescence?
Marriage (happens later now..)
Peers would find it cool
Brains are changing
How Teens Escape from the Bubble
Voluneteer- real things with real life implications
Work- Real jobs that require you to be more than brain dead Adult attitudes- Sitting at tyhe adult table, and helping make the meal
Identity Diffusion
Incoherent. disjointed, incomplete sense of self, charactistic of of not having resolved the crisis of identity
Anhedonic
having difficulty experiencing positive emotions, risk for depression
Immigrant Paradox
The fact that on many measures of psychological functioning and mentl health, teens who have immigrated more recently to the US score higher on measurments of adjustment than teens from the same ethnic group whoes families have lived in the US for generations
Gender intensification hypothesis
says that in teen years the social pressures that push teens to behave in sex-appropriate ways (stereotypes) intensify
Collective Efficacy
the extent to which the neighbors trust each other, share values, and count on each other to monitor the activities of the youth
Premature Affluence
Gettign used to having more income than one can manage before having real financial responsiblities and become accustomed to unrealistic world
Routine activity theory
views unstructured, unsupervised time with peers as a main cause of misbehavior
Five C’s of Youth Development
Competence, Confidence, Connection, Character, Caring/compassion
