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Adolescent Psychology > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Epiphysis

A

the closing of the ends of the bones, which terminates growth after the adolescent growth spurt has completed

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2
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

the manifestations of sexual maturity at puberty, including the development of breasts, the growth of facial and body hair, and changes in the voice

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3
Q

Taner Stages

A

a widely used system that describes the five stages of pubertal development

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4
Q

Secular trend

A

the tendency, over the past two centuries, for individuals to be larger in stature and to reach puberty earlier, primarily because of improvements in health and nutrition

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5
Q

Delayed phase preference

A

a pattern of sleep characterized by later sleep and wake times, which usually emerges during puberty

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6
Q

Basal metabolism rate

A

the minimal amount of energy the body uses using a resting state

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7
Q

Graduated driver licensing

A

system in which full adult driving privileges are not granted all at once, but over phased time

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8
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

a type of logical reasoning in which one draws logically necessary conclusions from a general set of premises or givens

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9
Q

Metacognition

A

thinking about thinking itself

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10
Q

imaginary audience

A

the belief, brought on by a heightened sense of self-consciousness of early adol. that everyone is watching and evaluating your behavior

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11
Q

Personal fable

A

the belief that they are unique and not subject to the rules that govern other peoples behavior

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12
Q

cognitive developmental view

A

a perspective on development, (Piaget), that takes a qualitative, stage theory approach

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13
Q

Sensorimotor period

A

(Cognitive developmental view, 1) birth ->2 yr

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14
Q

Preoperational period

A

(cognitive developmental view, 2) 2-5 yr

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15
Q

concrete operations

A

(cognitive developmental view, 3) 6-> early adol

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16
Q

Formal opperations

A

(cognitive developmental view, 4) adol through adulthood

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17
Q

information processing perspective

A

perspective on cognition that derives from the study of artificial intelligence and attempts to explain cognitive development in terms of growth of specific components of thinking process (such as memory)

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18
Q

Selective attention

A

the process by which we focus on one stimulus while tuning out the other

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19
Q

divided attention

A

the process of paying attention to two or more stimuli at the same time

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20
Q

Working memory

A

that aspect of memory in which information is held for a short period of time while a problem is being solved

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21
Q

long-term memory

A

the ability to recall something from a long time ago

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22
Q

autobiographical memory

A

the recall of personally meaningful past events

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23
Q

reminiscent bump

A

the fact that experiences from adolescence are generally recalled more than experiences from other stages of life

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24
Q

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

used to produce images of the brain, often while the individual is preforming some sort of mental task

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25
Q

Diffusion tensor imaging

A

ised to produced images of the brain that shows connections among different regions

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26
Q

electroencephalography (EEG)

A

measures electrical activity at different locations of the scalp

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27
Q

Event-related potentials (ERPs)

A

Changes in electrical activity in areas of the brain in response to specific stimuli or events

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28
Q

Synaptic pruning

A

the process through which unnecessary connections between neurons are eliminated

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29
Q

Myelination

A

the process through which brain circuits are insulated with myelin, which improves the efficiency of information processing

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30
Q

Plasticity

A

the ability of the brain to change in response to experience

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31
Q

developmental plasticity

A

extensive remodeling of the brains circuitry in response to experiences during childhood and adol. while brain is still maturing

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32
Q

adult plasticity

A

relatively minor changes in brain circuits as a result of experiences during adulthood after the brain has matured

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33
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

the region of the brain most important for sophisticated thinking abilities, such as planning, thinking ahead, weighing risks and rewards, and controlling impulses

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34
Q

Limbic system

A

an area of the brain that plays an important role in the processing of emotional experience, social information, and reward and punishment

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35
Q

Response inhibition

A

the suppression of a behavior that is inappropriate or no longer required

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36
Q

executive function

A

more advanced thinking abilities, enables chiefly by the maturation of the prefrontal cortex, especially in early adol

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37
Q

functional connectivity

A

the extent to which multiple brain regions function at the same time which improves during adol

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38
Q

Zone of proximal development

A

in Vygotsky’s theory, the level of challenge that is still within the individuals reach but that forces and individual to develop more advanced skills

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39
Q

Scaffolding

A

Structuring a learning situation so that it is just within the reach of a student

40
Q

social cognition

A

the aspect of cognition that concerns thinking about other people, about interpersonal relations and social institutions

41
Q

mentalizing

A

the ability to understand someone elses mental state

42
Q

Theory of mind

A

the ability to understand that others have beliefs, intentions, and knowledge that may be different from one’s own

43
Q

social conventions

A

the norms that govern everyday behavior

44
Q

behavior decision theory

A

an approach to understanding adolescent risk taking, in which behaviors are seen as the outcome of systematic decision making process

45
Q

Sensation seeking

A

the pursuit of experiences that are novel or exciting

46
Q

social redefinition

A

the process through which an individuals position or status is redefined by society

47
Q

age of majority

A

the designated age at which an individual is recognized as an adult

48
Q

statutory rape

A

Sex between two individuals, even when it is consensual, when atlas one of the participants is below the legal age

49
Q

inventionists

A

theorists who argue that the period of adol is mainly a social convention

50
Q

child protectionists

A

individuals who argued that adol,s needed to be kept out of the labor force in order to protect them from the hazards of the work place

51
Q

Teenager

A

a term popularized about 50 years ago to refer to young people, it connoted a more frivolous and lighthearted image than did adolescent

52
Q

youth

A

a term used to refer to individuals ages 18-22, it once referred to 12-24

53
Q

initiation ceremony

A

the formal induction of a young person into adulthood

54
Q

status offense

A

a violation of the law that pertains to a minors but not adults

55
Q

juvenile justice system

A

a separate system of courts and related institutions developed to handle juvenile crimes

56
Q

criminal justice system

A

the system of courts and related institutions developed to handle adult crime

57
Q

cohort

A

a group of individuals born during the same general historical era

58
Q

scarification

A

the intentional creation of scars on some part of parts of the body, often part of initiation ceremony

59
Q

baby boom

A

a period following world war II, during which the number of infants born was extremely large

60
Q

continuous transitions

A

passages into adulthood in which adult roles and statuses are entered int gradually

61
Q

discontinuous transitions

A

passages into adulthood in which adult role and statuses are entered into abruptly

62
Q

prosocial behavior

A

behaviors intended to help others

63
Q

pre conventional moral reasoning

A

the first level of moral reasoning, which is typical of children and is characterized by reasoning that is based off of rewards and punishments

64
Q

conventional moral reasoning

A

the second level of moral development, which occurs late childhood and early adol, and it characterized by reasoning that is based on the rules and conventions of society

65
Q

post-conventional moral reasoning

A

the level of moral reasoning during which society’s rules and conventions are seen as relative and subjective rather as authoritative, aka principle moral reasoning

66
Q

moral disengagement

A

rationalizing immoral behavior as legit, as a way of justifying ones own bad actions

67
Q

civic engagement

A

involvement in political and community affairs, as related in knowledge about politics and current affairs, participation in conventional and alternative political activities and engaging in community service

68
Q

service learning

A

the process of learning through involvement in community service

69
Q

religiosity

A

the degree to which one engages in religious practices like attending church

70
Q

spirituality

A

the degree to which one places importance on the quest for answers to questions bout god and the meaning of life

71
Q

Platonic relationships

A

nonsexual relationships with individuals who might otherwise be romantic partners

72
Q

attachment

A

the strong affectional bond that develops between an infant and a caregiver

73
Q

secure attachment

A

a healthy attachment between infant and caregiver, characterized by trust

74
Q

anxious-avoidant attachment

A

an insecure attachment between infant and caregiver, characterized by indifference on the part of the infant toward the caregiver

75
Q

anxious resistant attachment

A

an insecure attachment between infant and caregiver characterized by distress at separation and angered at reunion

76
Q

internal working model

A

the implicit model of interpersonal relationships that an individual employs throughout life, believed to be shaped by early attachment experieces

77
Q

rejection sensitivity

A

heightened vulnerability to being rejected by others

78
Q

adult attachment interview

A

a structured interview used to assess an individuals past attachment history and “internal working model” of relationships

79
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

the idea that peoples behavior is influences by other peoples expectations

80
Q

family systems theory

A

perspective on family functioning that emphasizes interconnections among different family relations (such as marital, parent-child, sibling)

81
Q

midlife crisis

A

a psychological crisis over identity believed to occur between the ages 35 and 45, the age range of most parents with adolescents

82
Q

Familism

A

an orientation toward life in which the needs if ones family takes precedence over the needs of the individual

83
Q

generational dissonance

A

divergence of views between teens and their patents that is common in families of immigrant parents and american born teens

84
Q

Parental responsiveness

A

one of the two important dimensions of parenting, refers to the degree to which the parent responds to the child’s needs in an accepting, supportive manner

85
Q

Parental demandingness

A

one of the two important dimensions of parenting; refers to the degree of which the parents expects and requires mature and responsible behavior from the child

86
Q

Authoritative parents

A

parents who use warmth, firm control, and rational, issue oriented discipline, in which emphasis is placed on the development of self-direction

87
Q

Authoritarian Parents

A

Parents who use punitive absolute, and forceful discipline, and who place a premium on obedience and conformity

88
Q

Indulgent parents

A

parents who are characterized by responsiveness but low in demandingness, and who are mainly concerned with the child’s happiness

89
Q

indifferent parents

A

parents who are characterized by low levels of both responsiveness and demandingness

90
Q

behavioral genetics

A

the scientific study of genetic influences on behavior

91
Q

shared environmental influences

A

Non-genetic influences that make individuals living in the same family similar to eachother

92
Q

nonshared environemental influences

A

non genetic influences that make them different from people they live with

93
Q

Sibling rivalry

A

competition between siblings, often for parents attention

94
Q

sibling deidentification

A

the process through which siblings deliberately try to be different from each other

95
Q

Foster care

A

a placement in a temporary living arrangement what a child’s parents are not able to care, nurture, or provide safety

Adolescent Psychology (3 decks)

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