Midterm 1 Flashcards
Epiphysis
the closing of the ends of the bones, which terminates growth after the adolescent growth spurt has completed
Secondary sex characteristics
the manifestations of sexual maturity at puberty, including the development of breasts, the growth of facial and body hair, and changes in the voice
Taner Stages
a widely used system that describes the five stages of pubertal development
Secular trend
the tendency, over the past two centuries, for individuals to be larger in stature and to reach puberty earlier, primarily because of improvements in health and nutrition
Delayed phase preference
a pattern of sleep characterized by later sleep and wake times, which usually emerges during puberty
Basal metabolism rate
the minimal amount of energy the body uses using a resting state
Graduated driver licensing
system in which full adult driving privileges are not granted all at once, but over phased time
Deductive reasoning
a type of logical reasoning in which one draws logically necessary conclusions from a general set of premises or givens
Metacognition
thinking about thinking itself
imaginary audience
the belief, brought on by a heightened sense of self-consciousness of early adol. that everyone is watching and evaluating your behavior
Personal fable
the belief that they are unique and not subject to the rules that govern other peoples behavior
cognitive developmental view
a perspective on development, (Piaget), that takes a qualitative, stage theory approach
Sensorimotor period
(Cognitive developmental view, 1) birth ->2 yr
Preoperational period
(cognitive developmental view, 2) 2-5 yr
concrete operations
(cognitive developmental view, 3) 6-> early adol
Formal opperations
(cognitive developmental view, 4) adol through adulthood
information processing perspective
perspective on cognition that derives from the study of artificial intelligence and attempts to explain cognitive development in terms of growth of specific components of thinking process (such as memory)
Selective attention
the process by which we focus on one stimulus while tuning out the other
divided attention
the process of paying attention to two or more stimuli at the same time
Working memory
that aspect of memory in which information is held for a short period of time while a problem is being solved
long-term memory
the ability to recall something from a long time ago
autobiographical memory
the recall of personally meaningful past events
reminiscent bump
the fact that experiences from adolescence are generally recalled more than experiences from other stages of life
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
used to produce images of the brain, often while the individual is preforming some sort of mental task
Diffusion tensor imaging
ised to produced images of the brain that shows connections among different regions
electroencephalography (EEG)
measures electrical activity at different locations of the scalp
Event-related potentials (ERPs)
Changes in electrical activity in areas of the brain in response to specific stimuli or events
Synaptic pruning
the process through which unnecessary connections between neurons are eliminated
Myelination
the process through which brain circuits are insulated with myelin, which improves the efficiency of information processing
Plasticity
the ability of the brain to change in response to experience
developmental plasticity
extensive remodeling of the brains circuitry in response to experiences during childhood and adol. while brain is still maturing
adult plasticity
relatively minor changes in brain circuits as a result of experiences during adulthood after the brain has matured
Prefrontal cortex
the region of the brain most important for sophisticated thinking abilities, such as planning, thinking ahead, weighing risks and rewards, and controlling impulses
Limbic system
an area of the brain that plays an important role in the processing of emotional experience, social information, and reward and punishment
Response inhibition
the suppression of a behavior that is inappropriate or no longer required
executive function
more advanced thinking abilities, enables chiefly by the maturation of the prefrontal cortex, especially in early adol
functional connectivity
the extent to which multiple brain regions function at the same time which improves during adol
Zone of proximal development
in Vygotsky’s theory, the level of challenge that is still within the individuals reach but that forces and individual to develop more advanced skills
Scaffolding
Structuring a learning situation so that it is just within the reach of a student
social cognition
the aspect of cognition that concerns thinking about other people, about interpersonal relations and social institutions
mentalizing
the ability to understand someone elses mental state
Theory of mind
the ability to understand that others have beliefs, intentions, and knowledge that may be different from one’s own
social conventions
the norms that govern everyday behavior
behavior decision theory
an approach to understanding adolescent risk taking, in which behaviors are seen as the outcome of systematic decision making process
Sensation seeking
the pursuit of experiences that are novel or exciting
social redefinition
the process through which an individuals position or status is redefined by society
age of majority
the designated age at which an individual is recognized as an adult
statutory rape
Sex between two individuals, even when it is consensual, when atlas one of the participants is below the legal age
inventionists
theorists who argue that the period of adol is mainly a social convention
child protectionists
individuals who argued that adol,s needed to be kept out of the labor force in order to protect them from the hazards of the work place
Teenager
a term popularized about 50 years ago to refer to young people, it connoted a more frivolous and lighthearted image than did adolescent
youth
a term used to refer to individuals ages 18-22, it once referred to 12-24
initiation ceremony
the formal induction of a young person into adulthood
status offense
a violation of the law that pertains to a minors but not adults
juvenile justice system
a separate system of courts and related institutions developed to handle juvenile crimes
criminal justice system
the system of courts and related institutions developed to handle adult crime
cohort
a group of individuals born during the same general historical era
scarification
the intentional creation of scars on some part of parts of the body, often part of initiation ceremony
baby boom
a period following world war II, during which the number of infants born was extremely large
continuous transitions
passages into adulthood in which adult roles and statuses are entered int gradually
discontinuous transitions
passages into adulthood in which adult role and statuses are entered into abruptly
prosocial behavior
behaviors intended to help others
pre conventional moral reasoning
the first level of moral reasoning, which is typical of children and is characterized by reasoning that is based off of rewards and punishments
conventional moral reasoning
the second level of moral development, which occurs late childhood and early adol, and it characterized by reasoning that is based on the rules and conventions of society
post-conventional moral reasoning
the level of moral reasoning during which society’s rules and conventions are seen as relative and subjective rather as authoritative, aka principle moral reasoning
moral disengagement
rationalizing immoral behavior as legit, as a way of justifying ones own bad actions
civic engagement
involvement in political and community affairs, as related in knowledge about politics and current affairs, participation in conventional and alternative political activities and engaging in community service
service learning
the process of learning through involvement in community service
religiosity
the degree to which one engages in religious practices like attending church
spirituality
the degree to which one places importance on the quest for answers to questions bout god and the meaning of life
Platonic relationships
nonsexual relationships with individuals who might otherwise be romantic partners
attachment
the strong affectional bond that develops between an infant and a caregiver
secure attachment
a healthy attachment between infant and caregiver, characterized by trust
anxious-avoidant attachment
an insecure attachment between infant and caregiver, characterized by indifference on the part of the infant toward the caregiver
anxious resistant attachment
an insecure attachment between infant and caregiver characterized by distress at separation and angered at reunion
internal working model
the implicit model of interpersonal relationships that an individual employs throughout life, believed to be shaped by early attachment experieces
rejection sensitivity
heightened vulnerability to being rejected by others
adult attachment interview
a structured interview used to assess an individuals past attachment history and “internal working model” of relationships
Self-fulfilling prophecy
the idea that peoples behavior is influences by other peoples expectations
family systems theory
perspective on family functioning that emphasizes interconnections among different family relations (such as marital, parent-child, sibling)
midlife crisis
a psychological crisis over identity believed to occur between the ages 35 and 45, the age range of most parents with adolescents
Familism
an orientation toward life in which the needs if ones family takes precedence over the needs of the individual
generational dissonance
divergence of views between teens and their patents that is common in families of immigrant parents and american born teens
Parental responsiveness
one of the two important dimensions of parenting, refers to the degree to which the parent responds to the child’s needs in an accepting, supportive manner
Parental demandingness
one of the two important dimensions of parenting; refers to the degree of which the parents expects and requires mature and responsible behavior from the child
Authoritative parents
parents who use warmth, firm control, and rational, issue oriented discipline, in which emphasis is placed on the development of self-direction
Authoritarian Parents
Parents who use punitive absolute, and forceful discipline, and who place a premium on obedience and conformity
Indulgent parents
parents who are characterized by responsiveness but low in demandingness, and who are mainly concerned with the child’s happiness
indifferent parents
parents who are characterized by low levels of both responsiveness and demandingness
behavioral genetics
the scientific study of genetic influences on behavior
shared environmental influences
Non-genetic influences that make individuals living in the same family similar to eachother
nonshared environemental influences
non genetic influences that make them different from people they live with
Sibling rivalry
competition between siblings, often for parents attention
sibling deidentification
the process through which siblings deliberately try to be different from each other
Foster care
a placement in a temporary living arrangement what a child’s parents are not able to care, nurture, or provide safety
