Midterm 2 Flashcards
Emotional Autonomy
the establishment of more adult like and less childish close relationships with family members and peers
Behavioral Autonomy
The capacity to make independent decisions and to follow through with them
Cognitive Autonomy
The establishment of independent set of values, opinions, and beliefs!
Detachment
in Psychoanalytic theory, the process through which adolescents sever emotional attachments to their parents or other authority figures
Individuation
The progressive sharpening of an individual’s sense of being an autonomous, independent person
Psychological Control
Parenting that attempts to control the adolescent’s emotions and opinions
Prosocial Behavior
Behaviors intended to help others
Peer Groups
Groups of individuals of approximately the same age
Age grading
the process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of age
Baby boom
The period following WWII, during which the number of infants born was extremely large
Cliques
Small, Tightly knit groups between 2 and 12 friends, generally the same age and sex
Crowds
Large loosely organized groups of young people, composed several cliques and typically organized around a common shared activity
Ethnography
A type of research in which individuals are observed in their natural setting
Reference Groups
A group which and individual compares themselves against
Gangs
Organized peer groups of antisocial individuals
iatrogenic effects
Unintended adverse consequences of a treatment or intervention (bad side effects)
Sociometric popularity
How well-liked a person is
Perceived popularity
How much status or prestige an individual has
Instrumental aggression
Aggressive behavior that is deliberate and planned
Reactive aggression
Aggressive behavior that is unplanned and impulsive
Relational aggression
Act intended to harm another through the manipulation with their relationships with others, as in malicious gossip
Hostile attributional bias
The tendency to interpret ambitious interactions with others as deliberately hostile
Cyberbullying
Bullying that occurs over the internet or via cell phone
Platonic relationship
Non-sexual relationships with peers who might otherwise be romantic partners
Attachment
The strong affectional bond that develops better infant and caregiver
Secure Attachment
A healthy attachment between infant and caregiver, characterized by trust
Anxious-avoidant attachment
An insecure attachment between infant and caregiver, characterizes by indifference on the part of the infant toward the caregiver
Anxious-resistant Attachment
An insecure attachment between infant and caregiver, characterized by distress by the infant at separation and angered at the reunion
Internal working Model
The implicit model of interpersonal relationships that an individual employs throughout life, believed to be shaped by early attachment experiences
Rejection sensitivity
Heightened vulnerability to being rejected by others
Adult Attachment Interview
A structural interview used to assess an individuals past attachment history and “internal working model” of relationships
LGBTQ youth
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning youth, sometimes referred to as sexual-minority
Sexual-minority youth
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning youth
Autoerotic behavior
Sexual behavior that in experience alone, such as masturbating or sexual fantasizing
Testosterone
One of the sex hormones secreted by the gonads found in both sexes but in higher levels among males than females
Risk factors
Factors that increase the likelihood of some behavior or condition
Sexual socialization
the process through which adolescents are exposed to and educated about sexuality
Date rape
being forced by a date to have sex against ones will
Comprehensive high school
an educational institution that evolved during the first half of the twentieth century, offering a varied curriculum and designed to meed the needs of a diverse population of adolescents
Social promotion
the practice of promoting students from one grade to the next automatically, regardless of their school performance
Critical thinking
Thinking that involves analyzing, evaluating, and interpreting information, rather than simply memorizing it
Standards-based reform
Policies designed to improve achievements by holding schools and students to a predetermined set of standards measured by achievement tests
Common care
A proposed set of standards in language arts and mathematics that all American schools would be expected to use
Charter schools
public schools that have been given the autonomy to establish their own curricula and teaching practices
School vouchers
Government subsidized vouchers that can be used for private school tuition
Junior high school
and educational institution designed during the early era of public secondary education, in which young adolescents are schooled separately from older adolescents
Middle school
an educational institution housing 7th-8th grade students alone with adolescents 1 or 2 years younger
Tracking
the separation of students into ability groups, so that they take classes with peers at the same skill level
Gifted students
students who are unusually talented in some aspect of intellectual performance
learning disability
a difficulty with academic tasks that cannot be traced to an emotional problem or sensory dysfunction
Dyslexia
Impaired ability in reading or spelling
Dysgraphia
impaired ability in handwriting
Dyscalculia
impaired ability in arithmetic
Mainstreaming
the integration of adolescents who have educational handicaps into regular classrooms
Big fish-little pond effect
the reason that individuals who attend high school with high achieving peers feel worse about themselves that comparably successful individuals than with lower achieving peers
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
a biologically based psychological disorder characterized by impulsivity, inattentiveness and restlessness, often in school situation
Social capital
the interpersonal resources available to an adolescent or family
Student engagement
the extent to which students are physiologically committed to learning and mastering the material rather than just completing the assigned work
Zero tolerance
a tougher approach to adolescent misbehavior that responds seriously to excessively to the first infraction
Non-cognitive factors
Influences on achievement that do not have to do with intellectual ability, such as determination, perseverance, and grit
delay of gratification
the capacity to wait longer to get a larger better or more valuable reward instead of a smaller less attractive, or less valuable one that is available immediately
Underachievers
individuals whose actual performance is lower than what would be expected on the basis of objective measures of their aptitude or intelligence
self-handicapping
Deliberately behaving in ways that will likely interfere with doing well, in order to have an excuse of failing
Mastery motivation
motivation to succeed based in the pleasure one will experience from the mastering of a task
Performance motivation
motivation to succeed based on the rewards one will receive for successful performance
Stereotype threat
the harmful effect that expose to stereotypes about ethnic or sex differences in ability has on student performance
Self-efficacy
the sense that an individual has some control over their life
Achievement attributions
the beliefs an individual holds the causes of their successes and failures
Learned helplessness
the acquired belief that an individual is not able to induce change through their own efforts or actions
Cultural capital
the resources provided within a family through the expose of the adolescent to art, music, literature, and other elements of “high culture”
Social capital
the interpersonal resources available to an adolescent or family
School performance
a measure of achievement based on an individuals grades in school
academic achievement
achievements that is measured by standardized tests or scholastic ability or knowledge
Educational attainment
the number of years of schooling competed by an individual
National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)
A periodic testing of American 4th, 8th, and 12th graders by the federal government used to track achievement
Work Values
the particular sorts of rewards an individual looks for in a job (intrinsic, extrinsic, influence, leisure)
Social promotion
The practice of promoting students from one grade to the next regardless of their school performance
Occupational Attainment
A measure of achievement based on the status or prestige of the job an individual holds
