Midterm 3

Question 1

figure

Answer 1

“the foreground”
more complete
overlays the background
closer to the viewer

Question 2

ground

Answer 2

“the background”

Question 3

selective attention

Answer 3

only able to contend with a small portion of information OR we should only attend to a certain amount

Question 4

gestalt approach

Answer 4

the whole is more meaningful than the sum of the parts

• the whole is different than the sum of the parts - little pieces don’t mean much when they aren’t together
• top-down process

Question 5

proximity

Answer 5

when things are closer together

Question 6

similarity

Answer 6

we put things together that look alike

Question 7

connectedness

Answer 7

(:

Question 8

closure

Answer 8

stop sign example

Question 9

continuity/continuation

Answer 9

;)

Question 10

law of common fate

Answer 10

ex. ) a marathon - 2 groups: runners and spectators
- the spectators are not moving
- rummers are all moving toward a common goal

Question 11

law of pragnanz

Answer 11

we like simplicity over complex and symmetric over asymetric

Question 12

tremors

Answer 12

eye movement - eye is constantly moving

Question 13

tracking objects in space and motion - 1. image retina system

Answer 13

tracking an object from one retina to the other

Question 14

tracking objects in space and motion - 2. eye, head system

Answer 14

object in space is moving - attempt to keep it on the same part of the retina

Question 15

corollary discharge theory

Answer 15

ex. ) a home run: background appears to be stable as the ball flies through the air
- tracking the ball: efferent signals controlling muscles
- receives information from afferent stimulus from retina

Question 16

comparator - corollary discharge theory

Answer 16

efferent and afferent signals are combined and then CANCELED OUT - cancel apparent movement from the background

Question 17

autokinesis

Answer 17

single light dot in a dark room - we shift the retina so it appears that the dot is moving, but you are actually the one that is moving

Question 18

phi effect

Answer 18

flashing lights, line appears that doesn’t exist

-in correlation with the flicker/fusion principle

Question 19

stroboscopic effect

Answer 19

series of static images that are similar but slightly different - presented rapidly, perceived as movement

Question 20

akinetopsia

Answer 20

loss of the ability to see/detect movement (v5)

Question 21

prosopagnosia

Answer 21

inability to recognize faces

Question 22

visual agnosia

Answer 22

inability to recognize shapes and common objects

• can recognize simple geometric forms but are unable to distinguish complex objects that require the integration and organization of individual perceptual components
• damage in the “what” pathway

Question 23

divergent eye movement

Answer 23

eyes rotating outward

-occurs when eyes fixate on objects that are farther

Question 24

convergent eye movement

Answer 24

eyes rotating inward

-occurs when eyes fixate on objects that are closer

Question 25

motion parallax

Answer 25

difference in the displacement of the images of objects that lie at different distances relative to each other when the head moves

• depends on the fixation point - “further or closer to me than the fixation point”
• recall: the freeway example

Question 26

monocular cues to depth and distance

Answer 26

• relative size
• height infield
• texture gradients: closer things are “coarser”`
• brightness: shadowing seems far
• interposition: when things are partially covered
• ariel perspective: using the atmosphere (haze, clouds, etc)
• linear perspective: convergence to a point

Question 27

diplopia

Answer 27

“double vision” - when eyes are not coordinated

Question 28

constancy

Answer 28

1. size
2. color
3. shape

Question 29

visual development - birth

Answer 29

• born with all neurons you are going to have
• not many synapses are present
• cone receptors aren’t fully developed yet
• infants have facial preference beginning in the first couple weeks of life

Question 30

visual development - adult

Answer 30

less neurons are present then at birth, but there are more connections
-better plasticity