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PSC 131 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

electromagnetic waves

A
  1. wavelength

2. intensity/amplitude

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2
Q

wave length

A
  • ability to see different colors/hues

- the distance between each wave

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3
Q

intensity/amplitude

A
  • how much energy is packed within a wave
  • brightness
  • amplitude of each wave
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4
Q

cornea

A

does 90% of the focusing for the eye

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5
Q

astigmatism

A

if the eye is not curved, the light does not come together in the back of the eye ->blurred image

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6
Q

pupil

A

changes in diameter with the amount of light in the environment

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7
Q

lens

A
  • does 10% of the focusing

- accommodation: ability to change shape in order to bring an image into focus

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8
Q

retina

A
  • takes light rays and converge to the back of the eye
  • IT IS APART OF THE BRAIN
  • 5 layers
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9
Q

retina - 5 layers

A
  1. ganglion cells
  2. amacrine cells
  3. bipolar cells
  4. horizontal cells
  5. photo receptors (rods and cones)
    - cells that respond to light
    - only layer that actually detects sensation of the light
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10
Q

in what sequence of cells layers is the information processed?

A

-in the opposite direction they are transmitted

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11
Q

glacoma

A

fluid build up in the aqueous humor

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12
Q

integration

A

information combines as it moves through the layers

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13
Q

receptive field

A

every cell in the visual system is responsible for taking care of one part of the visual scene

  • when struck by changing light, it causes the cell’s activity to change
  • receptive field becomes larger and more complex as you move from one layer to the next
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14
Q

rods

A
  • 120 million in each eye
  • organized on the outside of the retina (doughnut shape)
  • respond to light, grey, dark, movement
  • fast adapting cells
  • low thresholds - very sensitive to light
  • > work well in low/dim light conditions
  • > helps respond to movement, even when you can’t completely see object - especially from the sides of the eye
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15
Q

cones

A
  • 6 million in each eye
  • organized in the center of the retina
  • tend to be slower acting
  • > better for resolving fine detail
  • lower light sensitivity
  • > need more ambient light
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16
Q

fovea

A
  • point of central focus

- where the cones are - contains only cones

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17
Q

cones - 3 kinds

A
  1. short wave length for blue
  2. medium wave length for green
  3. long wave length for red
18
Q

nocturnal animals

A

mostly rods

19
Q

diurnal animals

A

mostly cones

-able to see more colors than animals with mostly rods

20
Q

radiance

A

light emanating directly from a light source

21
Q

anterior chamber

A

aqueous humor: circulating fluid

-helps maintain the shape of the eye

22
Q

“image forming eye”

A

an eye with a lens - developed in animals with backbones

23
Q

vitreous humor

A
  • fluid chamber behind the lens

- the fluid is not renewed -> optical waste (shed cells)

24
Q

acuity - detection

A

ability to detect the smallest stimulus

25
Q

acuity - recognition

A

ability to recognize a character - name the target stimuli

26
Q

acuity - dynamic

A

follow object and keep a clear image - detection and location of moving target stimuli

27
Q

binocular overlap

A

region of the visual field that is seen in common by both eyes
-enhances perception of depth and distance

28
Q

animals with lateral directed eyes

A
  • two separate monocular fields

- visual field of 170 degrees

29
Q

animals with frontally directed eyes

A
  • smaller monocular fields
  • large binocular overlap
  • visual field of 120 degrees
30
Q

primary visual cortex

A
  • striate cortex
  • fibers from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) terminate
  • V1
31
Q

dorsal stream

A
  • important for spatial localization
  • “where” vision or ambient vision
  • low spacial frequency
  • predominates in the dark
32
Q

ventral stream

A
  • important for object identification
  • resolving patterns with high spacial frequency
  • focal vision or “what” vision
  • highly cognitively mediated - consciously aware (form, pattern, motion, color)
33
Q

P cells

A
  • parvus (small)
  • not many, mostly in the center
  • small cell bodies, small receptive fields
  • bad sensitivity - good for detail, wavelengths, vision, and color vision
34
Q

M cells

A
  • magnus (large)

- distributed around the periphery of retina

35
Q

simple cells

A

responds only to precise orientation and must be in the center of the cell’s receptive field
-V1

36
Q

complex cells

A

larger receptive fields - prefers bars of light with specific orientation, but is more forgiving -> can be off center
-can respond to movement

37
Q

hypercomplex cells

A
  • optimally responsive to movement and to specifically oriented stimuli
  • responds best to stimuli of a particular length
38
Q

rhodopsin

A
  • regenerates in darkness

- broken down when exposed to light

39
Q

saccade

A

a rapid and abrupt jump made by the eye as it moves from one fixation to another
-most common eye movement

40
Q

80% of fibers that leave the eyes go to the ____

A

thalamus

41
Q

20% of the fibers that leave the eyes go to the ____

A

superior coliculus

PSC 131 (4 decks)

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