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PSC 131 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

sensation is defined as

A

the reception, transduction, and encoding of environmental information
-low level process of getting low level information into the brain

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2
Q

sensation is influenced by

A

genes

  • inheritance
  • physiology
  • nature
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3
Q

transduction

A

converting one form of energy into another

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4
Q

encoding

A

neurons produce a code the brain can use

-changes in the pattern of action potentials

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5
Q

sensation is ____ driven

A

data - raw data

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6
Q

sensation is what type of process

A

bottom-up

i.e. single-neurons -> brain

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7
Q

perception is defined as

A

organization and interpretation of environmental information
-means meaningless sensation meaningful

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8
Q

perception is influenced by

A

environments

  • experience
  • psychology
  • nurture
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9
Q

perception is what type of process

A

top-down process

i.e. brain -> less complex (neuromuscular junctions

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10
Q

perception is driven by

A

ideas and concepts - conceptually driven

-past experiences influence present perceptions

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11
Q

perception involves

A

neural networks

-grown through experience

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12
Q

memory creates

A

expectancy

-drives perception especially in early critical periods

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13
Q

introspection

A

self-reflective thought - “it is already within us”

-studied by Socrates

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14
Q

Socrates

A

an idealist

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15
Q

empirical knowledge

A

knowledge is external and obtained through the senses

-studied by Aristotle

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16
Q

Aristotle

A

a realist - the “real world” is outside

  • the ladder of life -> scala natura
  • only humans have the ability to reason
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17
Q

Hippocrates

A

proposed the brain was where life, consciousness, and behavior emanated from

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18
Q

reductionism

A

process of understanding things by taking the pieces apart

-studied by Rene Descartes

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19
Q

Rene Descartes

A
  • the pineal body - thought it was where the soul enters the brain
  • a dualist - the soul comes through the heavens -> creates the mind
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20
Q

Plato

A

an idealist

a dualist

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21
Q

dualism

A

the mind and body are separate
2 kinds:
-parallelism
-interactionism

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22
Q

monism

A

the mind is what the brain does/creates
2 kinds:
-physical
-mental: “all yours” - when your existence ends, everything ends

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23
Q

the scientific method

A
  1. begins with observation (careful, objective)
  2. involves hypothesis testing
  3. create a theory/explanation to explain the phenomenon

-> self correcting

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24
Q

Darwin

A

natural selection

-evolution through natural selection

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25
Q

evolution

A

def: a change in gene frequencies over time
- simple (less anatomical structures) vs. complex (more anatomical structures)
- primitive structures: everyone has it (i.e. a medulla)
- advanced features: modern, recent (i.e. speech centers)
- homology: structure that comes from the same evolutionary place (i.e. wings) - we are looking for this

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26
Q

natural selection

A
  1. variation > 0 (differences among people)
  2. over population
  3. competition of resources
  4. differential reproductive success
  5. adaptation
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27
Q

adaptation

A

any characteristic that confers an advantage over an individual

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28
Q

3 lines of evidence

A
  1. post-mortem studies
  2. selective damage
  3. electrostimulation
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29
Q

theory

A

series of related facts and ideas that function as an explanation

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30
Q

John Locke

A
  • tabula rasa: “blank slate”

- took the views of Aristotle

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31
Q

Wilhem Wundt

A

psychophysicist

-how much stimulus does it take for someone to respond?

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32
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimum stimulus intensity a subject can detect

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33
Q

Gestaltists

A

the whole is more meaningful than the sum of the parts

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34
Q

approaches to perception - constructivist

A

information processing goes on in the individual; you are an active participant - the real world is within us
-Plato

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35
Q

approaches to perception - direct/environmental

A

information is contained in the external stimulus - it has everything necessary for the perception of the physical world directly (the environment)
-Aristotle

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36
Q

approaches to perception - physiological/neurophysiological

A

neurons; occurs because of interactions with neurons; structures and processes of the sensory system analyze incoming sensory stimuli to provide us with information about the environment

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37
Q

approaches to perception - cognitive/neuroscience

A

higher cognitive and perceptual processes result from the interaction of simple mental processes, each mediated by neural activity in a particular brain region

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38
Q

approaches to perception - computational

A

a mathematically oriented analysis of certain aspects of visual perception derived largely from the use of computer simulation and artificial intelligence
-characteristic perception requires a form of problem solving

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39
Q

nervous system

A

discrete and anatomical elements

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40
Q

endocrine system

A

glands with hormones and target tissues; exploits circulatory system

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41
Q

2 systems are important for

A

producing, sending, and receiving information

-allow for information to be transmitted throughout the body

42
Q

cell membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer

  1. ion channels
  2. Na-K pump - active transport
    - 3 Na in - 2 K out
    - active all the time
  3. receptor cells
43
Q

membrane polarization

A

positive pole on the outside

negative pole on the inside

44
Q

neurons

A
  • primary fuel: glucose
  • brain has 100 billion
  • primary information producing cell in the brain
  • most energized cell
  • LEAST LIKELY TO DIVIDE
    1. generate electrical potentials
    2. synthesize chemicals - NTs
45
Q

glial cells

A

Provide structure
pick up the waste
protect the neurons
-10x more glial cells than neurons (1 trillion)

46
Q

2 kinds of glial cells

A
  1. schwann cells - PNS
  2. oligodendrocyte - CNS (in the brain)

->synthesize mylin - speeds up nerve impulses

47
Q

3 parts of a neuron

A
  1. cell body (soma) - nucleus
  2. dendrites - most of the receptor sites
  3. axon (not in all neurons)
    - nerve impulses or action potentials
    - release of NTs

-information goes from the dendrites -> cell body -> axon

48
Q

3 kinds of neurons

A
  1. sensory (AFFERENT): an input neuron - outside world into the brain
  2. motor (EFFERENT): take information from the brain -> muscles
    - never has more than 1 axon but has many dendrites
  3. interneurons: take information from sensory neurons, integrate it, and produce information
49
Q

action potentials

A

at rest: not under any direct stimulation - resting membrane potential/voltage (difference in charge)

  • polarized
  • Na channels are closed - wants to get into the cell
50
Q

depolarization

A

NTs attach to the receptor cell

  • becomes less polarized - some Na channels open -> makes cell more positive
  • cell reaches threshold - Na channels on axon spring open
  • ALL-OR-NONE law
51
Q

nerve impulse

A

occur in the axon

  • rapid depolarization
  • action potential relay - same size
52
Q

synapse

A

the gap between neurons

53
Q

2 most common NTs

A
  1. glutamate - excitatory

2. gaba - inhibitory

54
Q

cortex

A

outer most layer of cells in the mammalian brain
-makes it larger
-makes it able to store information
contains the 4 lobes (specialized structures)

55
Q

receptor cells

A

a place where NTs can attach to dendrites

-a lock-and-key model: only attach to it’s specific site

56
Q

most neurons in the brain are

A

interneurons

57
Q

strong affinity

A

when a NT fits into the receptor site (i.e. nicotine) - its ability to bind

58
Q

efficacy

A

the ability for the NT to have its full function - produce the maximum response

59
Q

communication between neurons is

A

chemical

60
Q

agonist

A

assist NT binding

-direct agonist: copy of a NT

61
Q

antagonist

A

inhibit NT binding

-competitive inhibitors

62
Q

gyrus

A

bumps on the brain

63
Q

sulcus

A

grooves between the bumps

64
Q

fissure

A

a left and right fissure separate the halves of the brain

65
Q

nuclei

A

cluster of neurons that works together to do the same thing in the BRAIN
-outside of the brain: ganglion

66
Q

grey matter

A

cell bodies

67
Q

white matter

A

nerve tracts - heavily mylinated

68
Q

CNS is comprised of

A

brain and spinal cord

69
Q

PNS is comprised of

A

everything else

70
Q

PNS - 2 categories

A
  1. somatic: controls voluntary skeletal muscles (motor cortex)
  2. autonomic: involuntary; controls metabolism
71
Q

autonomic - 2 categories

A
  1. parasympathetic: energy conservation
  2. sympathetic: energy mobilization
    - fight-or-flight
72
Q

brain stem is comprised of

A

medulla
pons
thalamus
celebellum

73
Q

medulla

A
  • hind most part of the brain stem (hindbrain)
  • vital activity (breathing, heart rate)
  • sensitive to alcohol and opiates
74
Q

pons

A
  • anterior to the medulla
  • attention
  • orienting toward a stimulus
75
Q

thalamus

A
  • forebrain
  • a more recent adaptation
  • primary, sensory, receiving, integration, and distribution center for sensory stimuli in the brain
  • has multiple “centers” for vision, audition, etc.
76
Q

cerebellum

A
  • the “little brain”
  • refining motor patterns
  • shifting of attention
  • procedural memory
  • allows perceptual processes to proceed
77
Q

limbic system

A 
learning, memory, emotion
4 parts: 
1. hypothalamus
2. hippocampus
3. amygdala
4. olfactory bulb
78
Q

hypothalamus

A

establishes equilibrium in the body -> homeostasis

-regulates motivation (i.e. thirst and hunger)

79
Q

hippocampus

A

non-cortical part of the brain associated with STM and memory formation
-larger in males than females

80
Q

occipital lobes

A

primary visual cortex

back of the brain

81
Q

temporal lobes

A

primary auditory cortex

side of the brain

82
Q

parietal lobes

A

taste and touch - somatosensory cortex

top of the brain

83
Q

frontal lobes

A

primary and secondary motor cortex
front of the brain
-association cortex: in front of motor cortex
-dorsal, lateral, prefrontal cortex (DLPC): most advanced part

84
Q

what is the oldest sense

A

olfactory

85
Q

senses in primates

A

vision became the dominant sensory channel at the expense of the olfactory sense

86
Q

amygdala

A

production and regulation of 2 primary simple negative emotions: fear and anger

87
Q

psychophysics

A

the study of the quantitative relationship between environmental stimulation (the physical dimension) and sensory experience (the psychological dimension)

88
Q

absolute/detection threshold

A

the minimum stimulus intensity required for a subject to detect it correctly 50% of the time

89
Q

hit

A

correctly detecting a stimulus (+,+)

90
Q

correct rejection

A

correctly rejecting that the stimulus is not present (-,-)

91
Q

false alarm

A

no stimuli was presented, but the subject said yes (-,+)

92
Q

miss

A

stimuli is presented, but the subject does not detect it

-possible acuity problems

93
Q

difference threshold

A

smallest change a subject can detect 50% of the time

-used to determine the strength of the sensory systems

94
Q

just noticeable difference (JND)

A

psychological equivalent to the difference threshold

95
Q

signal detection theory

A

try to understand the receiver operating characteristic (ROC curve)
-look at sensitivity and thresholds

96
Q

sensitivity (D’)

A

if a subject has high sensitivity, they have a low threshold for that stimulus

97
Q

criterion level (β)

A

willingness to respond

  • low criteria subjects commit a lot of false alarms
  • high criteria subjects are overly cautious: not many false alarms, but a lot of misses
98
Q

method of limits

A
  • ascending: involves a pre-set intensity of stimulus, then raise it
  • descending: stimulus moves up and down until the 50% is reached
99
Q

method of constant stimuli

A

allow the participant bias to be reduced

  • a series of forced-choice trials
  • fixed number of stimuli of different intensities
100
Q

method of adjustment

A

subject controls the stimulus until they can detect

least accurate way to get results

PSC 131 (4 decks)

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