midterm 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Homo habilis
A
Early human species, known as ‘Handy-man’
2
Q
Homo rudolfensis
A
Another species within early genus Homo
3
Q
Cranial Capacity
A
Benchmark of 600 cc for early Homo members
4
Q
Olduvai Gorge
A
Key archaeological site in Tanzania, East Africa
5
Q
Leakys
A
Famous family of paleoanthropologists in Africa
6
Q
Homo Naledi
A
Species discovered in Rising Star Cave, South Africa
7
Q
Olduwan Industry
A
Earliest known stone tool culture
8
Q
Core tools
A
Basic stone tools used by early humans
9
Q
taphonomy
A
study of processes affecting fossilization
10
Q
Microwear patterns
A
scratches on bones indicating tool use
11
Q
C3 plants
A
Plants that utilize the C3 carbon fixation pathway
12
Q
C4 grasses
A
Plants like rice, adapted to hot environment
13
Q
Stratigraphy
A
Study of rock layers and their historical significance
14
Q
Superposition
A
Older layers are found beneath younger layers
15
Q
Absolute dating
A
Determines exact age in years of fossils
16
Q
Relative Dating
A
estimates age based on surrounding materials
17
Q
Potassium-argon dating
A
Measures radioactive decay of potassium isotopes
18
Q
Carbon 14 dating
A
Dating method for organic materials, unstable with half life of 5730 years
19
Q
Biostratigraphy
A
Relative dating based on fossil species distribution
20
Q
Piltdown Man
A
Famous archaeological hoax involving human skull fragments
21
Q
Java Man
A
Early human fossil discovered in Indonesia
22
Q
Pithecanthropus erectus
A
Former name for Java Man, meaning ‘ape man’
23
Q
Homo erectus
A
First hominin to migrate out of Africa
24
Q
Nariokotome Boy
A
Complete skeleton of a young Homo erectus
25
Acheulean tool industry
Stone tool culture known for hand axes
26
Homo antecessor
Early European Homo species found in Spain
27
Dmanisi
Site in Georgia with early Homo ergaster fossils
28
Zhoukodian
Cave site in China with Homo erectus remains
29
F. Clark Howell
Paleoanthropologist known for taphonomic studies
30
Broca's area
Language production center in the human brain
31
Wernicke's area
Language comprehension center in the human brain
32
Anomia
inability to name objects or concepts
33
cheese effect
brain floating in fluid, Prakinson's symptoms
34
Triune Brain
Brain structure model: neocortex, limbic, reptilian
35
Neocortex
Brain region for higher cognitive functions
36
limbic system
brain region involved in emotion and memory
37
Reptilian complex
Brain part responsible for survival instincts
38
Endocast
Mold of the brain's interior from cranium
39
FOXP2 gene
gene critical for vocalization in mammals
40
Encepgalization
brain size relative to body size measure
41
technological intelligence school
focus on tool use and technological skills
42
Ecological intelligence school
emphasis on environmental navigation and memory
43
social/machiavellian intelligence school
understanding social dynamics and group interactions
44
fission fusion societies
dynamic social structures in dolphin groups
45
Neandertal genome
genetic analysis revealing Neandertal diversity
46
Occipital bun
protrusion on Neandertal skull for muscle attachment
47
Mousterian tool industry
Neandertal tool-making technique using Levallois method
48
Out of Africa theory
Modern humans evolved in Africa, migrated globally
49
Multiregional theory
Humans evolved separately in Africa, Asia and Europe
50
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
Maternal inheritance used for genetic tracing
51
Denisovans
Ancient human species closely related to Neandertals
52
Homo Floresiensis
Dward human species from Flores, Indonesia
53
Upper Palaeolithic tools
advanced stone tools used by early humans
54
Venus figuriness
female statuettes possibly related to fertility
55
Petroglyphs
Rock carvings made by Indigenous peoples
56
!Kung
Indigenous foragers from the Kalahari Desert
57
Harvard Kalahari Project
Study of !Kung culture in the 1970s
58
Hunter-gatherers
Nomadic foragers relying on natural resources
59
Hadza
Indigenous people from northern Tanzania, Africa
60
Ache/
Indigenous group in southern Amazon Basin, Paraguay
61
Efe
Pygmies living in Central African rainforest
62
Yanomamo
Horticulturalists from the northern Amazon Basin
63
Lactose intolerance
inability to digest lactose, common after infancy
64
lactase
enzyme that breaks down lactose in milk
65
pastoralist
people whose lives revolve around herding livestock
66
Maasai
Famous pastoralists know for cattle herding in East Africa
67
Cattle rustling
stealing cattle from another's herd
68
Morani
Male warriors in Maasai culture
69
Bride Price
Payment made by groom's family for marriage
70
water music
music made by Efe women in the rainforest
71
optimal foraging
hunting strategy maximising energy gain per effort
72
skull size evolution
potential increase due to fewer births through canal
73
Genetics Adaptations
Changes in genetics responding to environmental pressures
74
C-section
surgical delivery method increasingly common in the US
75
domestication
process of taming wild animals for human use
76
dairy products
food made from milk, problematic for lactose intolerant
77
cattle products
meat, hide and milk sourced from cattle
78
beef eaters
people like Maasai who consume large amounts of beed
79
shotgun inefficiency
ineffective or hunting monkeys compared to bows
80
cultural pride
Maasai belief in superiority over other cultures
81
children in hunting
women often stay behind with children during hunts
82
domestication of milk livestock
occurred approximately 15000 years ago among pastoralists
83
sickle cell aneamia
genetic disorder affecting red blood cell shape
84
codominannt system
both alleles expressed, sickle cell is an example
85
homozygous (SS)
individuals typically die young without medical intervention
86
Heterozygous (AS)
Normal life except under oxygen stress conditions
87
S allele frequency
greater than 20% in coastal west africa
88
malaria
infectious disease transmitted by female mosquitoes
89
Plasmodium
Microorganism causing malaria, invades liver and blood
90
malaria symptom
chills and fever after mosquito bite
91
Vector
organism that transmits disease eg mosquitoes
92
balanced polymorphism
survival advantage in heterozygous versus homozygotes
93
Darwinian Medicine
studies disease origins and evolutionary context
94
environmental mismatch
body's adaptation issues in modern environments
95
Pleiotropic gene effects
single genes causing multiple health issues
96
virulence
severity of a disease or infection
97
transmissibility
ease of spreading a disease between hosts
98
antibiotic resistance
bacteria evolve to survive antibiotic treatments
99
morning sickness
adaptation to avoid harmful substances during pregnancy
100
cancer
territorial expansion of mutant cells in the body
101
carcinogen
substances that can lead to cancer development
102
bottleneck effects
kill most precancerous growths due to oxygen lack
103
leukemia
blood cancer without tumor formation
104
evolution of cancer
increased mutations due to longer lifespan
105
menstruation
process to rid body of toxins and pathogens
106
sperm borne infections
pathogens transmitted though sexual contact
107
adaptive disease traits
diseases evolve traits for survival and transmission
108
fever as adaptation
body's response indicating underlying health issues
109
cystic fibrosis
genetic disorder affecting respiratory and digestive systems
110
breast cancer
malignant tumor uniquely associated with human breasts
111
prostate cancer
malignant tumor occurring in the prostate gland
112
HBB gene
gene encoding beta subunit of hemoglobin
113
sickle cell disease
disorder caused by mutation in the HBB gene
114
heterozygote advantage
genetic phenomenon where heterozygotes have survival benefits
115
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
technique to amplify specific DNA sequences
116
Gel electrophoresis
Method to separate DNA fragments by size
117
Haplotype
set of alleles inherited together from one parent
118
lactose intolerance
inability to digest lactose due to enzyme deficiency
119
lactose tolerance
ability to digest lactose into adulthood
120
admixture
interbreeding between previously isolated populations
121
introgression
transfer of genes between species after hybridization
122
Neanderthal ancestry
genetic contribution from Neanderthals to modern humans
123
Principal component analysis (PCA)
technique to visualize genetic diversity in datasets
124
dendrogram
tree diagram showing relationships between organisms
125
biocultural issues
interactions between biological and cultural factors
126
dietary fat
nutrient linked to increase breast cancer risk
127
evolutionary force
natural selection driven by disease impacts
128
black plaque
14th century pandemic caused by Yersinia pestis
129
Kuru
neurodegenerative disease linked to prion exposure
130
prions
infectious proteins causing neurodegenerative diseases
131
environmental factors
external influences affecting cancer development
132
genetic mutations
change in DNA sequence affecting traits
133
evolutionary programming
genetic predisposition shaped by long term evolution
134
malaria-endemic region
areas where malaria is commonly found
135
cervical environment
acidic conditions affecting sperm viability
136
Homo habilis tool industry
Oldowan tool industry (2.1-1.5 mya
