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USC > midterm 3 > Flashcards

midterm 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Homo habilis

A

Early human species, known as ‘Handy-man’

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2
Q

Homo rudolfensis

A

Another species within early genus Homo

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3
Q

Cranial Capacity

A

Benchmark of 600 cc for early Homo members

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4
Q

Olduvai Gorge

A

Key archaeological site in Tanzania, East Africa

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5
Q

Leakys

A

Famous family of paleoanthropologists in Africa

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6
Q

Homo Naledi

A

Species discovered in Rising Star Cave, South Africa

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7
Q

Olduwan Industry

A

Earliest known stone tool culture

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8
Q

Core tools

A

Basic stone tools used by early humans

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9
Q

taphonomy

A

study of processes affecting fossilization

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10
Q

Microwear patterns

A

scratches on bones indicating tool use

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11
Q

C3 plants

A

Plants that utilize the C3 carbon fixation pathway

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12
Q

C4 grasses

A

Plants like rice, adapted to hot environment

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13
Q

Stratigraphy

A

Study of rock layers and their historical significance

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14
Q

Superposition

A

Older layers are found beneath younger layers

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15
Q

Absolute dating

A

Determines exact age in years of fossils

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16
Q

Relative Dating

A

estimates age based on surrounding materials

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17
Q

Potassium-argon dating

A

Measures radioactive decay of potassium isotopes

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18
Q

Carbon 14 dating

A

Dating method for organic materials, unstable with half life of 5730 years

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19
Q

Biostratigraphy

A

Relative dating based on fossil species distribution

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20
Q

Piltdown Man

A

Famous archaeological hoax involving human skull fragments

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21
Q

Java Man

A

Early human fossil discovered in Indonesia

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22
Q

Pithecanthropus erectus

A

Former name for Java Man, meaning ‘ape man’

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23
Q

Homo erectus

A

First hominin to migrate out of Africa

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24
Q

Nariokotome Boy

A

Complete skeleton of a young Homo erectus

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25
Q

Acheulean tool industry

A

Stone tool culture known for hand axes

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26
Q

Homo antecessor

A

Early European Homo species found in Spain

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27
Q

Dmanisi

A

Site in Georgia with early Homo ergaster fossils

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28
Q

Zhoukodian

A

Cave site in China with Homo erectus remains

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29
Q

F. Clark Howell

A

Paleoanthropologist known for taphonomic studies

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30
Q

Broca’s area

A

Language production center in the human brain

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31
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Language comprehension center in the human brain

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32
Q

Anomia

A

inability to name objects or concepts

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33
Q

cheese effect

A

brain floating in fluid, Prakinson’s symptoms

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34
Q

Triune Brain

A

Brain structure model: neocortex, limbic, reptilian

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35
Q

Neocortex

A

Brain region for higher cognitive functions

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36
Q

limbic system

A

brain region involved in emotion and memory

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37
Q

Reptilian complex

A

Brain part responsible for survival instincts

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38
Q

Endocast

A

Mold of the brain’s interior from cranium

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39
Q

FOXP2 gene

A

gene critical for vocalization in mammals

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40
Q

Encepgalization

A

brain size relative to body size measure

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41
Q

technological intelligence school

A

focus on tool use and technological skills

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42
Q

Ecological intelligence school

A

emphasis on environmental navigation and memory

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43
Q

social/machiavellian intelligence school

A

understanding social dynamics and group interactions

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44
Q

fission fusion societies

A

dynamic social structures in dolphin groups

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45
Q

Neandertal genome

A

genetic analysis revealing Neandertal diversity

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46
Q

Occipital bun

A

protrusion on Neandertal skull for muscle attachment

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47
Q

Mousterian tool industry

A

Neandertal tool-making technique using Levallois method

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48
Q

Out of Africa theory

A

Modern humans evolved in Africa, migrated globally

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49
Q

Multiregional theory

A

Humans evolved separately in Africa, Asia and Europe

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50
Q

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

A

Maternal inheritance used for genetic tracing

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51
Q

Denisovans

A

Ancient human species closely related to Neandertals

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52
Q

Homo Floresiensis

A

Dward human species from Flores, Indonesia

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53
Q

Upper Palaeolithic tools

A

advanced stone tools used by early humans

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54
Q

Venus figuriness

A

female statuettes possibly related to fertility

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55
Q

Petroglyphs

A

Rock carvings made by Indigenous peoples

56
Q

!Kung

A

Indigenous foragers from the Kalahari Desert

57
Q

Harvard Kalahari Project

A

Study of !Kung culture in the 1970s

58
Q

Hunter-gatherers

A

Nomadic foragers relying on natural resources

59
Q

Hadza

A

Indigenous people from northern Tanzania, Africa

60
Q

Ache/

A

Indigenous group in southern Amazon Basin, Paraguay

61
Q

Efe

A

Pygmies living in Central African rainforest

62
Q

Yanomamo

A

Horticulturalists from the northern Amazon Basin

63
Q

Lactose intolerance

A

inability to digest lactose, common after infancy

64
Q

lactase

A

enzyme that breaks down lactose in milk

65
Q

pastoralist

A

people whose lives revolve around herding livestock

66
Q

Maasai

A

Famous pastoralists know for cattle herding in East Africa

67
Q

Cattle rustling

A

stealing cattle from another’s herd

68
Q

Morani

A

Male warriors in Maasai culture

69
Q

Bride Price

A

Payment made by groom’s family for marriage

70
Q

water music

A

music made by Efe women in the rainforest

71
Q

optimal foraging

A

hunting strategy maximising energy gain per effort

72
Q

skull size evolution

A

potential increase due to fewer births through canal

73
Q

Genetics Adaptations

A

Changes in genetics responding to environmental pressures

74
Q

C-section

A

surgical delivery method increasingly common in the US

75
Q

domestication

A

process of taming wild animals for human use

76
Q

dairy products

A

food made from milk, problematic for lactose intolerant

77
Q

cattle products

A

meat, hide and milk sourced from cattle

78
Q

beef eaters

A

people like Maasai who consume large amounts of beed

79
Q

shotgun inefficiency

A

ineffective or hunting monkeys compared to bows

80
Q

cultural pride

A

Maasai belief in superiority over other cultures

81
Q

children in hunting

A

women often stay behind with children during hunts

82
Q

domestication of milk livestock

A

occurred approximately 15000 years ago among pastoralists

83
Q

sickle cell aneamia

A

genetic disorder affecting red blood cell shape

84
Q

codominannt system

A

both alleles expressed, sickle cell is an example

85
Q

homozygous (SS)

A

individuals typically die young without medical intervention

86
Q

Heterozygous (AS)

A

Normal life except under oxygen stress conditions

87
Q

S allele frequency

A

greater than 20% in coastal west africa

88
Q

malaria

A

infectious disease transmitted by female mosquitoes

89
Q

Plasmodium

A

Microorganism causing malaria, invades liver and blood

90
Q

malaria symptom

A

chills and fever after mosquito bite

91
Q

Vector

A

organism that transmits disease eg mosquitoes

92
Q

balanced polymorphism

A

survival advantage in heterozygous versus homozygotes

93
Q

Darwinian Medicine

A

studies disease origins and evolutionary context

94
Q

environmental mismatch

A

body’s adaptation issues in modern environments

95
Q

Pleiotropic gene effects

A

single genes causing multiple health issues

96
Q

virulence

A

severity of a disease or infection

97
Q

transmissibility

A

ease of spreading a disease between hosts

98
Q

antibiotic resistance

A

bacteria evolve to survive antibiotic treatments

99
Q

morning sickness

A

adaptation to avoid harmful substances during pregnancy

100
Q

cancer

A

territorial expansion of mutant cells in the body

101
Q

carcinogen

A

substances that can lead to cancer development

102
Q

bottleneck effects

A

kill most precancerous growths due to oxygen lack

103
Q

leukemia

A

blood cancer without tumor formation

104
Q

evolution of cancer

A

increased mutations due to longer lifespan

105
Q

menstruation

A

process to rid body of toxins and pathogens

106
Q

sperm borne infections

A

pathogens transmitted though sexual contact

107
Q

adaptive disease traits

A

diseases evolve traits for survival and transmission

108
Q

fever as adaptation

A

body’s response indicating underlying health issues

109
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

genetic disorder affecting respiratory and digestive systems

110
Q

breast cancer

A

malignant tumor uniquely associated with human breasts

111
Q

prostate cancer

A

malignant tumor occurring in the prostate gland

112
Q

HBB gene

A

gene encoding beta subunit of hemoglobin

113
Q

sickle cell disease

A

disorder caused by mutation in the HBB gene

114
Q

heterozygote advantage

A

genetic phenomenon where heterozygotes have survival benefits

115
Q

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

technique to amplify specific DNA sequences

116
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A

Method to separate DNA fragments by size

117
Q

Haplotype

A

set of alleles inherited together from one parent

118
Q

lactose intolerance

A

inability to digest lactose due to enzyme deficiency

119
Q

lactose tolerance

A

ability to digest lactose into adulthood

120
Q

admixture

A

interbreeding between previously isolated populations

121
Q

introgression

A

transfer of genes between species after hybridization

122
Q

Neanderthal ancestry

A

genetic contribution from Neanderthals to modern humans

123
Q

Principal component analysis (PCA)

A

technique to visualize genetic diversity in datasets

124
Q

dendrogram

A

tree diagram showing relationships between organisms

125
Q

biocultural issues

A

interactions between biological and cultural factors

126
Q

dietary fat

A

nutrient linked to increase breast cancer risk

127
Q

evolutionary force

A

natural selection driven by disease impacts

128
Q

black plaque

A

14th century pandemic caused by Yersinia pestis

129
Q

Kuru

A

neurodegenerative disease linked to prion exposure

130
Q

prions

A

infectious proteins causing neurodegenerative diseases

131
Q

environmental factors

A

external influences affecting cancer development

132
Q

genetic mutations

A

change in DNA sequence affecting traits

133
Q

evolutionary programming

A

genetic predisposition shaped by long term evolution

134
Q

malaria-endemic region

A

areas where malaria is commonly found

135
Q

cervical environment

A

acidic conditions affecting sperm viability

136
Q

Homo habilis tool industry

A

Oldowan tool industry (2.1-1.5 mya

USC (3 decks)

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