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USC > HBIO 200 Chapter 1-6 > Flashcards

HBIO 200 Chapter 1-6 Flashcards

1
Q

Evolution

A

A change in gene frequency in a population over multiple generations

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2
Q

Natural Selection

A

Differential reproductive success among individuals in a population from one generation to the next; based on traits that help them survive through adaptations

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3
Q

Charles Darwin 3 observations & 2 deductions

A

3 Observations:
1. All organisms has the capacity for tremendous population growth
2. Animal populations remain constant/similar over generations
3. No two offsprings from the same parent look alike

2 Deductions:
1. Struggle for existence since more offsprings are produced than can possibly survive
2. Some variations are advantageous, these tend to survive; others don’t

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4
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

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5
Q

Population

A

A group of individuals within a species that live in the same location and interact and interbreed with each other

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6
Q

Forces of Evolution

A
  1. Mutation
  2. Natural Selection
  3. Sexual Selection
  4. Gene Flow
  5. Genetic Drift
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7
Q

Mutation

A

Change in structure of DNA causing genetic variation

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8
Q

Sexual Selection

A

Intra-sexual Competition: One sex competing against one another for a female. Eg. Male deers fight against each other and the one with stronger antlers win and stay and has the rights to choose the female

Inter-sexual mate choice: Female chooses male based on their traits. Eg. Female peacock chooses male based on the brightness of their plumage

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9
Q

Gene Flow

A

The movement of genes from one population to another due to interbreeding

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10
Q

Founder Effect

A

A small population that has similarity in phenotype and genotype starts a new population; reduces diversity of the population

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10
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Random change in allele frequency due to chance events

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11
Q

Bottleneck Effect

A

A random event reduces a significant number of individuals in a population; reduces genetic variation

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12
Q

Directional natural selection

A

An extreme trait is favored such that the allele frequency shifts towards one direction
Eg. Giraffe’s neck

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13
Q

Disruptive natural selection

A

Extreme values of a trait in either directions are favored over intermediate values
Eg. Oysters

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14
Q

Stabilizing natural selection

A

Population mean stabilizes on a non-extreme trait value
Eg. Bird eggs

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15
Q

Gene

A

A section of the DNA that contains hereditary information AND codes for a specific characteristics or traits of an individual

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16
Q

Allele

A

Variation of a gene

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17
Q

Heterozygous

A

2 different alleles

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18
Q

Locus

A

The physical location of the gene on a chromosome

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19
Q

Homozygous

A

2 identical alleles

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20
Q

Genotype

A

the DNA of an individual

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21
Q

Phenotype

A

the physical expression of the gene

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22
Q

Epigenetics

A

does not change the genetic code but the phenotype due to different expressions of the genes

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23
Q

Sickle Cell Anaemia

A

A homozygous disease;
Occur mostly in places with serious malaria since the one copy of the gene of sickle cell anaemia has a survival advantage of Malaria

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24
Q

Pre-mating isolating factors

A
  1. Geographical
  2. Seasonal
  3. Temporal
  4. Habitat
  5. Courtship
25
Q

Post-mating isolating factors

A
  1. Unsuccessful fertilizations
  2. zygote dies due to incompatibility
  3. fetal death
  4. Offspring death
  5. Sterile offspring
26
Q

Reproductive Asymmetry

A

males with greater reproductive variance and potential

27
Q

Watch maker argument

A

Natural world’s complexity implies that it was created by an intelligent designer

28
Q

Alive primates today

A

> 400

29
Q

Living mammals species

A

4500

30
Q

Living birds species

A

1100

31
Q

Total species now

A

5-10 million

32
Q

Total species in history

A

5 billion

33
Q

3 Mammals

A
  1. Marsupials
  2. Monotremes
  3. Placental
34
Q

Marsupials traits

A
  • pouch
  • develop without a placenta
  • giving birth to an embryo
    Eg. Kangaroo, wallabies, wombats
35
Q

Monotremes traits

A
  • Modified beaks
  • no teeth
    Eg. platypus -> hatch out of eggs + venomous
36
Q

Placental mammals

A

Eg. Humans - warm blooded, fur, mammary glands

37
Q

Primates Trait

A
  • grasping hands
  • well-developed stereoscopic vision
  • olfaction de-emphasized
  • Diurnal, not nocturnal
  • flat nails instead of claws
  • single births
  • sociality + extended ontogeny (long, slow socialisation)
  • brain size relative to body size
38
Q

Primates Origin

A
  1. Arboreal Hypothesis - Graffo Smith & Frederic Jones
    - primate characteristics, such as grasping hands and feet and the presence of nails instead of claws, are the result of moving into and adapting to an arboreal environment
  2. Visual Predation Hypothesis - Matt Cartmill
    - Primates evolved from small insect-eating mammals
39
Q

Primate Mating System

A
  • Monogamy (one male one female)
  • Polygyny (one male multiple females)
  • Polyandry (multiple males one female)
40
Q

Strepsirrhine Traits

A
  • wet-nosed
  • Highly evolved olfactory communication
  • some species are solitary
  • most species are nocturnal
  • in Africa, Madagascar, Asia
41
Q

Aristotle

A

First human to organize living things

42
Q

Carl Linnaeus

A

Binomial Nomenclature

43
Q

George Louis Buffon

A

Species could change overtime due to environmental influences; Humans have a single ancestor

44
Q

Jean B Lamarck

A

Inheritance of acquired traits

45
Q

George Cuvier

A

Catastrophism

46
Q

Charles Lyell

A

Principles of geology; Gradualism/Uniformitarianism

47
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

Struggle for existence

48
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Theory of Evolution; origin of species

49
Q

Alfred Russel Wallace

A

Natural Selection

50
Q

Sexual Dimorphism

A

The differences (sizes, colors) between males and females animals in natural selection

51
Q

Individual Selection

A

Animals do not behave for the good of the group

52
Q

Group Selection

A

Animals actively behave in ways that help the group, when overpopulated they tend to reduce in reproduction
Eg. Lemmings

53
Q

Kin Selection/Inclusive Fitness

A

Social animals such as primates behave in ways that benefit their close relatives, often to the detriment of their nonrelatives.

54
Q

Sexual Dimorphism

A

Difference in size, shape, or color between the sexes, is usually brought about by evolutionary changes in male appearance caused by female mate preferences

55
Q

Gradual Evolution VS Punctuated Equilibrium

A
  • Gradual evolution involves small, steady changes over a long period
  • Punctuated equilibrium involves long periods of stasis punctuated by bursts of change
56
Q

“New World” Neotropical Monkeys (=Ceboidea)

A
  • Small body size
  • All species are arboreal
  • Some species (only some Cebidae) have prehensile tails
  • Three premolar teeth
57
Q

Callitrichidae

A
  • Small body size – largest species 1 pound
  • Paternal care (males carry the baby)
  • Polyandry (one female mate and live with more than one male)
  • Claws (re-evolved) instead of nails
  • Gummivory (diet consists primarily of the gums and saps of trees (about 90%) and bugs for protein)
58
Q

Paleotropical (Old World) Monkeys
- Cercopithecinae

A
  • Sexual Dimorphism
  • Some species are terrestrial
  • Ischial callosities (=butt pads of female)
  • Have Buccal bursae (=cheek pouches)
  • Grooming as communication
  • Estrus (females)
59
Q

Paleotropical (Old World) Monkeys
- Colobinae

A
  • Flamboyant Neonate coat color
  • Alloparenting (non-parents taking care of the baby)
  • Infanticide (especially female babies)
  • Adaptations to Leafy Diet

USC (2 decks)

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