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USC > HBIO Mid term 2 > Flashcards

HBIO Mid term 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three super families of Haplorhines? Which superfamily has two sub-families, and what are they?

A

3 superfamilies:
- Ceboidea (NWM)
- Cercopithecoidea (OWM)
- Hominoidea (Apes,Humans)

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2
Q

Are gorillas and chimpanzees sister species?

A

No. Chimps and Humans are more closely related

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3
Q

List 5 phenotypic traits of apes

A
  1. large brain to body size ratio
  2. no tail
  3. rotating, suspensory should anatomy
  4. brachiation (locomotion used by primates where they move by swinging from one handhold to another, using their arms)
  5. knuckle walking for great apes
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4
Q

Traits of Gibbons

A
  • living in pairs, once male left, female mates with other males
  • highly territorial, uses vocal signalling
  • Dueting
  • no size dimorphism
  • sexual dichromatism (different colors)
  • fruit diet
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5
Q

Are gibbons socially monogamous, polyandrous, or polygynous? Are they sexually dimorphic, monomorphic, dichromatic?

A
  • monogamous (1 husband, 1 wife)
  • sexually dimorphic
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6
Q

Traits of Chimpanzees

A
  • Genetically similar to humans
  • moderate sexual dimorphism
  • Fission-fusion polygyny (live in communities)
  • Fruit-based diet
  • Inter-community lethal violence
  • Cultural traditions and tool technologies
  • Females have babies every 4 years until she dies
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7
Q

Are chimps socially monogamous, polyandrous, or polygynous? Are they sexually dimorphic, monomorphic, dichromatic? In other words what is their mating system and what do males and females look like?

A
  • socially polygynous
  • Moderate sexual dimorphism
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8
Q

When was the split from the last common ancestor (LCA) between chimps and bonobos

A

1.5-2 million years ago

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9
Q

When was the split between humans and chimps LCA?

A

6 million years ago

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10
Q

What do chimps, gorillas, bonobos, and orangutans eat? (omnivore, carnivore, herbivore, etc.)

A
  • chimps & bonobos are both omnivores
  • gorillas are herbivores
  • orangutans are omnivores
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11
Q

Jane Goodall

A

groundbreaking research on wild chimpanzees in Tanzania

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12
Q

Toshisada Nishida

A

prominent Japanese primatologist known for his extensive research on wild chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains of Tanzania.

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13
Q

Do chimps use tools? If so, provide two examples

A

Yes, termite fishing and nut cracking

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14
Q

Traits of Gorilla

A
  • largest non-human primate
  • very sexually dimorphic
  • ‘harem’ social structure with an alpha in charge
  • territory in lowland and mountain
  • herbivores
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15
Q

Are gorillas socially monogamous, polyandrous, or polygynous? Are they sexually dimorphic, monomorphic, dichromatic? In other words, what is their mating system and what do males and females look like?

A
  • polygynous (one male many females)
  • very sexual dimorphic
  • monomorphic
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16
Q

What is the social structure of chimps, bonobos, orangutans and gorillas?

A
  • Chimps: fission-fusion societies with a dominance hierarchy and strong male competition
  • Bonobos: Matriarchal, more egalitarian social structure
  • Orangutans: primarily solitary, with social interactions mostly between mothers and offspring
  • Gorillas: harem group led by a dominant silverback
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17
Q

Diane Fossey

A

primatologist, conservationist, and ethnologist best known for her pioneering research on mountain gorillas in their natural habitat in Africa.

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18
Q

Traits of Bonobos

A
  • ‘make love, not war, ape’
  • sexual behaviors very liberated
  • non-aggressive
  • fission-fusion polygyny
  • moderate dimorphism
  • genital-genital (GG) rubbing
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19
Q

Are bonobos socially monogamous, polyandrous, or polygynous? Are they sexually dimorphic, monomorphic, dichromatic? In other words, what is their mating system and what do males and females look like?

A
  • polygynous & polyandrous (many males many females mate)
  • slight sexual dimorphism
  • monomorphic
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20
Q

Traits of Orangutans

A
  • only asian great ape
  • solitary
  • extremely sexually dimorphic
  • quadrumanous (4-handed)
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21
Q

Are orangutans socially monogamous, polyandrous, or polygynous? Are they sexually dimorphic, monomorphic, dichromatic? In other words, what is their mating system and what do males and females look like?

A
  • primarily solitary and polygynous (1 male many female)
  • sexual dimorphism
  • monomorphic
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22
Q

What does quadrumanous mean, and which great ape does it apply to?

A

4 handed, orangutan

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23
Q

Birute Galdikas

A

renowned Lithuanian-American primatologist, ethologist, and conservationist best known for her pioneering research on orangutans in the wild

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24
Q

When did the chimp and bonobo split from their last common ancestor (LCA)?

A

1.5-2 million years ago

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25
Q

When did the human and chimp split from their last common ancestor (LCA)?

A

5-7 million years ago

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26
Q

When did the gorilla split from other great apes?

A

8-10 million years ago

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27
Q

When did the orangutan split from other great apes?

A

12-16 million years ago

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28
Q

How many million years of divergence between evolutionary track of human and chimp?

A

6 million years

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29
Q

How many billion base pairs in human genome?

A

3 billion

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30
Q

What % of chimp and human genome are identical?

A

98.8%

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31
Q

How many million base pair differences between human and chimp genome?

A

35 million base pairs

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32
Q

Gombe chimp study

A
  • Jane Goodall
  • 1960
  • discovered use of tools to hunt, kinship bond
  • warfare
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33
Q

Mahale chimp study

A
  • Toshisada Nishida
  • 1965
  • confirmed Combe data
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34
Q

Tai chimp study

A
  • Christophe Boesch
  • 1979
  • Stone tool use
  • behavior of chimps in lowland rain forest
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35
Q

Kibale chimp study

A
  • Richard Wrangham and others
  • 1987
  • Detailed diet studies
  • Patrolling behavior
  • hormones and social behavior
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36
Q

Fongoli chimp study

A
  • J Pruetz
  • late 1990s
  • very arid habitat
  • hunting with tools
  • sleeping in caves
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37
Q

Chimps omnivores, carnivores, frugivores, or vegan?

A

omnivores, they eat fruits, leaves, meat, honey, insects

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38
Q

Reasons why meat-eating was deemed important?

A
  • animal protein and fats in short supply, great nutritional value
  • opportunity for barter system
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39
Q

Are male or female chimps stable in a chimp community?

A

female

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40
Q

Do female chimps prefer to be alone or with male chimps constantly?

A

alone

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41
Q

Why are teenage male chimps vulnerable in a community?

A
  • lack social status
  • no experience in navigating social hierarchies
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42
Q

How long is a female chimp menstrual cycle?

A

37 days cycle

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43
Q

How long is chimp sexual swelling?

A

9-10 days sexual swelling

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44
Q

What is female chimp behavior during sexual swelling?

A

display behaviors that attract males, engaging in mating

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45
Q

What are parties of chimps?

A

temporary groupings of individuals that form for activities like foraging, socializing, and protection

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46
Q

Do males bond with each other or are they constantly at odds?

A

Bond with each other, separate unpredictably all day long

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47
Q

Do alliances form between only blood relatives and or non-blood relatives in a chimp community

A

Both

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48
Q

What is the reproductive structure of chimps?

A

Fission-fusion (split or merge based on resource availability, etc.)

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49
Q

Do males leave a community or stay?

A

males typically leave their natal groups upon reaching sexual maturity

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50
Q

What is the purpose of two chimp males grooming each other?

A

assert dominance

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51
Q

Do chimp adults always hangout with the same parties everyday?

A

No, they come together and separate unpredictably all day long

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52
Q

Do female chimps stay in the community they were born into? If not at what time period do they leave?

A

No, at puberty

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53
Q

How do males patrol their territory?

A

in a team

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54
Q

What is a lethal intercommunity attack?

A

aggressive encounters between different communities that result in fatalities

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55
Q

Who discovered intercommunity warfare and what is it?

A

Jane Goodall, organized attacks and significant aggression due to territorial defense and resource competition

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56
Q

Do chimps use tools to eat?

A

stick, stones

57
Q

What percentage of prey kills are made by chimp males?

A

90%

58
Q

Is hunting social or strictly a necessity?

A

both

59
Q

What percentage of encounters result in a kill?

A

2/3

60
Q

What percentage of hunts are successful?

A

80%

61
Q

Are multiple kills in one hunt common?

A

2-7 kills

62
Q

What is a species of monkey chimps eat?

A

red colobus

63
Q

Do chimp males use meat to barter with females? If so what are they bartering for

A

for mating opportunities

64
Q

Is hunting activity the same year round?

A

feb and sep highest

65
Q

What are hunting binges and their characteristics?What drives hunting binges?

A

periods of intense, coordinated hunting activity; competition

66
Q

Do humans and chimps respond to fatty foods the same, in terms of cholesterol levels?

A

Humans: 18 mg/kcal/kil/day
Chimps: 4 mg/kcal/kil/day

67
Q

What is the difference in prey size for humans and chimps?

A

humans eat big animals, chimps eats small

68
Q

Are chimps planned or opportunistic hunters? What about humans?

A

chimps opportunistic; humans planned

69
Q

Are chimps bipedal or quadrupedal? What about humans?

A

chimps are quadrupedal; humans are bipedal

70
Q

Do chimps use weapons when hunting? What about humans?

A

chimps don’t, humans do

71
Q

Do chimps cooperate when hunting? What about humans?

A

Chimps don’t, human do

72
Q

List the six main conservation problems of great apes mentioned in lecture

A
  1. habitat loss
  2. conflict materials
  3. bushmeat disease transmission
  4. political instability and poverty
  5. snares (traps)
73
Q

Why is habitat loss occurring?

A

firewood needed for people as fuel, eg. Uganda national park

74
Q

What are conflict minerals?
List the example discussed in lecture
Explain how the conflict mineral discussed in lecture affects great apes

A
  • columbite
  • came from countries and private warlords that mine and sell the materials to fund their supplies
75
Q

What is bushmeat?
Why is bushmeat not sustainable anymore?

A
  • hunting wild animals for food
  • not sustainable cause the animals and endangered
76
Q

Why would disease transmission be an issue between great apes and humans?
List a disease with a high mortality rate mentioned in lecture

A
  • no cure = death
  • Ebola
77
Q

What happened during the 1994 Rwandan genocide?
How did the genocide affect great apes?

A

habitat destruction and disrupted conservation efforts

78
Q

What is the purpose of a snare?
How were snares traditionally made?
How are snares commonly made now and how does this affect great apes?

A

capture wildlife for food, utilize synthetic materials that are more durable and effective, resulting in injuries

79
Q

What percentage of chimps in Budongo are amputees due to snares?

A

40%

80
Q

What is ecotourism?
What species of great ape did ecotourism benefit?

A

a responsible travel aproach that promotes conservation, sustainability and community well-being; benefited gorillas, chimps, orangutans

81
Q

What is capacity building?

A

enhancing skills and resources of organizations and communities in conservation

82
Q

What are two needs that must be explore further in conservation solutions of great apes?

A
  1. better information on remaining populations
  2. detailed field studies that train local people and scientists
83
Q

Where is the Bwindi Impenetrable Great Ape Project (BIGAPE)?
What is special about this region?

A

Bwindi Impenetable forest is home to at least 11 non-human primate species, including chimps and gorilla

84
Q

What are four commonly cited chimpanzee-gorilla differences?

A

chimps eat fruit mainly, gorillas eat leaves mainly;
chimps highly arboreal, gorillas terrestrial;
chimps highly mobile, gorillas sedentary;
chimps live in multi-male communities;
gorillas in one male harems

85
Q

Why study sympatric apes?

A
  • The presence of ecological competitors is a key aspect of natural selection that has molded anatomy and behavior
  • Whatever ecological factors molded African ape societies probably also influenced those of direct human ancestors
86
Q

Do gorillas strictly live in a harem reproductive structure?

A

While many gorilla groups exhibit a harem reproductive structure with a dominant male and several females, gorillas also display a range of social structures, including bachelor groups and mixed groups.

87
Q

Do gorillas only eat on the ground or are they partially arboreal?

A

primarily ground-dwelling animals that feed mainly on the ground

88
Q

Day range

A

Distance traveled by a primate group in one day

89
Q

Home range

A

area used over a year, or many years, by primate group

90
Q

Core area

A

Most intensively used portion of the home range

91
Q

Territory

A

area of home range that is defended against other members of same species

92
Q

Compare and contrast gorillas and chimps in the above definitions.

A

Gorillas: Day range = 800m; Home Range = approx 24 sq km
Chimpanzees: Day range =? (much longer than gorillas); Home range = at least 18 sq km

93
Q

% nest on trees

A

chimps: >90% (smaller nests with branches and leaves)
gorillas: >25% (large nests, rough will think branches)

94
Q

Explain the difference between chimpanzees and gorillas’ desire for fruit foraging? Do both species seek alternatives when fruit is out of season?

A
  • chimps eat more fruit than gorillas
  • when fruit is scarce, gorilla find leaves, chimps continue to find fruits
95
Q

Do chimps and gorillas eat the same amount of fruit?

A

Chimpanzees eat a significantly higher proportion of fruit compared to gorillas, often making fruit the central part of their diet when available.

96
Q

List differences/similarities of chimp and gorilla diets

A
  • chimps: omnivores with strong preference for fruit
  • gorillas: herbivores relying on fibrous plants like leaves and stems
97
Q

Write a summary/list bullet points of chimps and gorillas ecological differences

A
  • omnivores vs herbivores
  • fruit based diet vs leaves based diet
  • nest on trees vs ground
  • longer day & home range vs shorter
  • multi-male community vs one male harem
98
Q

Osteology

A

study of skeleton

99
Q

What is the purpose of studying osteology in the context of comparing humans and primates?

A
  • study relationship between genetics, human growth and stature, and geographic variation in human anatomy
100
Q

Primate Taxonomy

A
  1. Order: Primates
  2. Suborder: Strepsirhines & Haplorhines
  3. Infraorder (under haplorhines) - tarsioidea & anthropoidea
  4. parvorder (under anthropoidea) - platyrrhines & catarrhines
  5. Super family
    - under platyrrhines -> ceboidea (NWM)
    - undeer catarrhines -> cercopithecoidea & hominoidea
101
Q

Ancestral trait

A

characteristic present in a common ancestor & retained by multiple descendant species eg. pentadactyl limbs in mammals

102
Q

derived trait

A

characteristic that evolved more recently in a specific lineage and is not present in the common ancestor of all species in a group eg. bipedalism in humans vs quadrapedalism in chimps

103
Q

Three ancestral primate traits

A
  1. generalized skeleton
  2. Incisor, canine, premolars, molars
  3. Clavicle
104
Q

Six derived primate traits

A

1.grasping hands and feet
2. opposable thumb
3. enhanced vision
4. larger brain size
5. postorbital orbital bar or closure
6. nails instead of claws
7. Prognathism

105
Q

Prognathism

A

forward projection of jaw or face

106
Q

Diastema

A

a gap between teeth

107
Q

CP3 honing complex

A

tooth arrangement where large upper canine is sharpened against lower third premolar

108
Q

Toothcomb

A

used for grooming and feeding

109
Q

post-orbital bar and closure difference

A

strepsirrhines: bar
haplorrhines: closure

110
Q

postorbital constriction

A

narrowing of the skull behind the orbits
- derived trait for humans to increase size of brain

111
Q

Difference between a nuchal and sagittal crest

A

Nuchal: back of skull, for neck muscle support and stabilize the head
Sagittal: top of the skull for jaw muscle attachment, support chewing and biting

112
Q

hallux

A

big toe
- hallux aligned and robust in humans
- opposable, longer for primates

113
Q

prehensile tail

A

grasp or hold on branches

114
Q

Difference between bilophodont and Y5 molars

A

Bilophodont: two lophs in OWM; for plants
Y5 molar: Y pattern & 5 cusps in humans; for omnivores

115
Q

difference between monocular and binocular vision

A

monovacular:
- wide view but limited depth; prey to detect predators
- short view but deep depth; for predators to hunt

116
Q

Heterodont and Homodont dentition

A

Heterodont: different tooth types
Homodont: same tooth types eg. dolphine

117
Q

stereoscopic vision

A

ability to perceive depth and 3D with 2 eyes, caused by binocular vision

118
Q

Why might binocular vision/depth perception be so vital to Haplorrhines? Think of locomotion and survival

A

for locomotion in complex environment, effective foraging, predator detection and hunting

119
Q

What are the five genera

A
  • Pongo
  • gorilla
  • pan
  • homo
  • siamangs
120
Q

dental apes

A

group of animals that exhibit ape like dentition but had monkey like postcranial skeletons
- eg. proconsul & Aegytopithecus

121
Q

four skull properties of Gigantopithecus (2 million to 300,000 years ago)

A
  • larger size
  • pronounced prognathism
  • specialized dental morpholoy
  • massive mandible
122
Q

locomotion

A

act of moving from place to place

123
Q

Foramen magnum

A

hole at the base of skull, if posterior = quadradepal, if anterior = bipedal

124
Q

Nuchal crest

A

crest at nape of skull to provide muscle attachment for upper limbs

125
Q

Sagittal crest

A

along top of skull, muscle attachment for jaw and chewing

126
Q

Mastoid process

A

projection behind ear on temporal bones

127
Q

calcaneus

A

heel bones

128
Q

Bicondylar angle

A

angle of femur from pelvis to knees (bipeds are inwards)

129
Q

Pelvis

A

Paddle: iliac blades and pelvis are long and narrow (chimps)
Saddle: iliac blades and pelvis are shortened and widened (humans)

130
Q

Sacrum

A

fuse part of hip bones and spine

131
Q

Bipedalism

A

walk with two legs, straight up and down, more stress on spine

132
Q

Quadrupedalism

A

walk with four limbs, center of gravity dispersed over fore and hind limbs, less stress

133
Q

In what features is Proconsul similar ONLY to the monkey fossil (Aegyptopithecus)?

A

braincase size

134
Q

In what features is Proconsul similar to the hominoid (Gorilla)?

A
  • Y-5 molar
  • shape of dental arcade (U shape)
135
Q

What features relate to locomotion

A
  • position of foramen magnum
  • nuchal muscle origin
  • mastoid process
136
Q

Compare the chimp and modern human crania (skulls)

A

Chimps: elongated and narrower
Modern Human: rounded and globular

137
Q

What do the vertebral columns of the species above indicate in terms of center of gravity during locomotion and at rest and stress on these bones? Is there a difference in the size and shape of the individual vertebrae as you go from the base of the skull down to the pelvis?

A

Bipeds: S-shaped as bipeds bear weight on lower back
Quadrapeds: C-shaped for even weight distribution

138
Q

How does a chimpanzee use its hands and feet in comparison to a human?

A

Chimps: use to climb trees, so longer and curbed phalanges on both hands and feet; use knuckle walking

Humans: feet supports a lot of weight, need an arc. so shorter phalanges, aligned big toe for walking

139
Q
A

USC (2 decks)

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