HBIO Mid term 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the three super families of Haplorhines? Which superfamily has two sub-families, and what are they?
A
3 superfamilies:
- Ceboidea (NWM)
- Cercopithecoidea (OWM)
- Hominoidea (Apes,Humans)
2
Q
Are gorillas and chimpanzees sister species?
A
No. Chimps and Humans are more closely related
3
Q
List 5 phenotypic traits of apes
A
- large brain to body size ratio
- no tail
- rotating, suspensory should anatomy
- brachiation (locomotion used by primates where they move by swinging from one handhold to another, using their arms)
- knuckle walking for great apes
4
Q
Traits of Gibbons
A
- living in pairs, once male left, female mates with other males
- highly territorial, uses vocal signalling
- Dueting
- no size dimorphism
- sexual dichromatism (different colors)
- fruit diet
5
Q
Are gibbons socially monogamous, polyandrous, or polygynous? Are they sexually dimorphic, monomorphic, dichromatic?
A
- monogamous (1 husband, 1 wife)
- sexually dimorphic
6
Q
Traits of Chimpanzees
A
- Genetically similar to humans
- moderate sexual dimorphism
- Fission-fusion polygyny (live in communities)
- Fruit-based diet
- Inter-community lethal violence
- Cultural traditions and tool technologies
- Females have babies every 4 years until she dies
7
Q
Are chimps socially monogamous, polyandrous, or polygynous? Are they sexually dimorphic, monomorphic, dichromatic? In other words what is their mating system and what do males and females look like?
A
- socially polygynous
- Moderate sexual dimorphism
8
Q
When was the split from the last common ancestor (LCA) between chimps and bonobos
A
1.5-2 million years ago
9
Q
When was the split between humans and chimps LCA?
A
6 million years ago
10
Q
What do chimps, gorillas, bonobos, and orangutans eat? (omnivore, carnivore, herbivore, etc.)
A
- chimps & bonobos are both omnivores
- gorillas are herbivores
- orangutans are omnivores
11
Q
Jane Goodall
A
groundbreaking research on wild chimpanzees in Tanzania
12
Q
Toshisada Nishida
A
prominent Japanese primatologist known for his extensive research on wild chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains of Tanzania.
13
Q
Do chimps use tools? If so, provide two examples
A
Yes, termite fishing and nut cracking
14
Q
Traits of Gorilla
A
- largest non-human primate
- very sexually dimorphic
- ‘harem’ social structure with an alpha in charge
- territory in lowland and mountain
- herbivores
15
Q
Are gorillas socially monogamous, polyandrous, or polygynous? Are they sexually dimorphic, monomorphic, dichromatic? In other words, what is their mating system and what do males and females look like?
A
- polygynous (one male many females)
- very sexual dimorphic
- monomorphic
16
Q
What is the social structure of chimps, bonobos, orangutans and gorillas?
A
- Chimps: fission-fusion societies with a dominance hierarchy and strong male competition
- Bonobos: Matriarchal, more egalitarian social structure
- Orangutans: primarily solitary, with social interactions mostly between mothers and offspring
- Gorillas: harem group led by a dominant silverback
17
Q
Diane Fossey
A
primatologist, conservationist, and ethnologist best known for her pioneering research on mountain gorillas in their natural habitat in Africa.
18
Q
Traits of Bonobos
A
- ‘make love, not war, ape’
- sexual behaviors very liberated
- non-aggressive
- fission-fusion polygyny
- moderate dimorphism
- genital-genital (GG) rubbing
19
Q
Are bonobos socially monogamous, polyandrous, or polygynous? Are they sexually dimorphic, monomorphic, dichromatic? In other words, what is their mating system and what do males and females look like?
A
- polygynous & polyandrous (many males many females mate)
- slight sexual dimorphism
- monomorphic
20
Q
Traits of Orangutans
A
- only asian great ape
- solitary
- extremely sexually dimorphic
- quadrumanous (4-handed)
21
Q
Are orangutans socially monogamous, polyandrous, or polygynous? Are they sexually dimorphic, monomorphic, dichromatic? In other words, what is their mating system and what do males and females look like?
A
- primarily solitary and polygynous (1 male many female)
- sexual dimorphism
- monomorphic
22
Q
What does quadrumanous mean, and which great ape does it apply to?
A
4 handed, orangutan
23
Q
Birute Galdikas
A
renowned Lithuanian-American primatologist, ethologist, and conservationist best known for her pioneering research on orangutans in the wild
24
Q
When did the chimp and bonobo split from their last common ancestor (LCA)?
A
1.5-2 million years ago
25
When did the human and chimp split from their last common ancestor (LCA)?
5-7 million years ago
26
When did the gorilla split from other great apes?
8-10 million years ago
27
When did the orangutan split from other great apes?
12-16 million years ago
28
How many million years of divergence between evolutionary track of human and chimp?
6 million years
29
How many billion base pairs in human genome?
3 billion
30
What % of chimp and human genome are identical?
98.8%
31
How many million base pair differences between human and chimp genome?
35 million base pairs
32
Gombe chimp study
- Jane Goodall
- 1960
- discovered use of tools to hunt, kinship bond
- warfare
33
Mahale chimp study
- Toshisada Nishida
- 1965
- confirmed Combe data
34
Tai chimp study
- Christophe Boesch
- 1979
- Stone tool use
- behavior of chimps in lowland rain forest
35
Kibale chimp study
- Richard Wrangham and others
- 1987
- Detailed diet studies
- Patrolling behavior
- hormones and social behavior
36
Fongoli chimp study
- J Pruetz
- late 1990s
- very arid habitat
- hunting with tools
- sleeping in caves
37
Chimps omnivores, carnivores, frugivores, or vegan?
omnivores, they eat fruits, leaves, meat, honey, insects
38
Reasons why meat-eating was deemed important?
- animal protein and fats in short supply, great nutritional value
- opportunity for barter system
39
Are male or female chimps stable in a chimp community?
female
40
Do female chimps prefer to be alone or with male chimps constantly?
alone
41
Why are teenage male chimps vulnerable in a community?
- lack social status
- no experience in navigating social hierarchies
42
How long is a female chimp menstrual cycle?
37 days cycle
43
How long is chimp sexual swelling?
9-10 days sexual swelling
44
What is female chimp behavior during sexual swelling?
display behaviors that attract males, engaging in mating
45
What are parties of chimps?
temporary groupings of individuals that form for activities like foraging, socializing, and protection
46
Do males bond with each other or are they constantly at odds?
Bond with each other, separate unpredictably all day long
47
Do alliances form between only blood relatives and or non-blood relatives in a chimp community
Both
48
What is the reproductive structure of chimps?
Fission-fusion (split or merge based on resource availability, etc.)
49
Do males leave a community or stay?
males typically leave their natal groups upon reaching sexual maturity
50
What is the purpose of two chimp males grooming each other?
assert dominance
51
Do chimp adults always hangout with the same parties everyday?
No, they come together and separate unpredictably all day long
52
Do female chimps stay in the community they were born into? If not at what time period do they leave?
No, at puberty
53
How do males patrol their territory?
in a team
54
What is a lethal intercommunity attack?
aggressive encounters between different communities that result in fatalities
55
Who discovered intercommunity warfare and what is it?
Jane Goodall, organized attacks and significant aggression due to territorial defense and resource competition
56
Do chimps use tools to eat?
stick, stones
57
What percentage of prey kills are made by chimp males?
90%
58
Is hunting social or strictly a necessity?
both
59
What percentage of encounters result in a kill?
2/3
60
What percentage of hunts are successful?
80%
61
Are multiple kills in one hunt common?
2-7 kills
62
What is a species of monkey chimps eat?
red colobus
63
Do chimp males use meat to barter with females? If so what are they bartering for
for mating opportunities
64
Is hunting activity the same year round?
feb and sep highest
65
What are hunting binges and their characteristics?What drives hunting binges?
periods of intense, coordinated hunting activity; competition
66
Do humans and chimps respond to fatty foods the same, in terms of cholesterol levels?
Humans: 18 mg/kcal/kil/day
Chimps: 4 mg/kcal/kil/day
67
What is the difference in prey size for humans and chimps?
humans eat big animals, chimps eats small
68
Are chimps planned or opportunistic hunters? What about humans?
chimps opportunistic; humans planned
69
Are chimps bipedal or quadrupedal? What about humans?
chimps are quadrupedal; humans are bipedal
70
Do chimps use weapons when hunting? What about humans?
chimps don't, humans do
71
Do chimps cooperate when hunting? What about humans?
Chimps don't, human do
72
List the six main conservation problems of great apes mentioned in lecture
1. habitat loss
2. conflict materials
3. bushmeat disease transmission
4. political instability and poverty
5. snares (traps)
73
Why is habitat loss occurring?
firewood needed for people as fuel, eg. Uganda national park
74
What are conflict minerals?
List the example discussed in lecture
Explain how the conflict mineral discussed in lecture affects great apes
- columbite
- came from countries and private warlords that mine and sell the materials to fund their supplies
75
What is bushmeat?
Why is bushmeat not sustainable anymore?
- hunting wild animals for food
- not sustainable cause the animals and endangered
76
Why would disease transmission be an issue between great apes and humans?
List a disease with a high mortality rate mentioned in lecture
- no cure = death
- Ebola
77
What happened during the 1994 Rwandan genocide?
How did the genocide affect great apes?
habitat destruction and disrupted conservation efforts
78
What is the purpose of a snare?
How were snares traditionally made?
How are snares commonly made now and how does this affect great apes?
capture wildlife for food, utilize synthetic materials that are more durable and effective, resulting in injuries
79
What percentage of chimps in Budongo are amputees due to snares?
40%
80
What is ecotourism?
What species of great ape did ecotourism benefit?
a responsible travel aproach that promotes conservation, sustainability and community well-being; benefited gorillas, chimps, orangutans
81
What is capacity building?
enhancing skills and resources of organizations and communities in conservation
82
What are two needs that must be explore further in conservation solutions of great apes?
1. better information on remaining populations
2. detailed field studies that train local people and scientists
83
Where is the Bwindi Impenetrable Great Ape Project (BIGAPE)?
What is special about this region?
Bwindi Impenetable forest is home to at least 11 non-human primate species, including chimps and gorilla
84
What are four commonly cited chimpanzee-gorilla differences?
chimps eat fruit mainly, gorillas eat leaves mainly;
chimps highly arboreal, gorillas terrestrial;
chimps highly mobile, gorillas sedentary;
chimps live in multi-male communities;
gorillas in one male harems
85
Why study sympatric apes?
- The presence of ecological competitors is a key aspect of natural selection that has molded anatomy and behavior
- Whatever ecological factors molded African ape societies probably also influenced those of direct human ancestors
86
Do gorillas strictly live in a harem reproductive structure?
While many gorilla groups exhibit a harem reproductive structure with a dominant male and several females, gorillas also display a range of social structures, including bachelor groups and mixed groups.
87
Do gorillas only eat on the ground or are they partially arboreal?
primarily ground-dwelling animals that feed mainly on the ground
88
Day range
Distance traveled by a primate group in one day
89
Home range
area used over a year, or many years, by primate group
90
Core area
Most intensively used portion of the home range
91
Territory
area of home range that is defended against other members of same species
92
Compare and contrast gorillas and chimps in the above definitions.
Gorillas: Day range = 800m; Home Range = approx 24 sq km
Chimpanzees: Day range =? (much longer than gorillas); Home range = at least 18 sq km
93
% nest on trees
chimps: >90% (smaller nests with branches and leaves)
gorillas: >25% (large nests, rough will think branches)
94
Explain the difference between chimpanzees and gorillas' desire for fruit foraging? Do both species seek alternatives when fruit is out of season?
- chimps eat more fruit than gorillas
- when fruit is scarce, gorilla find leaves, chimps continue to find fruits
95
Do chimps and gorillas eat the same amount of fruit?
Chimpanzees eat a significantly higher proportion of fruit compared to gorillas, often making fruit the central part of their diet when available.
96
List differences/similarities of chimp and gorilla diets
- chimps: omnivores with strong preference for fruit
- gorillas: herbivores relying on fibrous plants like leaves and stems
97
Write a summary/list bullet points of chimps and gorillas ecological differences
- omnivores vs herbivores
- fruit based diet vs leaves based diet
- nest on trees vs ground
- longer day & home range vs shorter
- multi-male community vs one male harem
98
Osteology
study of skeleton
99
What is the purpose of studying osteology in the context of comparing humans and primates?
- study relationship between genetics, human growth and stature, and geographic variation in human anatomy
100
Primate Taxonomy
1. Order: Primates
2. Suborder: Strepsirhines & Haplorhines
3. Infraorder (under haplorhines) - tarsioidea & anthropoidea
4. parvorder (under anthropoidea) - platyrrhines & catarrhines
5. Super family
- under platyrrhines -> ceboidea (NWM)
- undeer catarrhines -> cercopithecoidea & hominoidea
101
Ancestral trait
characteristic present in a common ancestor & retained by multiple descendant species eg. pentadactyl limbs in mammals
102
derived trait
characteristic that evolved more recently in a specific lineage and is not present in the common ancestor of all species in a group eg. bipedalism in humans vs quadrapedalism in chimps
103
Three ancestral primate traits
1. generalized skeleton
2. Incisor, canine, premolars, molars
3. Clavicle
104
Six derived primate traits
1.grasping hands and feet
2. opposable thumb
3. enhanced vision
4. larger brain size
5. postorbital orbital bar or closure
6. nails instead of claws
7. Prognathism
105
Prognathism
forward projection of jaw or face
106
Diastema
a gap between teeth
107
CP3 honing complex
tooth arrangement where large upper canine is sharpened against lower third premolar
108
Toothcomb
strepsirrhines have, haplorrhines dont
-
used for grooming and feeding
109
post-orbital bar and closure difference
strepsirrhines: bar
haplorrhines: closure
110
postorbital constriction
narrowing of the skull behind the orbits
- derived trait for humans to increase size of brain
111
Difference between a nuchal and sagittal crest
Nuchal: back of skull, for neck muscle support and stabilize the head
Sagittal: top of the skull for jaw muscle attachment, support chewing and biting
112
hallux
big toe
- hallux aligned and robust in humans
- opposable, longer for primates
113
prehensile tail
grasp or hold on branches
114
Difference between bilophodont and Y5 molars
Bilophodont: two lophs in OWM; for plants
Y5 molar: Y pattern & 5 cusps in humans; for omnivores
115
difference between monocular and binocular vision
monovacular:
- wide view but limited depth; prey to detect predators
- short view but deep depth; for predators to hunt
116
Heterodont and Homodont dentition
Heterodont: different tooth types
Homodont: same tooth types eg. dolphine
117
stereoscopic vision
ability to perceive depth and 3D with 2 eyes, caused by binocular vision
118
Why might binocular vision/depth perception be so vital to Haplorrhines? Think of locomotion and survival
for locomotion in complex environment, effective foraging, predator detection and hunting
119
What are the five genera
- Pongo
- gorilla
- pan
- homo
- siamangs
120
dental apes
group of animals that exhibit ape like dentition but had monkey like postcranial skeletons
- eg. proconsul & Aegytopithecus
121
four skull properties of Gigantopithecus (2 million to 300,000 years ago)
- larger size
- pronounced prognathism
- specialized dental morpholoy
- massive mandible
122
locomotion
act of moving from place to place
123
Foramen magnum
hole at the base of skull, if posterior = quadradepal, if anterior = bipedal
124
Nuchal crest
crest at nape of skull to provide muscle attachment for upper limbs
125
Sagittal crest
along top of skull, muscle attachment for jaw and chewing
126
Mastoid process
projection behind ear on temporal bones
127
calcaneus
heel bones
128
Bicondylar angle
angle of femur from pelvis to knees (bipeds are inwards)
129
Pelvis
Paddle: iliac blades and pelvis are long and narrow (chimps)
Saddle: iliac blades and pelvis are shortened and widened (humans)
130
Sacrum
fuse part of hip bones and spine
131
Bipedalism
walk with two legs, straight up and down, more stress on spine
132
Quadrupedalism
walk with four limbs, center of gravity dispersed over fore and hind limbs, less stress
133
In what features is Proconsul similar ONLY to the monkey fossil (Aegyptopithecus)?
braincase size
134
In what features is Proconsul similar to the hominoid (Gorilla)?
- Y-5 molar
- shape of dental arcade (U shape)
135
What features relate to locomotion
- position of foramen magnum
- nuchal muscle origin
- mastoid process
136
Compare the chimp and modern human crania (skulls)
Chimps: elongated and narrower
Modern Human: rounded and globular
137
What do the vertebral columns of the species above indicate in terms of center of gravity during locomotion and at rest and stress on these bones? Is there a difference in the size and shape of the individual vertebrae as you go from the base of the skull down to the pelvis?
Bipeds: S-shaped as bipeds bear weight on lower back
Quadrapeds: C-shaped for even weight distribution
138
How does a chimpanzee use its hands and feet in comparison to a human?
Chimps: use to climb trees, so longer and curbed phalanges on both hands and feet; use knuckle walking
Humans: feet supports a lot of weight, need an arc. so shorter phalanges, aligned big toe for walking
139
