midterm 3 Flashcards
genome
all genetic material in a cell
- non reproductive cells have the same kind
- multiple chromosomes within
chromosome
continuous strand of double-stranded DNA, plus associated proteins.
- contains many genes, each at their own locus
gene
segment of DNA, usually coding for a protein
PCR
allows stretched of DNA to be copied/ amplified thousands to billions of times in a short amount of time
Gel electrophoresis
allows researchers to sort molecules (DNA) based on size
CRISPR/ cas 9 benefits
cheaper, easier, faster, more precise than previous methods; is revolutionizing gene editing
interphase
where the cells spends a majority of its time to grow and duplicate its chromosomes (DNA replication occurs here)
mtiosis
results in two identical cells that are also identical to their parent cell in the amount and sequence of DNA
- very tightly controlled. by checkpoints that make sure their are no mistakes
cancer
-these cells have uncontrolled cell division and have lost control of cellular differentiation
- no cure because it is difficult to target without harming other body cells
proto-oncogenes
promote cell division and growth but can mutate into oncogenes which doesn’t stop stimulating cell division/growth
tumor suppressor genes
normally inhibit cell growth/ differentiation; can be an issue if permanently “shut off” by mutations or epigenetics
mutator genes
involved in DNA repair but loss of function causes cells to be increasingly prone to more mutations
aneuploid
atypical number of chromosomes in the species by having an extra or missing chromosome
meiosis
1: splits the homologous pairs of chromosomes
2: splits the sister chromatids made during interphase
nondisjunction
causes an extra or missing copy of a chromosome during cell division
- bigger problem if is a bigger chromosome
- bigger problem in autosomal chromosome compared to sex chromosome
