midterm 2

Question 1

diffusion

Answer 1

movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration

Question 2

facilitated diffusion

Answer 2

allows the passage of molecules/ ions with their concentration gradient
- doesn’t require energy

Question 3

active transport

Answer 3

transports ions and molecules against their concentration gradient
- requires energy

Question 4

eukaryotes

Answer 4

• have membrane bound organelles
• have nucleus

Question 5

prokaryotes

Answer 5

• no membrane bound organelles
• have ribosomes, DNA, plasma membrane
• no nucleus, mitochondria, endomembrane system
• archaea (extreme environments) and bacteria

Question 6

plasma membrane

Answer 6

surrounds the cell and controls what goes in and out of the cell

Question 7

ribosome

Answer 7

makes proteins when mRNA is translated

Question 8

mitochondria

Answer 8

where cellular respiration occurs in the cell

Question 9

chloroplasts

Answer 9

site of photosynthesis

Question 10

cytoskeleton

Answer 10

has an extensive system of fibers, provides cell shape but is also dynamic, forms a layer outside of the cell membrane
- known as the extracellular matrix in animals

Question 11

viruses

Answer 11

tiny, infectious agents that hijack the host cells’ metabolic machinery
- unable to do anything without a host cell

Question 12

retroviruses

Answer 12

insert their genetic material into the host’s DNA by using reverse transcriptase to produce DNA from RNA

Question 13

bacteria

Answer 13

• can live without a host cell
• reproduce asexually
• introduce new DNA into their genome by exchanging plasmids, picking up DNA from the environment, and transfer DNA through viruses

Question 14

bacteria inhibited by

Answer 14

antibiotics, bacteriophage

Question 15

potential energy

Answer 15

found in chemical bonds of carbohydrates and lipids, energy storage
- can be increased by the addition of phosphate groups or electrons

Question 16

enzyme

Answer 16

catalyze reactions by lowering their activation energy
- rate of rxn goes up with temperature until a certain point, then denatures
- optimal pH

Question 17

cell signaling

Answer 17

used to
- regulate protein synthesis which alters gene expression
- activates proteins already present in cell

Question 18

signal transduction

Answer 18

used to change the form of a signal
- allows for the amplification of signals by adding phosphate groups
- proteins are activated/inactivated by protein kinases

Question 19

cellular respiration

Answer 19

allows organisms to convert energy stored inn molecules with high portential energy to energy stored in the bonds of ATP
- as a byproduct, oxygen is consumed while carbon dioxide and water is produced.

Question 20

fermentation

Answer 20

can occur without oxygen or the electron transport chain, it is extremely inefficient in comparison to aerobic respiration

Question 21

catabolic pathways

Answer 21

sets of reactions that break down molecules

Question 22

anabolic pathways

Answer 22

sets of reactions that build molecules