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Midterm 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Enzyme that helps get fat into cells?

A

LPL - lipoprotein lipase

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2
Q

What brings fats into enterocytes?

A

micelle

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3
Q

What brings fats from enterocyte to other parts of the body?

A

Chilomicron

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4
Q

What are the three main hormones regulating lipolysis and lipogenesis?

A
  • Glucagon
    • Epinephrine
    • Insulin
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5
Q

What is the precursor for lipogenesis / the product of lipolysis?

A

Acetyl CoA, plugged right into the Krebs cycle

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6
Q

What hormone turns on lipogenesis?

A

insulin

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7
Q

What hormone turns on lipolysis?

A

epinephrine

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8
Q

What are the three main enzymes are involved in lipolysis or lipogenesis or movement of fatty acids?

A
  • Acetyl CoA carboxylase
    • Hormone-sensitive lipase
    • Lipoprotein lipase
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9
Q

What happens to excess CHOs, etc.?

A
  • Converted to acetyl coA, then stored as fat
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10
Q

What are the different classes of lipids?

A
  • Phospholipids
    • Fatty acids
    • Glycerides
    • Oils
      Progesterone, testosterone
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11
Q

What are the macro-minerals?

A
  • Calcium*
    • Phosphorus*
    • Magnesium*
    • Chloride
    • Potassium
    • Sulfur
    • Presented as % of diet
  • the big three
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12
Q

What are the microminerals?

A
  • Presented as ppm
    • Copper
    • Iron
    • Zinc
    • Manganese
    • Cobalt
    • Boron
    • Chromium
    • Fluoride
    • Molybdenum
    • Selenium
    • Silicon
      Others
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13
Q

What are the general functions of minerals?

A
  • Tooth and bone development
    • Muscle contraction
    • Cellular functions
      Enzyme activators
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14
Q

How do calcium, phosphorous and magnesium interact?

A

Phosphorous plays a similar role as calcium, too much phosphorous will inhibit calcium absorption

Too little magnesium is correlated with calcium deficiency

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15
Q

Function of calcium

A

bone and teeth formation, blood clotting

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16
Q

Function of phosphorous

A

bone and teeth formation, component of ATP

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17
Q

Function of Magnesium

A

oxidative phosphorylation, activates ATP enzymes

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18
Q

Function of electrolytes (sodium, potassium and chloride)

A

maintain acid-base balance, required for cellular pumps. otassium absorption linked to Mg

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19
Q

Function of sulfur

A

associated with amino acids and vitamins, cartilage formation

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20
Q

Function of cobalt

A

component of B12, found in liver, kidney, adrenal glands, and bone

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21
Q

Function of iodine

A

component of thyroid hormones, regulates basal metabolic rate

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22
Q

Function of zinc

A

component of metaloenzymes, DNA and RNA configuration, insuline to CHO metabolism

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23
Q

Iron

A

mainly found in hemoglobin, stored in spleen and liver

24
Q

Copper

A

role in RBC formation, iron metabolism, elastin and collagen formation

25
Manganese
Essential for cartilage and bone formation, enzymes,
26
Selinium
associated with vit. E, protects against oxidative damage (reduces free radicals)
27
Name 5 water soluble vitamins
Thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Pontothenic acid (B5), Pyridoxine (B6), Biotin (B7)
28
Name 5 water soluble vitamins
Thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Pontothenic acid (B5), Pyridoxine (B6), Biotin (B7), Folic Acid (B9), Cyanobalamin (B12), Abscorbic acid (C), Choline
29
Name 5 fat-soluble vitamins
A,D,E,K
30
What mineral is B12 associated with?
cobalt
31
Function of Niacin?
NAD+ and NADP precursor
32
Why a metallic taste/smell with blood?
Cu
33
General function of vitamins?
aid in the proliferation and differentiation of cells
34
Function of vit. A
night vision, proliferation and differentiation, B-carotene is the source
35
Function of vt. D
converted to active from by UV light, affects calcium absorption, resorption
36
Function of vit E
antioxidants - reduce free radicals, skin health
37
Function of vit K
blood clotting, synthesized by GI bacteria
38
Function of Thiamine
nerual tissue sodium gate control
39
Riboflavin
precursor for FAD+ and FMN - cofactors for aerobic processes
40
Pantothenic acid
component of coenzyme A
41
Pyridoxine
transaminase, decarboxylation, glycogen phosphorylation
42
Biotin
component of several enzyme reactions
43
Folic acid
synthesis of purines, pyrimidines, glycine, serine and creatine, cleft palate
44
cyanocobalamin
component of several enzyme reactions, cellular metabolism, DNA synthesis
45
Ascorbic acid / vit C
strong reducing agent, synthesized from glucose
46
Choline
precursor to acetylcholine, important for nerve impulses, cell membrane formation
47
What are the 4 stomach enzymes?
CCK, secretin, gastric inhibitory protein, gastrin
48
Energy source for enterocytes in monogastrics? In foregut fermenters?
glucose, butyrate
49
Animals with simple monogastric digestive systems
Pigs (plant omnivore), dogs (animal omnivore), cats (carnivore)
50
Name three monogastric carnivores
felines, mink, otters
51
What two essential amino acids are especially important to cats and why?
arginine - because of arginine's role in the urea cycle and cats eat a lot of protein taurine - because without it they cannot convert linoleic acid to arachidonic acid
52
What is the cycle that deals with the ammonia produced by felines
Urea cycle
53
Where does gluconeogenesis occur and why is it important for felines?
In the liver, because felines do not consume glucose but require it
54
Why do felines require a higher protein content in their diet than canines?
because they are obligate carnivores. They cannot regulate amino acid catabolism
55
What vitamins are important to felines?
- Niacin, becayse they cannot convert tryptophan to niacin like other animals - preformed vitamin A, because they cannot convert B-carotene into vitamin A

Animal nutrition (4 decks)

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