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Animal nutrition > Midterm 3 > Flashcards

Midterm 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Enzyme that helps get fat into cells?

A

LPL - lipoprotein lipase

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2
Q

What brings fats into enterocytes?

A

micelle

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3
Q

What brings fats from enterocyte to other parts of the body?

A

Chilomicron

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4
Q

What are the three main hormones regulating lipolysis and lipogenesis?

A
  • Glucagon
    • Epinephrine
    • Insulin
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5
Q

What is the precursor for lipogenesis / the product of lipolysis?

A

Acetyl CoA, plugged right into the Krebs cycle

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6
Q

What hormone turns on lipogenesis?

A

insulin

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7
Q

What hormone turns on lipolysis?

A

epinephrine

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8
Q

What are the three main enzymes are involved in lipolysis or lipogenesis or movement of fatty acids?

A
  • Acetyl CoA carboxylase
    • Hormone-sensitive lipase
    • Lipoprotein lipase
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9
Q

What happens to excess CHOs, etc.?

A
  • Converted to acetyl coA, then stored as fat
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10
Q

What are the different classes of lipids?

A
  • Phospholipids
    • Fatty acids
    • Glycerides
    • Oils
      Progesterone, testosterone
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11
Q

What are the macro-minerals?

A
  • Calcium*
    • Phosphorus*
    • Magnesium*
    • Chloride
    • Potassium
    • Sulfur
    • Presented as % of diet
  • the big three
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12
Q

What are the microminerals?

A
  • Presented as ppm
    • Copper
    • Iron
    • Zinc
    • Manganese
    • Cobalt
    • Boron
    • Chromium
    • Fluoride
    • Molybdenum
    • Selenium
    • Silicon
      Others
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13
Q

What are the general functions of minerals?

A
  • Tooth and bone development
    • Muscle contraction
    • Cellular functions
      Enzyme activators
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14
Q

How do calcium, phosphorous and magnesium interact?

A

Phosphorous plays a similar role as calcium, too much phosphorous will inhibit calcium absorption

Too little magnesium is correlated with calcium deficiency

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15
Q

Function of calcium

A

bone and teeth formation, blood clotting

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16
Q

Function of phosphorous

A

bone and teeth formation, component of ATP

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17
Q

Function of Magnesium

A

oxidative phosphorylation, activates ATP enzymes

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18
Q

Function of electrolytes (sodium, potassium and chloride)

A

maintain acid-base balance, required for cellular pumps. otassium absorption linked to Mg

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19
Q

Function of sulfur

A

associated with amino acids and vitamins, cartilage formation

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20
Q

Function of cobalt

A

component of B12, found in liver, kidney, adrenal glands, and bone

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21
Q

Function of iodine

A

component of thyroid hormones, regulates basal metabolic rate

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22
Q

Function of zinc

A

component of metaloenzymes, DNA and RNA configuration, insuline to CHO metabolism

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23
Q

Iron

A

mainly found in hemoglobin, stored in spleen and liver

24
Q

Copper

A

role in RBC formation, iron metabolism, elastin and collagen formation

25
Q

Manganese

A

Essential for cartilage and bone formation, enzymes,

26
Q

Selinium

A

associated with vit. E, protects against oxidative damage (reduces free radicals)

27
Q

Name 5 water soluble vitamins

A

Thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Pontothenic acid (B5), Pyridoxine (B6), Biotin (B7)

28
Q

Name 5 water soluble vitamins

A

Thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Pontothenic acid (B5), Pyridoxine (B6), Biotin (B7), Folic Acid (B9), Cyanobalamin (B12), Abscorbic acid (C), Choline

29
Q

Name 5 fat-soluble vitamins

A

A,D,E,K

30
Q

What mineral is B12 associated with?

A

cobalt

31
Q

Function of Niacin?

A

NAD+ and NADP precursor

32
Q

Why a metallic taste/smell with blood?

A

Cu

33
Q

General function of vitamins?

A

aid in the proliferation and differentiation of cells

34
Q

Function of vit. A

A

night vision, proliferation and differentiation, B-carotene is the source

35
Q

Function of vt. D

A

converted to active from by UV light, affects calcium absorption, resorption

36
Q

Function of vit E

A

antioxidants - reduce free radicals, skin health

37
Q

Function of vit K

A

blood clotting, synthesized by GI bacteria

38
Q

Function of Thiamine

A

nerual tissue sodium gate control

39
Q

Riboflavin

A

precursor for FAD+ and FMN - cofactors for aerobic processes

40
Q

Pantothenic acid

A

component of coenzyme A

41
Q

Pyridoxine

A

transaminase, decarboxylation, glycogen phosphorylation

42
Q

Biotin

A

component of several enzyme reactions

43
Q

Folic acid

A

synthesis of purines, pyrimidines, glycine, serine and creatine, cleft palate

44
Q

cyanocobalamin

A

component of several enzyme reactions, cellular metabolism, DNA synthesis

45
Q

Ascorbic acid / vit C

A

strong reducing agent, synthesized from glucose

46
Q

Choline

A

precursor to acetylcholine, important for nerve impulses, cell membrane formation

47
Q

What are the 4 stomach enzymes?

A

CCK, secretin, gastric inhibitory protein, gastrin

48
Q

Energy source for enterocytes in monogastrics? In foregut fermenters?

A

glucose, butyrate

49
Q

Animals with simple monogastric digestive systems

A

Pigs (plant omnivore), dogs (animal omnivore), cats (carnivore)

50
Q

Name three monogastric carnivores

A

felines, mink, otters

51
Q

What two essential amino acids are especially important to cats and why?

A

arginine - because of arginine’s role in the urea cycle and cats eat a lot of protein
taurine - because without it they cannot convert linoleic acid to arachidonic acid

52
Q

What is the cycle that deals with the ammonia produced by felines

A

Urea cycle

53
Q

Where does gluconeogenesis occur and why is it important for felines?

A

In the liver, because felines do not consume glucose but require it

54
Q

Why do felines require a higher protein content in their diet than canines?

A

because they are obligate carnivores. They cannot regulate amino acid catabolism

55
Q

What vitamins are important to felines?

A
  • Niacin, becayse they cannot convert tryptophan to niacin like other animals
  • preformed vitamin A, because they cannot convert B-carotene into vitamin A

Animal nutrition (4 decks)

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