Midterm 3 Flashcards
Enzyme that helps get fat into cells?
LPL - lipoprotein lipase
What brings fats into enterocytes?
micelle
What brings fats from enterocyte to other parts of the body?
Chilomicron
What are the three main hormones regulating lipolysis and lipogenesis?
- Glucagon
- Epinephrine
- Insulin
What is the precursor for lipogenesis / the product of lipolysis?
Acetyl CoA, plugged right into the Krebs cycle
What hormone turns on lipogenesis?
insulin
What hormone turns on lipolysis?
epinephrine
What are the three main enzymes are involved in lipolysis or lipogenesis or movement of fatty acids?
- Acetyl CoA carboxylase
- Hormone-sensitive lipase
- Lipoprotein lipase
What happens to excess CHOs, etc.?
- Converted to acetyl coA, then stored as fat
What are the different classes of lipids?
- Phospholipids
- Fatty acids
- Glycerides
- Oils
Progesterone, testosterone
What are the macro-minerals?
- Calcium*
- Phosphorus*
- Magnesium*
- Chloride
- Potassium
- Sulfur
- Presented as % of diet
- the big three
What are the microminerals?
- Presented as ppm
- Copper
- Iron
- Zinc
- Manganese
- Cobalt
- Boron
- Chromium
- Fluoride
- Molybdenum
- Selenium
- Silicon
Others
What are the general functions of minerals?
- Tooth and bone development
- Muscle contraction
- Cellular functions
Enzyme activators
How do calcium, phosphorous and magnesium interact?
Phosphorous plays a similar role as calcium, too much phosphorous will inhibit calcium absorption
Too little magnesium is correlated with calcium deficiency
Function of calcium
bone and teeth formation, blood clotting
Function of phosphorous
bone and teeth formation, component of ATP
Function of Magnesium
oxidative phosphorylation, activates ATP enzymes
Function of electrolytes (sodium, potassium and chloride)
maintain acid-base balance, required for cellular pumps. otassium absorption linked to Mg
Function of sulfur
associated with amino acids and vitamins, cartilage formation
Function of cobalt
component of B12, found in liver, kidney, adrenal glands, and bone
Function of iodine
component of thyroid hormones, regulates basal metabolic rate
Function of zinc
component of metaloenzymes, DNA and RNA configuration, insuline to CHO metabolism
Iron
mainly found in hemoglobin, stored in spleen and liver
Copper
role in RBC formation, iron metabolism, elastin and collagen formation
Manganese
Essential for cartilage and bone formation, enzymes,
Selinium
associated with vit. E, protects against oxidative damage (reduces free radicals)
Name 5 water soluble vitamins
Thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Pontothenic acid (B5), Pyridoxine (B6), Biotin (B7)
Name 5 water soluble vitamins
Thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Pontothenic acid (B5), Pyridoxine (B6), Biotin (B7), Folic Acid (B9), Cyanobalamin (B12), Abscorbic acid (C), Choline
Name 5 fat-soluble vitamins
A,D,E,K
What mineral is B12 associated with?
cobalt
Function of Niacin?
NAD+ and NADP precursor
Why a metallic taste/smell with blood?
Cu
General function of vitamins?
aid in the proliferation and differentiation of cells
Function of vit. A
night vision, proliferation and differentiation, B-carotene is the source
Function of vt. D
converted to active from by UV light, affects calcium absorption, resorption
Function of vit E
antioxidants - reduce free radicals, skin health
Function of vit K
blood clotting, synthesized by GI bacteria
Function of Thiamine
nerual tissue sodium gate control
Riboflavin
precursor for FAD+ and FMN - cofactors for aerobic processes
Pantothenic acid
component of coenzyme A
Pyridoxine
transaminase, decarboxylation, glycogen phosphorylation
Biotin
component of several enzyme reactions
Folic acid
synthesis of purines, pyrimidines, glycine, serine and creatine, cleft palate
cyanocobalamin
component of several enzyme reactions, cellular metabolism, DNA synthesis
Ascorbic acid / vit C
strong reducing agent, synthesized from glucose
Choline
precursor to acetylcholine, important for nerve impulses, cell membrane formation
What are the 4 stomach enzymes?
CCK, secretin, gastric inhibitory protein, gastrin
Energy source for enterocytes in monogastrics? In foregut fermenters?
glucose, butyrate
Animals with simple monogastric digestive systems
Pigs (plant omnivore), dogs (animal omnivore), cats (carnivore)
Name three monogastric carnivores
felines, mink, otters
What two essential amino acids are especially important to cats and why?
arginine - because of arginine’s role in the urea cycle and cats eat a lot of protein
taurine - because without it they cannot convert linoleic acid to arachidonic acid
What is the cycle that deals with the ammonia produced by felines
Urea cycle
Where does gluconeogenesis occur and why is it important for felines?
In the liver, because felines do not consume glucose but require it
Why do felines require a higher protein content in their diet than canines?
because they are obligate carnivores. They cannot regulate amino acid catabolism
What vitamins are important to felines?
- Niacin, becayse they cannot convert tryptophan to niacin like other animals
- preformed vitamin A, because they cannot convert B-carotene into vitamin A
