Midterm 1

Question 1

What are the molecules that begin and end the glycolitic pathway?

Answer 1

Glucose (begin) and pyruvate (end)

Question 2

Which intermediate begins the Krebs cycle?

Answer 2

Acetyl CoA

Question 3

What is produced by the Krebs cycle?

Answer 3

NADH, FADH2

Question 4

Where is the majority of ATP produced?

Answer 4

The electron transport chain

Question 5

What’s the reverse of the glycolytic pathway called in animals?

Answer 5

gluconeogenesis

Question 6

What’s the difference between glycogen and starch?

Answer 6

glycogen is found in animals, starch is found in plants

Question 7

What are the main constituents of the headgut?

Answer 7

mouth, tongue, teeth

Question 8

What are the main constituents of the foregut?

Answer 8

esophagus, stomach

Question 9

What are the names of the different stomach sections in ruminants?

Answer 9

reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum

Question 10

What kind of stomachs do pseudoruminants have?

Answer 10

complex or saco-tubiform

Question 11

What are the main constituents of the midgut?

Answer 11

small inestine (Duodenum, jejunum, Ileum) gall bladder, pancreas

Question 12

What are the main constituents of the hindgut?

Answer 12

large intestine (cecum, colon)

Question 13

Describe the structure of plant fractions

Answer 13

• proteins
• CHOs
• CHOs include NSC (sugars and starches) and structural carbohydrates (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin)

Question 14

Describe the classes of digestibility fractions A-C

Answer 14

A - quickly digested by autoenzymes (NSC and some pectin)
B1 - readily digested by alloenzymes (pectin, hemicellulose, little cellulose)
B2 - slowly digested by alloenzymes (hemicellulose, cellulose)
B3 - hardly digested by alloenzymes (cellulose)
C - undigestible (cellulose and lignin)

Question 15

Which enzyme digests cellulose?

Answer 15

cellulolase

Question 16

Which enzyme digests starch?

Answer 16

amylase

Question 17

which enzyme digests protein

Answer 17

proteiase

Question 18

which enzymes digest lipids?

Answer 18

lipase

Question 19

Which transporters assist absorption into and out of the enterocyte?

Answer 19

In - SGLT (active)

out - GLUT 2 (passive)

Question 20

what type of bond forms between glucose and starch?

Answer 20

alpha

Question 21

what type of bond forms between glucose and cellulose?

Answer 21

beta

Question 22

What are the soluble fiber?

Answer 22

starch, sugar, pectin

Question 23

which are the neutral detergent fibers?

Answer 23

hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin

Question 24

Which are the acid detergent fibers?

Answer 24

cellulose, lignin

Question 25

Describe primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins

Answer 25

primary - sequence of amino acids secondary - orientation of chain in space forming alpha helix, beta pleated sheet, etc. tertiary - hydrogen bond interactions between amino acid groups forming holding overall structure in place quarternary - multiple proteins together

Question 26

What are the purposes of amino acids

Answer 26

- building blocks of tissue - basis of phenotypic expression - shuttle N through the body

Question 27

What forage is most nutrient dense, young, mature, or leached?

Answer 27

young

Question 28

What are some of the functions of proteins?

Answer 28

- Most required during third trimester of gestation - required in immune system response - formation of enzymes - hormones - blood clotitng

Question 29

What are symptoms of protein deficiency?

Answer 29

- lack of growth - loss of muscle mass - reduced immunity

Question 30

What are the protein levels of animal and plant tissues, respectively?

Answer 30

Animal tissue is about 20% protein, plant tissue varies

Question 31

what is more digestible, animal tissue or plant tissue?

Answer 31

animal tissue. It does not require alloenzymes to digest

Question 32

What percentage of plant and animal tissue is digestible, respectivley?

Answer 32

65% and 85-90%

Question 33

What are the names of the 10 essential amino acids?

Answer 33

Phenylalanine Valine Threonine Tryptophan Isoleucine Methionine Histidine Arginine Leucine Lysine

Question 34

What structural group makes each amino acid uniqe?

Answer 34

the side chain or R-group

Question 35

What are the three main amino acid pools?

Answer 35

blood, tissue, intestinal

Question 36

Name 5 proteiases

Answer 36

Pepsin Trypsin Chymotrypsin Carboxypeptidase A/B

Question 37

What affects the absorption of an amino acid?

Answer 37

- pH - sodium - concentration gradients

Question 38

True or false: all proteins are broken down by the same enzyme

Answer 38

False

Question 39

What 3 carbon molecules do you need to know for the exam?

Answer 39

glucose (6C) acetyl-CoA (2C) Pyruvate (3C)

Question 40

What are the different plant secondary compounds?

Answer 40

``` alkaloids terpenes saponins flavenoids lignin ```

Question 41

Give some examples of alkaloids, terpenes

Answer 41

terpenes - THC | Alkaloids - caffeine, morphine, ephedrine

Question 42

How are tannins detoxified?

Answer 42

by the tannin binding protein found in the saliva of some organisms

Question 43

What are some of the effects of tannins

Answer 43

They bind with amino acids, making digestion efficiency lower by rendering proteins indigestible

Question 44

Be able to recognize a glucose molecule

Answer 44

roger that

Question 45

Know about the spiny mouse and how it avoids the mustard oil bomb

Answer 45

it eats the pulp and spits the seeds, or visa versa. This allows it to avoid the bomb becuase the reactive chemical compounds are isolated from each other, one in the seed, the other in the fruit.

Question 46

wHAT DICTATES HOW MUCH WATER AN ANIMAL REQUIRES?

Answer 46

- Water content of food - climate - production (gestation / lactation)

Question 47

How are nutrients passed across a cell membrane?

Answer 47

active or passive transport

Question 48

How do energy and nutrients behave in an ecosystem?

Answer 48

energy flows, nutrients cycle

Question 49

Rank the components in order of digestibility: hemicellulose, cellulose, starch, sugar, lignin

Answer 49

sugar, starch, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin

Question 50

What happens to the cellulose bonded to lignin>

Answer 50

it is not digested

Question 51

What is the #1 output of photosynthesis?

Answer 51

glucose

Question 52

What is the main sugar found in plants?

Answer 52

glucose

Question 53

What makes water so special?

Answer 53

because it is a polar molecule, with H-bonds constantly being formed and reformed

Question 54

What are some of the roles of water in our bodies?

Answer 54

- universal solvent - medium for transport - takes part in chemical reactions - assists in heat dissipation