Midterm 1 Flashcards
What are the molecules that begin and end the glycolitic pathway?
Glucose (begin) and pyruvate (end)
Which intermediate begins the Krebs cycle?
Acetyl CoA
What is produced by the Krebs cycle?
NADH, FADH2
Where is the majority of ATP produced?
The electron transport chain
What’s the reverse of the glycolytic pathway called in animals?
gluconeogenesis
What’s the difference between glycogen and starch?
glycogen is found in animals, starch is found in plants
What are the main constituents of the headgut?
mouth, tongue, teeth
What are the main constituents of the foregut?
esophagus, stomach
What are the names of the different stomach sections in ruminants?
reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum
What kind of stomachs do pseudoruminants have?
complex or saco-tubiform
What are the main constituents of the midgut?
small inestine (Duodenum, jejunum, Ileum) gall bladder, pancreas
What are the main constituents of the hindgut?
large intestine (cecum, colon)
Describe the structure of plant fractions
- proteins
- CHOs
- CHOs include NSC (sugars and starches) and structural carbohydrates (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin)
Describe the classes of digestibility fractions A-C
A - quickly digested by autoenzymes (NSC and some pectin)
B1 - readily digested by alloenzymes (pectin, hemicellulose, little cellulose)
B2 - slowly digested by alloenzymes (hemicellulose, cellulose)
B3 - hardly digested by alloenzymes (cellulose)
C - undigestible (cellulose and lignin)
Which enzyme digests cellulose?
cellulolase
Which enzyme digests starch?
amylase
which enzyme digests protein
proteiase
which enzymes digest lipids?
lipase
Which transporters assist absorption into and out of the enterocyte?
In - SGLT (active)
out - GLUT 2 (passive)
what type of bond forms between glucose and starch?
alpha
what type of bond forms between glucose and cellulose?
beta
What are the soluble fiber?
starch, sugar, pectin
which are the neutral detergent fibers?
hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin
Which are the acid detergent fibers?
cellulose, lignin
Describe primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins
primary - sequence of amino acids
secondary - orientation of chain in space forming alpha helix, beta pleated sheet, etc.
tertiary - hydrogen bond interactions between amino acid groups forming holding overall structure in place
quarternary - multiple proteins together
What are the purposes of amino acids
- building blocks of tissue
- basis of phenotypic expression
- shuttle N through the body
What forage is most nutrient dense, young, mature, or leached?
young
What are some of the functions of proteins?
- Most required during third trimester of gestation
- required in immune system response
- formation of enzymes
- hormones
- blood clotitng
What are symptoms of protein deficiency?
- lack of growth
- loss of muscle mass
- reduced immunity
What are the protein levels of animal and plant tissues, respectively?
Animal tissue is about 20% protein, plant tissue varies
what is more digestible, animal tissue or plant tissue?
animal tissue. It does not require alloenzymes to digest
What percentage of plant and animal tissue is digestible, respectivley?
65% and 85-90%
What are the names of the 10 essential amino acids?
Phenylalanine
Valine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine
Arginine
Leucine
Lysine
What structural group makes each amino acid uniqe?
the side chain or R-group
What are the three main amino acid pools?
blood, tissue, intestinal
Name 5 proteiases
Pepsin
Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase A/B
What affects the absorption of an amino acid?
- pH
- sodium
- concentration gradients
True or false: all proteins are broken down by the same enzyme
False
What 3 carbon molecules do you need to know for the exam?
glucose (6C)
acetyl-CoA (2C)
Pyruvate (3C)
What are the different plant secondary compounds?
alkaloids terpenes saponins flavenoids lignin
Give some examples of alkaloids, terpenes
terpenes - THC
Alkaloids - caffeine, morphine, ephedrine
How are tannins detoxified?
by the tannin binding protein found in the saliva of some organisms
What are some of the effects of tannins
They bind with amino acids, making digestion efficiency lower by rendering proteins indigestible
Be able to recognize a glucose molecule
roger that
Know about the spiny mouse and how it avoids the mustard oil bomb
it eats the pulp and spits the seeds, or visa versa. This allows it to avoid the bomb becuase the reactive chemical compounds are isolated from each other, one in the seed, the other in the fruit.
wHAT DICTATES HOW MUCH WATER AN ANIMAL REQUIRES?
- Water content of food
- climate
- production (gestation / lactation)
How are nutrients passed across a cell membrane?
active or passive transport
How do energy and nutrients behave in an ecosystem?
energy flows, nutrients cycle
Rank the components in order of digestibility: hemicellulose, cellulose, starch, sugar, lignin
sugar, starch, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin
What happens to the cellulose bonded to lignin>
it is not digested
What is the #1 output of photosynthesis?
glucose
What is the main sugar found in plants?
glucose
What makes water so special?
because it is a polar molecule, with H-bonds constantly being formed and reformed
What are some of the roles of water in our bodies?
- universal solvent
- medium for transport
- takes part in chemical reactions
- assists in heat dissipation
