Midterm 2 Flashcards by Curtis Drake

What are the 4 types of foregut fermenters discussed in class?

ruminants, pseudoruminants, complex stomach, and sacciform/tubiform

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Of the 4 types of foregut fermenters, which ruminate / eructate?

ruminants and pseudoruminants

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What are some differences between hindgut and foregut fermenters?

The amount of fiber digestion
Microbial protein
Whether they ruminate/eructate or not

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Examples of ruminants

deer, elk, cattle, goats, sheep

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Examples of pseudoruminants

llama, alpaca, dromedary camel

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Examples of complex stomachs

hippo, three-toed sloth, dolphin, bowhead whale

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Examples of sacci/tubiform digestive systems

proboscis monkey, kangaroo, macropods

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Browsers vs. grazers

grazers have a longer retention time, because they have more fibrous material. They also have to eat more because their nutrients are not as concentrated

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What four types of microbial organisms colonize the rumen?

archea, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa

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What are the products of microbial fermentation?

VFAs - acetate, propionate, and butyrate

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Rumen development

esophogeal groove. Early on, the abomasum is larger than the rumen (becuase of their diet). As they develop the rumen gets larger and the abomasum gets smaller.

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What four types of microorganisms colonize the rumen?

archea, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa

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How do ruminant neonates keep milk from fermenting?

The esophogeal groove bypasses the stomach and goes straight to the abomasum.

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What are acetate, propionate and butyrate used for?

butyrate - enterocytes

proprionate - converted glucose in the liver

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What are the protein sources for foregut and hindgut fermenters, respectively?

foregut - bypass protein, microbial protein

hindgut - dietary protein only (unless practicing coprophagy

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How do ruminant neonates keep milk from fermenting?

The esophageal groove bypasses the stomach and goes straight to the abomasum.

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What are acetate, propionate and butyrate used for?

Butyrate - Enterocytes consume as energy source. 4-carbon. Also used in fatty acid synthesis
Propionate - Converted to glucose in the liver. 3-carbon, glucose.
Acetate - 2-carbon. Converted to acetyl coA. Carbon source for fatty acids

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What’s the name of the thing that rabbits eat?

cecotrope

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Examples of cecum fermenters

rabbits, guinea pig

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Examples of colon fermenters

rhinoceros, African elephant, pony

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compare the sacular and tubular section of the stomach

both have microbial fermentation. Soluble sugars absorbed in sacciform. VFA’s absorbed in tubiform. Protein absorbed in small intestine

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What is common among all four foregut fermenters discussed in class?

All have microbial fermentation. All receive nutrients through VFA’s and microbial protein

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What are the feeding strategies of all four foregut fermenters?

Ruminants - browse - graze
pseudoruminants - browse - intermediate
Complex - Grazers
Sacci/tubiform - browse - graze

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What are the sources of nutrients for all four foregut fermenters?

Herbaceous material, VFAs and microbial protein

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Bowhead whales and dolphins

They do ferment, to break down the chytin. Multi-chambered stomach

Bowhead whales and dolphins are carnivores (they eat krill). So they don't ferment right?

They do ferment, to break down the chitin. Multi-chambered stomach

Retention times of ruminants/pseudoruminants and others?

the ruminating ones have longer retention time, they get more nutrients from their food

Name the cellulolytic fermenters and the NSC fermenters

cellulolytic - fibrobacter, ruminococcus | NSC - prevotella, butyrvibrio

What happens if you go from a high-quality to a low-quality diet?

No issue

Lactate consumer convert lactate to which VFA?

proprionate

Are there symbiotic relationships between microbes?

Yes

diet high in cellulose produce which VFA's?

Acetate, Butyrate. Propionate produced more in high grain diets

what is maltose?

disaccharide of 2 glucose

glucose bond

alpha

hemicellulose, cellulose bond

beta

Matching question Foregut vs hindgut fermenters

Foregut - cell solubles infeffiently used - microbes, microbial protein recaptured, slow passage, low intake, thorough digestion, moderately abundant and fibrous forage hindgut - cell solubles efficiently uased, microbial protein lost, fast passage, high intake, less thorough digestion of cellulose, ...

Why practice coprophagy?

Make use of the microbial protein lost on the first time through.

browsers v. grazers digestive system

browsers - smaller rumen, smaller omasum, less time ruminating, faster passage rate grazers - larger rumen, larger omasum, more time ruminating, longer passage rate

EC: If you have an animal whose requirement is 4Kg dry matter intake, how much will they need to consume in the spring and in the fall, respectively?

Dry matter in fall: 75% Spring: 35% In the spring 4/.35 = 11.4Kg In the fall 4/.75 = 5.33Kg

What are the major fractions of organic matter:

CHOs, protein, and fat

What is the fiber fraction of CHOs?

cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin

What is the ADF fraction?

cellulose and lignin

What happens when you suddenly switch from high roughage to high grain diet?

Lactic acid fermenters cannot respond quickly enough, so pH lowers and kills microbial populations. Results in acidosis and possible death of the animal

What happens to an animal if you suddenly switch from a high grain to a high roughage diet?

No harmful effects

Which of the VFAs is most abundant in circulation?

acetate (easily transformed to acetyl coa)

Factors affecting VFA absorption

concentration of VFAs pH - decrease in pH results in increased absorption of proprionate and butyrate Chain length

What to microbes consume and what do they produce?

They consume CHOs (starch, cellulose, pectin, cellulose) and produce pyruvate. Pyruvate is broken down into acetate, proprionate and butyrate, which can be converted to acetyl coa and enter the Krebs cycle

Where are VFAs absorbed?

rumen, reticulum, omasum | chamber 1 and 2 in pseudoruminants

How are VFAs transported across enterocytes?

Gradient-driven, fascilitated transport / diffusion

Which VFA contains the most energy?

Butyrate

Where do enterocytes get their energy?

Acetate and butyrate

which of the ruminants stomach is the gastric stomach?

the abomasum4

where is protein and lipids absorbed in the ruminant?

in the abomasum

Describe reticulum 1 function and structure

honeycomb structure. Forms bolus for rumination

Describe rumen 2 function and structure

lined with papillae, site of microbial fermentatino

Describe omasum 3 structure and function

filter particles by size. Smaller particles filter through, larger particles become cud

Where is the largest portion of the digestive tract for a foregut and hindgut fermenter, respectively?

Foregut - in the foregut | hindgut - in the hindgut

Describe the classes of digestibility fractions A-C

A - quickly digested by autoenzymes (NSC and some pectin) B1 - readily digested by alloenzymes (pectin, hemicellulose, little cellulose) B2 - slowly digested by alloenzymes (hemicellulose, cellulose) B3 - hardly digested by alloenzymes (cellulose) C - undigestible (cellulose and lignin)

which are the neutral detergent fibers?

hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin

Which are the acid detergent fibers?

cellulose, lignin

Name 5 proteiases

Pepsin Trypsin Chymotrypsin Carboxypeptidase A/B

True or false: all proteins are broken down by the same enzyme

False

What 3 carbon molecules do you need to know for the exam?

glucose (6C) acetyl-CoA (2C) Pyruvate (3C)

Rank the components in order of digestibility: hemicellulose, cellulose, starch, sugar, lignin

sugar, starch, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin

What are symptoms of protein deficiency?

- lack of growth - loss of muscle mass - reduced immunity

Describe primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins

primary - sequence of amino acids secondary - orientation of chain in space forming alpha helix, beta pleated sheet, etc. tertiary - hydrogen bond interactions between amino acid groups forming holding overall structure in place quarternary - multiple proteins together

Which transporters assist absorption into and out of the enterocyte?

In - SGLT (active) | out - GLUT 2 (passive)

What are the molecules that begin and end the glycolitic pathway?

Glucose (begin) and pyruvate (end)

Which intermediate begins the Krebs cycle?

Acetyl CoA

What is produced by the Krebs cycle?

NADH, FADH2