Midterm 2 Flashcards
What are the 4 types of foregut fermenters discussed in class?
ruminants, pseudoruminants, complex stomach, and sacciform/tubiform
Of the 4 types of foregut fermenters, which ruminate / eructate?
ruminants and pseudoruminants
What are some differences between hindgut and foregut fermenters?
The amount of fiber digestion
Microbial protein
Whether they ruminate/eructate or not
Examples of ruminants
deer, elk, cattle, goats, sheep
Examples of pseudoruminants
llama, alpaca, dromedary camel
Examples of complex stomachs
hippo, three-toed sloth, dolphin, bowhead whale
Examples of sacci/tubiform digestive systems
proboscis monkey, kangaroo, macropods
Browsers vs. grazers
grazers have a longer retention time, because they have more fibrous material. They also have to eat more because their nutrients are not as concentrated
What four types of microbial organisms colonize the rumen?
archea, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa
What are the products of microbial fermentation?
VFAs - acetate, propionate, and butyrate
Rumen development
esophogeal groove. Early on, the abomasum is larger than the rumen (becuase of their diet). As they develop the rumen gets larger and the abomasum gets smaller.
What four types of microorganisms colonize the rumen?
archea, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa
How do ruminant neonates keep milk from fermenting?
The esophogeal groove bypasses the stomach and goes straight to the abomasum.
What are acetate, propionate and butyrate used for?
butyrate - enterocytes
proprionate - converted glucose in the liver
What are the protein sources for foregut and hindgut fermenters, respectively?
foregut - bypass protein, microbial protein
hindgut - dietary protein only (unless practicing coprophagy
How do ruminant neonates keep milk from fermenting?
The esophageal groove bypasses the stomach and goes straight to the abomasum.
What are acetate, propionate and butyrate used for?
Butyrate - Enterocytes consume as energy source. 4-carbon. Also used in fatty acid synthesis
Propionate - Converted to glucose in the liver. 3-carbon, glucose.
Acetate - 2-carbon. Converted to acetyl coA. Carbon source for fatty acids
What’s the name of the thing that rabbits eat?
cecotrope
Examples of cecum fermenters
rabbits, guinea pig
Examples of colon fermenters
rhinoceros, African elephant, pony
compare the sacular and tubular section of the stomach
both have microbial fermentation. Soluble sugars absorbed in sacciform. VFA’s absorbed in tubiform. Protein absorbed in small intestine
What is common among all four foregut fermenters discussed in class?
All have microbial fermentation. All receive nutrients through VFA’s and microbial protein
What are the feeding strategies of all four foregut fermenters?
Ruminants - browse - graze
pseudoruminants - browse - intermediate
Complex - Grazers
Sacci/tubiform - browse - graze
What are the sources of nutrients for all four foregut fermenters?
Herbaceous material, VFAs and microbial protein
Bowhead whales and dolphins
They do ferment, to break down the chytin. Multi-chambered stomach
Bowhead whales and dolphins are carnivores (they eat krill). So they don’t ferment right?
They do ferment, to break down the chitin. Multi-chambered stomach
Retention times of ruminants/pseudoruminants and others?
the ruminating ones have longer retention time, they get more nutrients from their food
Name the cellulolytic fermenters and the NSC fermenters
cellulolytic - fibrobacter, ruminococcus
NSC - prevotella, butyrvibrio
What happens if you go from a high-quality to a low-quality diet?
No issue
Lactate consumer convert lactate to which VFA?
proprionate
Are there symbiotic relationships between microbes?
Yes
diet high in cellulose produce which VFA’s?
Acetate, Butyrate. Propionate produced more in high grain diets
what is maltose?
disaccharide of 2 glucose
glucose bond
alpha
hemicellulose, cellulose bond
beta
Matching question Foregut vs hindgut fermenters
Foregut - cell solubles infeffiently used - microbes, microbial protein recaptured, slow passage, low intake, thorough digestion, moderately abundant and fibrous forage
hindgut - cell solubles efficiently uased, microbial protein lost, fast passage, high intake, less thorough digestion of cellulose, …
Why practice coprophagy?
Make use of the microbial protein lost on the first time through.
browsers v. grazers digestive system
browsers - smaller rumen, smaller omasum, less time ruminating, faster passage rate
grazers - larger rumen, larger omasum, more time ruminating, longer passage rate
EC: If you have an animal whose requirement is 4Kg dry matter intake, how much will they need to consume in the spring and in the fall, respectively?
Dry matter in fall: 75%
Spring: 35%
In the spring 4/.35 = 11.4Kg
In the fall 4/.75 = 5.33Kg
What are the major fractions of organic matter:
CHOs, protein, and fat
What is the fiber fraction of CHOs?
cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin
What is the ADF fraction?
cellulose and lignin
What happens when you suddenly switch from high roughage to high grain diet?
Lactic acid fermenters cannot respond quickly enough, so pH lowers and kills microbial populations. Results in acidosis and possible death of the animal
What happens to an animal if you suddenly switch from a high grain to a high roughage diet?
No harmful effects
Which of the VFAs is most abundant in circulation?
acetate (easily transformed to acetyl coa)
Factors affecting VFA absorption
concentration of VFAs
pH - decrease in pH results in increased absorption of proprionate and butyrate
Chain length
What to microbes consume and what do they produce?
They consume CHOs (starch, cellulose, pectin, cellulose) and produce pyruvate. Pyruvate is broken down into acetate, proprionate and butyrate, which can be converted to acetyl coa and enter the Krebs cycle
Where are VFAs absorbed?
rumen, reticulum, omasum
chamber 1 and 2 in pseudoruminants
How are VFAs transported across enterocytes?
Gradient-driven, fascilitated transport / diffusion
Which VFA contains the most energy?
Butyrate
Where do enterocytes get their energy?
Acetate and butyrate
which of the ruminants stomach is the gastric stomach?
the abomasum4
where is protein and lipids absorbed in the ruminant?
in the abomasum
Describe reticulum 1 function and structure
honeycomb structure. Forms bolus for rumination
Describe rumen 2 function and structure
lined with papillae, site of microbial fermentatino
Describe omasum 3 structure and function
filter particles by size. Smaller particles filter through, larger particles become cud
Where is the largest portion of the digestive tract for a foregut and hindgut fermenter, respectively?
Foregut - in the foregut
hindgut - in the hindgut
Describe the classes of digestibility fractions A-C
A - quickly digested by autoenzymes (NSC and some pectin)
B1 - readily digested by alloenzymes (pectin, hemicellulose, little cellulose)
B2 - slowly digested by alloenzymes (hemicellulose, cellulose)
B3 - hardly digested by alloenzymes (cellulose)
C - undigestible (cellulose and lignin)
which are the neutral detergent fibers?
hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin
Which are the acid detergent fibers?
cellulose, lignin
Name 5 proteiases
Pepsin
Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase A/B
True or false: all proteins are broken down by the same enzyme
False
What 3 carbon molecules do you need to know for the exam?
glucose (6C)
acetyl-CoA (2C)
Pyruvate (3C)
Rank the components in order of digestibility: hemicellulose, cellulose, starch, sugar, lignin
sugar, starch, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin
What are symptoms of protein deficiency?
- lack of growth
- loss of muscle mass
- reduced immunity
Describe primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins
primary - sequence of amino acids
secondary - orientation of chain in space forming alpha helix, beta pleated sheet, etc.
tertiary - hydrogen bond interactions between amino acid groups forming holding overall structure in place
quarternary - multiple proteins together
Which transporters assist absorption into and out of the enterocyte?
In - SGLT (active)
out - GLUT 2 (passive)
What are the molecules that begin and end the glycolitic pathway?
Glucose (begin) and pyruvate (end)
Which intermediate begins the Krebs cycle?
Acetyl CoA
What is produced by the Krebs cycle?
NADH, FADH2
