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UI Immuno > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Which part of the adaptive immunity is induced by exposure to organism?

A

active

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2
Q

What part of the adaptive immunity is established by transferring immune components to a different animal?

A

passive

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3
Q

What cells are involved in the humoral adaptive system?

A

B cells and CD4 TH2 cells

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4
Q

What cells are involved in cellular adaptive immune system?

A

CD4 Th1 cells and CD8 cells

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5
Q

What are the soluble factors of adaptive immunity?

A

antibodies and cytokines

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6
Q

What happens during effector phase of adaptive immunity?

A

elimination of anigen through inflammation

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7
Q

What is the term for antibodies facilitating phagocytosis of an antigen?

A

opsonization

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8
Q

What 3 cells are made from the common lymphoid progenitor cell?

A

B cell, T cell, NK cell

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9
Q

What is an important effector function of NK cells?

A

ADCC = antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity

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10
Q

B-cells are differentiated by T-cells based on what molecules on their cell suface?

A

Fc receptors and surface immunoglobulins

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11
Q

What are the 3 primary (central, generative) sites of lymphocyte development and initial maturation?

A

bone marrow, thymus, bursa of fabricious

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12
Q

What are the 4 secondary lymphoid organs?

A

lymph nodes, spleen, MALT, cutaneous

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13
Q

What is the order of immunogenicity for the following: Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Poteins, Polysacchardies?

A

Proteins>Polysaccharides>Lipids = Nucleic Acids

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14
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of antigens that lead to immunogenicity?

A

Foreignness, molecular size, chemical complexity (and heterogeneity) and degradability

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15
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of the host that influence immunogenicity?

A

genetics of animal, dose and route of exposure to immunogen, physiologic status of the host, adjuvant

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16
Q

What is the term for a antigen that has more than one determinant?

A

multivalent

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17
Q

What are the number of AA on proteins that a B-cell can recognize? Can it be linear or discontinuous?

A

15-22 AA

both linear and discontinuous

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18
Q

How many different types (constant region) of light chains are there?

A

2

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19
Q

How many different types (constant region) of heavy chains are there?

A

5

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20
Q

What part of the immunoglobulin molecule has variable regions?

A

amino termini of each light and heavy chain

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21
Q

How man folded domains does the H chain have? L chain?

A

H chain -3-4

L chain - 1 domain

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22
Q

What immunoglobulin fragment consists of a heavy and light chain?

A

Fab

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23
Q

What fragment of the Ig molecule contains just heavy chains?

A

Fc region

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24
Q

What are the 3 regions on the end of the Ig molecule that contain the most variability?

A

hypervariable regions/complementarity determining regions (CDR)

(on both heavy AND light chains)

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25
Q

What are the 2 basic functions of an antibody molecule?

A

Recognition and effector function

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26
Q

What is the dimer made of in secreted IgA?

A

2 mononumeric units + J chain

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27
Q

Which 2 Igs are best at neutralization?

A

IgG and IgA

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28
Q

What Ig class is best at opsonization?

A

IgG

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29
Q

What 2 Ig classes is best at activating complement?

A

IgM and IgG

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30
Q

What Ig class is the best at being transported across epithelium?

A

IgA (dimer)

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31
Q

What Ig class is best at crossing the placenta and diffusion into EV sites?

A

IgG

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32
Q

What part of the antibody molecule alters its ability of transport?

A

Fc region

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33
Q

How is IgA transported across basement membrane in intestine?

A

bound by poly-Ig R, then becomes dimer and binds to secretory piece

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34
Q

What Ig genes make up a light chain and are involved in somatic recombination?

A

C-region gene + V region gene segements (V, J)

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35
Q

What Ig genes make up the heavy chain in somatic recombination?

A

C regione genes + V region (V, D & J)

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36
Q

How are hyper variable regions completed for L chains in somatic recombination?

A

First 2 hypervariable regions are encoded in V segment, 3rd is created at juncture of a V and J region

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37
Q

How are hyper variable regions determined in H chains in somatic recombination?

A

first 2 hypervariable regions are encoded in V segment, 3rd is created at jucture of a D and J region

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38
Q

What is junctional diversity?

A

happening during somatic recombination, as V and J segments join, additional nucleotides are introduced

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39
Q

What is combinatorial diversity?

A

In different B cells, a single H chain can associate with a number of different L chains

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40
Q

Where does somatic hypermutation of a B cell occur?

A

in germinal centers in the cortex of the lymph node

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41
Q

What species uses gene conversion to develop more diversity in Ig?

A

chickens - in the bursa

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42
Q

What is the term for a b-cell to change which class of antibody it produces?

A

isotype switching

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43
Q

Where is complement made?

A

in the liver and by inflammatory cells

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44
Q

What type of molecules are active enzymes that trigger activation of next inactive molecule downstream in pathway?

A

zymogens

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45
Q

What complement activation pathway is the first to act and is activated by the local environment on a pathogen surface?

A

alternative pathway

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46
Q

What pathway is the second to act and is activated by mannose-binding lectin?

A

lectin pathway

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47
Q

What pathway is the third to act and is activated by a C-reactive protein or Ab that binds to antigen on pathogen surface?

A

classical pathway

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48
Q

What do all the complement pathways have in common?

A

lead to cleavage of C3 to C3a and C3b –> C3b covalently bonded to pathogen –>inflammation, opsonization, perforation

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49
Q

What is C5a?

A

anaphylotoxin –> establishes local sites of inflammation

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50
Q

What does C5b do?

A

forms membrane attack complex in late phase

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51
Q

What are the components of the alternative pathway?

A

C3,5,6,7,8,9

factor B and D

properdin

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52
Q

What complement factor is involved in amplifying the cascade when classical and alternative pathways are both active?

A

C3

53
Q

What are the 3 main complements involved in opsonization?

A

C3b, C4b and iC3b

54
Q

What are the 5 effector functions of complement?

A

opsonins

anaphylatoxins

lysis of cells (MAC)

enchancement of B cell responses

remove immune complexes

remove dead and dying cells

55
Q

Which receptor does complement enhance B-cell response?

A

mediated through CR2 receptor on B cells

56
Q

How does complement remove immune complexes?

A

binding of C3b –> bind to RBC via CR1 –> circulation

57
Q
A
58
Q

Which T cell activates macrophages?

A

CD4 Th1 cell

59
Q

What T cell helps B cells make antibody?

A

CD4 Th2 cell

60
Q

What T cell kills tumor cells and virally infected cells via MHC-1 molecules?

A

CD8 cell

61
Q

What is the structure of MHC class 1 molecules?

A

alpha chain with 3 domains plus B2 microglobulin

62
Q

What is the structure of a class 2 MHC molecule?

A

alpha chain plus beta chain - each with 2 domains, both are polymorphic

63
Q

What cells express MHC class 1 molecules? class 2?

A

class 1 - all nucleated cells

class 2 - immune APCs (dendritic, B cells, macrophages)

64
Q

Where are the location of polymorphisms/peptide binding in MHC class 1? MHC class 2?

A

Class 1 = a1 and a2 domains

Class 2 = a1 and b1 domains

65
Q

What is the name for the pathway of Class 1 MHC presenting to CD8 cells?

A

cytosolic pathway

66
Q

What is the name for the pathway for class 2 MHC to present to CD4 cells?

A

endocytic pathway

67
Q

What is the structure of a T cell receptor?

A

1 alpha chain and 1 beta chain, each has 3 hypervariable regions (CDR).

Also has a hydrophobic transmembrane region

68
Q

What are the 2 main differences between a B-cell Ig receptor and T-cell receptor?

A
  1. TcR not produced in secreted form
  2. TcR does not perform effector fxns
69
Q

What are the genes that make up the TCR?

A

alpha cains - VJC segments

beta chains - V, D, J, C segments

70
Q

What are the 2 differences between the way B-cells generate diversity from T-cells?

A
  1. no additional diversity in T cells after Ag stimulation (all diversity occurs in thymus)
  2. no class switching
71
Q

What is the function of the TCR complex and what is it made out of?

A

stabilization of alpha and beta on T cell surface, signal transduction needed to turn on gene expression

made of TCR + CD3 + gamma?

72
Q

What is the difference between BCR and TCR in regards to the site of Ag binding?

A

BCR - bivalent

TCR - monovalent

73
Q

What are the functions of the co-stimulatory molecules on a T cell?

A

upregulate or downregulates T cell

74
Q

What is the function of the Fas ligand as a membrane effector molecule on T cells?

A

signal for apoptosis

75
Q

What membrane effector molecule on T cells is involved in activation of B cells and macrophages?

A

CD40L

76
Q

What are pro-t cells?

A

double negative thymocytes

77
Q

How does a pro-t cell become pre-t cell?

A

expresses TcR beta chain on surface with a pre-T alpha chain and CD3/zeta

78
Q

What is the goal of positive selection of T-cells?

A

retain ones that can recognize self MHC molecules

79
Q

Where does positive selection of T-cells occur?

A

surface of cortical thymic epithelial cells

80
Q

What is the goal of negative selection of T cells?

A

eliminate cells that have high affinity for MHC

81
Q

Where does negative selection of T cells occur?

A

macrophages and dendritic cells in medulla

82
Q

Where does T-cell response to pathogen occur?

A

secondary lymphoid tissue

83
Q

How do T cells go from blood to lymph nodes?

A

high endothelial venules

84
Q

What are the 4 adhesion molecules present on T-lymphocutes?

A

L-selectin (binds to endothelium)

Integrins, ICAM3, Ig Superfamily (bind to APCs)

85
Q

What are the 2 adhesion molecules present on High Endothelial Venules?

A

Vascular addessins (bind to L-selectin)

ICAMS1, 2 (bind to integrins on T cell)

86
Q

What are the 2 adhesion molecules present on APCs?

A

Integrins (bind to ICAM3 on t -cells)

ICAMs 1 +2 (bind to integrins)

87
Q

What keeps an activated T-cell in the node for several days?

A

presence and upregulation of adhesion molecules LFA-1 and VLA-4

88
Q

What kind of peptides do B-cells present to T-cells?

A

derived from soluble antigens

89
Q

What co-stimulatory molecules are on a naive T cell? Which one is upregulate and downregulate?

A

CD28 (upregulatory)

CTLA-4 (downregulate)

90
Q

What co-stimulatory molecule on an APC binds to CD28 or CTLA-4 on a naive T-cell?

A

B7

91
Q

How is ZAP-70 activated in a t-cell?

A

PTK phosphorylates tyrosine on ITAMS close to CD4 or CD8 –>ZAP70 –> signal transduction

92
Q

What are the 3 seperate transcription factor families that ZAP 70 can activate in a T cell? What do they all lead to?

A

NF-AT

NF-kB (via protein kinase C)

AP-1

All turn on cytokines (IL-2)

93
Q

What does IL2 do to T-cells?

A

growth factor –> proliferation and differentiation

94
Q

What cytokines does a Th1 cell produce?

A

IL-2, IFN-y = macrophage and B-cell activation

(also TNFa)

95
Q

What cytokines does Th2 cells produce? What do they help with?

A

IL-4 and IL5 –> activation of B cells to make Ab

96
Q

What are the 3 factors that influence which type of effector T-cell a naive T-cell will become?

A
  1. cytokines present
  2. nature of Ag
  3. affinity of TCR for peptide
97
Q

What type of effector T cells will migrate via blood to area of insult?

A

CD8 and Th1 CD4 cells

98
Q

What effector T-cell tends to remain in secondary lymph tissue?

A

TH2 CD4

99
Q

What is the MOA of autocrine cytokines?

A

acts on same type of cell that produces the CK

100
Q

What is the MOA of paracrine cytokines?

A

acts on other types of cells nearby

101
Q

What cytokines does a cytotoxic T cell produce?

A

IFNg

102
Q

What are the 2 ways CD8 cells can induce apoptosis?

A

perforin/granzyme

Fas/Fas ligand

103
Q

What are the fxns of IFNgamma when produced by CD8 cell?

A

inhibit viral replication

increases presentation of Ag by MHC

activates macrophages

104
Q

How do CD4 Th1 cells activate macrophages and increase their phagocytic activity?

A

Increased production of IFNg + CD40L –>increased expression of CD40 on macrophages

105
Q

How do CD4 TH1 cells aid in the destruction of intravesicular pathogens?

A

kils macrophages that cant be activated

secrets IL3 and GM-CSF with induce macrophage and PMN production

secretes TNFa, b and MCP with aid other cells

106
Q

What effect does IL-4 production by TH2 cells lead to in B cells?

A

increase in B cell proliferation

107
Q

What effect does IL-5 production by TH2 cells have on B cells?

A

differentiate into plasma cells

108
Q

How does signal transduction happen in a B -cell?

A

PTKs phosphorylate ITAMS of Iga and Igb –> PTK Syk is activated –>transduction

109
Q

What transcription factors are ultimately produced by signal transduction in a b-cell?

A

NFAT, NFkB and AP-1

110
Q

What are the 4 changes in gene expression after a B-cell is activated?

A

CK receptors

Chemokine receptors

increase in MHC class 2

increase in co-stimulatory molecules

111
Q

What does complement receptor CR2 of the B-cell receptor bind to?

A

C3d on microbes or Ag/Ab complex

112
Q

What part of the B-cell receptor is involved in transmembrane signal transduction?

A

CD19

113
Q

What is the difference between TD and TI antigens?

A

TD = all proteins, memory is generated

TI = polysacchardies, no memory

114
Q

What is formed when a T-cell recognizes a MHC/Ag complex on B-cell?

A

conjugate pair: CD40/CD40 L is formed

115
Q

What does the interaction of CD40/CD40L lead to?

A

B cell proliferation and differentiation

116
Q

What 3 events occur in the germinal center of LN?

A

somatic hypermutation

Ig Class switch

formation of plasma and memory cells

117
Q

What class of Ab is produced when B cells are acctivated by TI antigens?

A

IgM

118
Q

What does plasma protein C-reactive protein do in the innate immune response?

A

binds to bacterial cell wall –> opsonin and triggers classical complement cascade

119
Q

What do protease inhibitors do in the innate immune system?

A

inactivation of bacterial proteases

120
Q

Where are PRRS located?

A

on macrophages and neutrophils

121
Q

What are 4 examples of PRRS?

A

f-met-Leu-Phe receptor

complement receptor

mannose recceptor

LPS receptor

122
Q

What is a toll receptor?

A

special category of PRRS –> activation of signal transduction in phagocytic cell

123
Q

What is the final outcome of Toll like receptors inducing signal transduction in phagocytic cells?

A

NFkB transcription factor –> pro inflammatory genes (interferons and cytokines)

124
Q

What is produced by virally infected cells and how does it initiate a response?

A

Type 1 interferon –> decrease viral replication, increase NK receptors, activate NKs

125
Q

What 2 molecules lead to CD4Th1 cells and CD8 cells in innate response by macrophage?

A

IL-12 and IFNg

126
Q

What replaces L-selectin on naive T cells when they migrate and turn into effector T cells?

A

VLA-4 on effector T-cells

127
Q

Where do B cells go after they become activated?

A

some to medullary cords in LN or become plasma ccells

128
Q

What are the main differences between memory T cells and naive T cells?

A

increase in precursor frequency

changes in cell surface markers

activation requirements ant timing

trafficking patterns

ck production pattern

129
Q
A

UI Immuno (4 decks)

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