Final Flashcards
What are the 2 parts of the innate system that help create a barrier in mucosal immunity?
Glycocalyx (goblet cells)
intestinal epithelial cell tight junctions
What are the 3 antimicrobial molecules in the innate mucosal immunity?
lactoferrin (binds iron)
lysozyme
defensins (disrupt bact cell wall)
What are the 2 types of MALT?
Organized (induction sites)
Scattered (effector sites)
What are the 4 unique features of gut associated lymphoid tissue?
- M cells uptake antigen in peyers patches
- unique lympho repertoire
- IgA dominated response
- minimize injury, develop tolerance
What are M-cells designed to do?
interact directly with antigens in the gut - portal of entry into GALT
What is the barrier made out of in the mucosa?
glycocalyx = mucus + IgA
and tight jxns
Where are IEC lymphocytes not found?
peyers patches
What keeps together the tight junction of the intestinal epithelium?
zonula occludens 1 and claudins
What 2 cytokines promote IgA and T-reg cells?
TGF-B (switches B cells to produce IgA)
What 4 cells are present in O-malt?
M cells, dome cells, B cells, T cells
What is the rolle of paneth cells in the IEC?
production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)
What 2 cell types produce AMPs?
paneth and enterocytes
What cell type produces mucin?
goblet
How are peyers patches seperated from the lumen?
follicle associated epithelium (microfold, dendritic, T, B, macros)
What is between the FAE and peyers patches?
dome - rich in dendritic cells
What molecule mediates transocytosis of dimeric IgA and pentameric IgM into the lumen?
Polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR)
What are the 2 functions of the secretory component of IgA?
protect from protelysis
glue to the glycocalyx
What are the two mechanisms of oral tolerance to dietary antigens?
Treg induction = low dose
Anergy = high dose
What is the mucosal “functional triad”?
treg cells, IgA, microbiota
What hypersensitivity rxn is atopic dermatitis?
type 1
What are the mechanisms of the two phages of atopic response to allergen?
Immediate (histamine)
late (eicosanoids, cytokines (IL-4 and TNF-a))
Where does IgE bind to in type 1 HS?
Fc epsilon receptors on masts and basos
What is the role of PAF in type 1 HS?
clumping of blood in lung capillaries
activate platelets
What are the 3 ways mast cells can be activated?1
- anaphylotoxins (C3a, C5a)
- IgE
- drugs
What are the 4 types of secondary mediators of the type 1 HS rxn?
cytokines (IL4,5,13, GM-CSF)
Lipid mediators
PAF
chemotactic factors
What antibodies can produce a type 2 HS?
IgG or IgM
What is intravascular hemolysis mediated by?
complement and MAC (anaphylotoxins too)
What are the CS of IV hemolysis?
fever, polyarthritis, proteinuria
What is IgG best at?
opsonization, complement, neutralization
What is IgM best at?
complement, neutralization
Is the transfusion worse from an A to a B cat or B to an A cat?
A to a B cat (b cat has bad rxn)
What test is the definitive diagnosis for IMHA?
Coombs test
What 3 tests used for neonatal isoerythrolysis?
- blood cross match
- direct coombs test
- jaundice foal agglutination test
What test is used to differentiate b/w myasthenia gravis and cholinergic chrisis?
Tensilon test - edrophonium
What samples are used for indirect coombs test?
donor rbc and recipient serum
What samples are used for direct coombs test?
donor serum and recipient rbc
What coombs test used for neonatal isoerythrolysis?
baby rbcs and colostrum = direct coombs test
What type 3 hypersensitivity rxn is systemic?
serum sickness - vasculitis
What type 3 HS rxn is localized?
arthus rxn
What are examples of type 3 HS?
FIP wet, blue eye, porcine circovirus, lupus, RA, dietary HS
What are the clinical signs of sulfonamide hypersensitivity in dogs (type 2)?
fever, polyarthropathy, skin eruptions, hepatotoxicity, neutropenia, hemolytic anemia, uveitis, facial swelling, proteinuria
What role do anaphylotoxins have in type 3 HS?
cause degranulation and attract neutrophils that cause vascular damage (C3a and C5a)
What are the two localized types of type 3 HS?
arthus rxn - subq or muscle
pneuomonitis - farmers lung, pigeon fanciers lung
What are two factors that contribute to type 3 HS in the circulation?
low abundance of Ab
small Ag-Ab complexes that can’t fix complement
mast cells increase intensity
What are 4 examples of type 3 HS in the circulation?
serum sickness, infectious agent, autoimmune dz, dietary hypersensitivity
What type 3 HS is caused by infectious canine heptatitis and canine adenovirus in dogs?
immune mediated uveitis
What can develop in horses as a result of type 3 HS after S. equi infection?
purpura hemorrhagica - immune complexes in vascular basement membranes
What form of FIP is characterized by polyserositis?
effusive (wet)
dry form is pyogranulmatous lesions
What type of immune response leads to acute wet FIP in cats?
strong humoral/weak CMI
What type of immune response leads to chronic dry FIP in cats?
moderate humoral/moderate CMI
type 4 HS
What type of immune response against FIP will result in healthy carrier/non carrier?
moderate humoral/strong CMI
What happens during the sensitization phase of type 4 HS?
CD4+ T cells differentiate to TH1 when they encounter antigen
What are the cells and cytokines involved in the effector phase of type 4 HS?
Chemokines, IFNy, TNFa, LT, IL-3, GM-CSF (monocyte production) –> recruits macrophage and nuetrophils
What happens during sensitization phase in contact dermatitis?
haptens bind to proteins, processed by langerhans cells
What happens during effector phase in contact dermatitis?
Th1 memory cells respond to contact sensitizer at site of contact, macrophages recruited
What is the difference between tuberculoid leprosy andd lepromatous leprosy in the cytokines they produce?
Tuberculoid - TH1
Leprotamous - TH2
What cytokines give rise to M1 macrophage?
Ifny, TNFa, LPS
What cytokines give rise to M2a macrophage?
IL4 and IL13
What cytokines give rise to M2b/c macrophage?
immune complexes, IL10, TGF beta, glucocorticoids, apoptotic cells
What are the effector functions of M1 macrophages?
pathologic type 1 inflammation
What are the effector functions of M2 macrophages?
type 1 inflammatory, adaptive immunity, promote and regulate tpe 2 immune responses, angiogenesis
What is found in boxers with granulamatous coilitis? What cytokine produces the granulomatous inflammation?
adherent invasive e. coli
TNF - alpha
What is the approximate time in gestation when fetus is immune competent in horse, cow, pig, dog?
Horse - 200 d
Cow - 100-120 d
Pig - 70d
Dog - 45 d
What happens in cytopathic BVD if fetus is infected before 120 d? after 120d?
before - abortion
after - congenital defects
What happens in non cytopathic BVD if fetus is infected before 120d? after 120d?
before - tolerance
after - normal
What are the placenta types for primates, dogs/cats, ruminants, and pigs/horses?
primates - haemochorial
dogs/cats - endotheliichorial
ruminants - syndesmochorial
pigs/horses - epitheliochorial
What is the main class of Ab in colostrum of ruminants? non-ruminants?
ruminants - IgG
nonruminants - IgA
What receptor transports Ab into milk?
Neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) - also acidic to basic environment
What are the two biggest problems to development of a vaccine?
antigenic variation
must stimulate effector T cells
What effect do corticosteroids have on cytokines?
increase lipocortin - decrease eicosanoids
inhibit PAF, decrease NO
What genes are steroid sensitive?
Growth hormone, IL-10, TGF beta
What are SE of corticosteroids that I dont know?
acute pancreatitis, bladder and skin infections
What are the 2 indications for cyclosporin A use?
canine atopic dermatitis
perianal fistulas
What is the MOA of cyclosporin A?
inhibits T cell activation by inhibiting serine/threonine specific phosphatase calcineurin
What is the effect of cyclosporin on mast cells and eosinophils?
inhibitory
What drug prolongs high cAMP levels in mast cells and prevents degranulation?
theophylline
What are the 3 mechanisms for developing self tolerant T cells in the periphery?
anergy,
T reg cells/suppression
clonal deletion
What are the 3 mechanisms for developing self tolerant B cells in the bone marrow?
receptor editing
induction of anergy
clonal deletion
What are the 2 mechanisms for developing self tolerant B cells in the periphery?
clonal deletion
anergy
What autoimmune diseases have a Type 1 HS?
milk allergy
What autoimmune dzs have type 2 HS?
IMHA, IMT pemphigus autoimmune thyroiditis myasthenia gravis systemic lupus erythematosus
What autoimmune dzs have type 3 HS?
glomerulonephropathy
SLE (lupus)
RA
What autoimmune dzs have type 4 HS?
multiple sclerosis
lymphocytic thyroiditis
RA
What are the two ways HMGB1 is secreted from cells?
active secretion by inflammatory cells or passive by necrotic or apoptosis
What are the two different inflammatory fxns of HMGB1 by either being reduced or oxidized?
reduced form - defintes chemokine activity
disulfide form - induces cytokine activity
fully oxidzed - no immune fxn
What are the major SE of SLE?
polyarthritis, glomerulornephritis, dermitiis, IMHA, IMT, leukopenia, polymyositis
Term for granulamatous material composed of antibody and complement at BM in lupus.
lupus band
What are LE cells?
changed neutrophils is lupus erythramatousus
What is rheumatoid factor? how is it detected?
IgM specific for IgG
test - agglutination????
What lesion is seen in RA?
erosive polyarthritis - small distal joints more affected
