Midterm 2 Studying

Question 1

Electronegativity

Answer 1

The ability of an element to attract electrons within a covalent bond (left, up)

Question 2

Bond types and their electronegativities

Answer 2

Pure covalent 0-0.4, Polar Covalent 0.4-2.0, Ionic 2.0+

Question 3

2 bonding groups, 0 lone pairs

Answer 3

linear, linear

Question 4

3 bonding groups, 0 lone pairs

Answer 4

trigonal planar, trigonal planar

Question 5

2 bonding groups, 1 lone pair

Answer 5

trigonal planar, bent 120

Question 6

4 bonding groups, 0 lone pairs

Answer 6

tetrahedral, tetrahedral

Question 7

3 bonding groups, 1 lone pair

Answer 7

tetrahedral, trigonal pyramidal

Question 8

2 bonding groups, 2 lone pairs

Answer 8

tetrahedral, bent 109.5

Question 9

Parameters for polar molecules

Answer 9

Polar Bonds, Unsymmetrical Shape

Question 10

OH

Answer 10

Hydroxyl

Question 11

COC

Answer 11

Ether

Question 12

OCH

Answer 12

Aldehyde

Question 13

OCCC

Answer 13

Ketone

Question 14

OCOH

Answer 14

Carboxylic Acid

Question 15

OCOC

Answer 15

Ester

Question 16

NHH

Answer 16

Amine

Question 17

OCNHH

Answer 17

Amide

Question 18

Oxidation Description

Answer 18

Gain Oxygen, Lose Hydrogen, Lose Electrons

Question 19

Reduction Description

Answer 19

Lose Oxygen, Gain Hydrogen, Gain Electrons

Question 20

Alpha Particle

Answer 20

alpha, 4,2He

Question 21

Beta Particle

Answer 21

B, 0,-1e

Question 22

Positron

Answer 22

B+, 0,+1e

Question 23

Gamma Ray

Answer 23

y, 0,0y

Question 24

Penetrating, Ionizing

Answer 24

alpha beta gamma, gamma beta alpha

Question 25

Half Life Formula

Answer 25

Fraction remaining = (1/2)^n

Question 26

Radioisotopes in Agriculture

Answer 26

preservation, destroy microorganism that cause food spoilage

Question 27

Diagnostic Use of Radioisotopes

Answer 27

Radiotracers measure by a Geiger Counter, typically beta or gamma with low ionizing power

Question 28

PET Scan

Answer 28

positron emission tomography, F-18 emits positrons that encounters electrons and form detectable gamma rays to track metabolic activity

Question 29

Therapeutic Uses of Radioisotopes

Answer 29

Brachytherapy place radioisotope directly at tumor, Teletherapy use gamma radiation from Co-60 outside to penetrate inside, Radiopharmaceutical therapy use radioisotopes that concentrate in one area of the body

Question 30

Avogadro’s Number

Answer 30

6.022 x 10^23

Question 31

Carbon-14 Dating

Answer 31

Use the half life of Carbon-14 to determine the age of an artifact, only viable things less than 50,000 years old