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Chem 200 > Final Studying > Flashcards

Final Studying Flashcards

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1
Q

1 Carbon Alkane

A

Methane

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2
Q

2 Carbon Alkane

A

Ethane

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3
Q

3 Carbon Alkane

A

Propane

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4
Q

4 Carbon Alkane

A

Butane

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5
Q

5 Carbon Alkane

A

Pentane

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6
Q

6 Carbon Alkane

A

Hexane

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7
Q

7 Carbon Alkane

A

Heptane

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8
Q

8 Carbon Alkane

A

Octane

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9
Q

9 Carbon Alkane

A

Nonane

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10
Q

10 Carbon Alkane

A

Decane

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11
Q

Structural Isomers

A

Same molecular formula with different arrangement of atoms

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12
Q

Naming Cycloalkanes with one Substituent

A

No number needed, just list substituent

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13
Q

Naming Cycloalkanes with Multiple Substituents

A

try to get the lowest numbers possible, if there is a tie then prioritize the first group alphabetically

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14
Q

Cis Isomer

A

substituents on the same side of the double bond

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15
Q

Trans Isomer

A

substituents on opposite sides of the double bond

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16
Q

Methylbenzene

A

Toluene

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17
Q

Aminobenzene

A

Aniline

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18
Q

Hydroxybenzene

A

Phenol

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19
Q

Monosaccharide with an aldehyde group

A

Aldose

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20
Q

Monosaccharide with a ketone group

A

Ketose

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21
Q

Naming Monosaccharides

A

functional group and number of carbons (aldopentose)

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22
Q

Types of Stereoisomers

A

Enantiomers, Diastereomers, Cis-Trans Isomers

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23
Q

Enantiomers

A

Chiral molecule and its mirror image, identical physical properties except reaction to light

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24
Q

Diastereomers

A

Molecules with two or more chiral carbons that are non mirror images of each other

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25
Q

D Isomer on a Sugar Fischer Projection

A

OH farthest away from the carbonyl is on the right

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26
Q

L Isomer on a Fischer projection

A

OH farthest away from the carbonyl is on the left

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27
Q

Galactosemia

A

enzyme needed to convert D-galactose to D-glucose is missing, leading to accumulation in the blood and tissue; cataracts, mental retardation, failure to thrive, and liver disease

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28
Q

Drawing Hayworth Structures

A

turn Fischer projection 90 degrees clockwise, fold into hexagon, bond hydroxyl to carbonyl carbon

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29
Q

Alpha Anomer, Beta Anomer

A

OH below, OH above

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30
Q

What is Lactose

A

disaccharide of galactose and glucose

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31
Q

What is Maltose

A

disaccharide of two D-glucose molecules

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32
Q

How to determine glycosidic linkage

A

alpha or beta based on the first sugar, then count what carbon is linked from each sugar

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33
Q

What linkage can humans not break down

A

B (1–> 4) glycosidic bonds, found in cellulose

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34
Q

Glycogen

A

polysaccharide of glucose stored in the liver and muscle to maintain blood glucose and provide energy between meals

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35
Q

What is Sucrose

A

Disaccharide of glucose and fructose, table sugar

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36
Q

Starch

A

Storage form of glucose in plants made up of amylose and amylopectin

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37
Q

Amylose

A

Polysaccharide that makes up 20% of starch

38
Q

Amylopectin

A

Polysaccharide that makes up 80% of starch

39
Q

Cellulose

A

Polysaccharide that is the major structural unit of wood and plants

40
Q

What is a steroid nucleus

A

four fused carbon rings, 3 hexagons 1 pentagon

41
Q

What is a fatty acid

A

long unbranched carbon chains with a carboxylic acid group at the end

42
Q

Saturated, Unsaturated Fatty Acids

A

do not contain double bonds, does contain double bonds

43
Q

Fatty Acids likely to be solid at room temperature

A

Saturated, Trans, Long

44
Q

Fatty Acids likely to be liquid at room temperature

A

Unsaturated, Cis, Short

45
Q

Trans, Cis Unsaturated Fatty Acids

A

No kink, kink

46
Q

Are Fats Soluble in Water

A

No

47
Q

What is a Triacylglycerol

A

A glycerol with three branches of fatty acids, major form of energy storage

48
Q

What is the triacylglycerol with three stearic acids

A

Glyceryl Tristearate, Tristearic

49
Q

What are the types of phospholipids

A

Glycerophospholipids and sphingomyelin

50
Q

What is a glycerophospholipid

A

Glycerol with two branches of fatty acids and a branch with a phosphate and an amino alcohol

51
Q

What is a sphingomyelin

A

Sphingosine with a fatty acid branch and a branch with a phosphate and an amino alcohol

52
Q

What is diffusion

A

Particles move from high to low concentration

53
Q

What is facilitated transport

A

protein channels increase the rate of diffusion

54
Q

What is active transport

A

ions are moved against a concentration gradient

55
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

cholesterol and dietary fats harden the arteries causing blood clots that could lead to heart attack or stroke

56
Q

What are the three types of lipoproteins

A

VLDLs, LDLs, and HDLs

57
Q

VLDL Function

A

transport fat

58
Q

LDL Function

A

carry cholesterol to cells and deposit in arteries

59
Q

HDL Function

A

carry cholesterol to liver for processing and excretion

60
Q

What are Omega-3 Fatty Acids

A

fatty acids humans are unable to synthesize so they must be obtained from diet, reduce triglycerides to reduce blood pressure and risk of heart disease, ex: linolenic, linoleic, and arachidonic

61
Q

What are anabolic steroids

A

synthetic derivative of testosterone meant to mimic the anabolic (tissue-building) effects and androgenic (male-characteristic) effects

62
Q

Polar basic Amino acids

A

NH3+ R group

63
Q

Polar Acidic Amino Acids

A

COO- R group

64
Q

Polar Neutral Amino Acids

A

OH, SH, or CONH2 R group

65
Q

Polar Amino Acids

A

R groups that interact with water, making them hydrophilic

66
Q

Nonpolar Amino Acids

A

hydrogen, alkyl, or aromatic R group

67
Q

L, D isomer on an amino acid

A

NH3+ on left side, NH3+ on right side (carboxylate on top)

68
Q

How to draw a peptide bond

A

remove the oxygen and remove two hydrogens, connect the carbon and nitrogen

69
Q

How to name peptides

A

begin with N terminal amino acid, replace ine or ate with yl, C terminal amino acid keeps its full name

70
Q

Factors that cause proteins to denature

A

temperature, pH, adding organic compounds or heavy metal ions, mechanical agitation

71
Q

Result of denaturing

A

loss of secondary and tertiary structures causes protein to unfold and no longer perform its function

72
Q

Two models of enzyme activity

A

lock and key model, induced fit model

73
Q

What are cofactors and coenzymes

A

metal ions/vitamins needed for an enzyme to become active

74
Q

Difference between ribose and deoxyribose

A

deoxyribose has no OH attached to carbon 2

75
Q

Which direction are DNA sequences read

A

5’ to 3’

76
Q

How to write complementary DNA or mRNA sequences

A

5’ to 3’ becomes 3’ to 5’

77
Q

Enzymes and Proteins in DNA replication

A

DNA helicase unwinds parent DNA, DNA primase synthesizes RNA fragments for DNA polymerase to start at, DNA polymerase catalyzes replication at replication forks, DNA ligase joins okazaki fragments

78
Q

Difference between lagging and leading strand

A

leading strand only needs primase and polymerase in the 5’ to 3’ direction, lagging strand needs multiple primase RNA primers and ligase joins okazaki fragments made by polymerase

79
Q

What is mRNA

A

carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome

80
Q

What is tRNA

A

translates genetic information from mRNA into an amino acid sequence

81
Q

What is rRNA

A

RNA combined with proteins to form ribosomes

82
Q

What is transcription

A

DNA unwinds and RNA polymerase creates complementary strand of mRNA

83
Q

What is translation

A

tRNA picks up specific amino acids, tRNA binds to mRNA to form a peptide chain, stop codon releases the polypeptide from the ribosome

84
Q

Point Mutation

A

Replacement of one base in the template strand

85
Q

Silent Mutation

A

Point mutation where the resulting amino acid is not changed

86
Q

Deletion Mutation

A

a base is deleted from the template strand

87
Q

Insertion Mutation

A

a base in inserted into the template strand

88
Q

Effects of mutation

A

resulting protein may no longer function which could lead to a genetic disease (germ cell) such as albinism or cancer (somatic cell)

89
Q

How does recombinant DNA work

A

DNA fragment is obtained from donor, plasmid is obtained from bacteria, DNA fragment is cut by an enzyme to obtain a specific sequence, plasmid is cut open, DNA ligase places fragment into plasmid, plasmid is introduced into donor cell to produce new protein (human insulin)

90
Q

Which vitamins are water soluble and which are fat soluble

A

Water C and B, Fat A and D

Chem 200 (6 decks)

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