Final Studying Flashcards
1 Carbon Alkane
Methane
2 Carbon Alkane
Ethane
3 Carbon Alkane
Propane
4 Carbon Alkane
Butane
5 Carbon Alkane
Pentane
6 Carbon Alkane
Hexane
7 Carbon Alkane
Heptane
8 Carbon Alkane
Octane
9 Carbon Alkane
Nonane
10 Carbon Alkane
Decane
Structural Isomers
Same molecular formula with different arrangement of atoms
Naming Cycloalkanes with one Substituent
No number needed, just list substituent
Naming Cycloalkanes with Multiple Substituents
try to get the lowest numbers possible, if there is a tie then prioritize the first group alphabetically
Cis Isomer
substituents on the same side of the double bond
Trans Isomer
substituents on opposite sides of the double bond
Methylbenzene
Toluene
Aminobenzene
Aniline
Hydroxybenzene
Phenol
Monosaccharide with an aldehyde group
Aldose
Monosaccharide with a ketone group
Ketose
Naming Monosaccharides
functional group and number of carbons (aldopentose)
Types of Stereoisomers
Enantiomers, Diastereomers, Cis-Trans Isomers
Enantiomers
Chiral molecule and its mirror image, identical physical properties except reaction to light
Diastereomers
Molecules with two or more chiral carbons that are non mirror images of each other
D Isomer on a Sugar Fischer Projection
OH farthest away from the carbonyl is on the right
L Isomer on a Fischer projection
OH farthest away from the carbonyl is on the left
Galactosemia
enzyme needed to convert D-galactose to D-glucose is missing, leading to accumulation in the blood and tissue; cataracts, mental retardation, failure to thrive, and liver disease
Drawing Hayworth Structures
turn Fischer projection 90 degrees clockwise, fold into hexagon, bond hydroxyl to carbonyl carbon
Alpha Anomer, Beta Anomer
OH below, OH above
What is Lactose
disaccharide of galactose and glucose
What is Maltose
disaccharide of two D-glucose molecules
How to determine glycosidic linkage
alpha or beta based on the first sugar, then count what carbon is linked from each sugar
What linkage can humans not break down
B (1–> 4) glycosidic bonds, found in cellulose
Glycogen
polysaccharide of glucose stored in the liver and muscle to maintain blood glucose and provide energy between meals
What is Sucrose
Disaccharide of glucose and fructose, table sugar
Starch
Storage form of glucose in plants made up of amylose and amylopectin
Amylose
Polysaccharide that makes up 20% of starch
Amylopectin
Polysaccharide that makes up 80% of starch
Cellulose
Polysaccharide that is the major structural unit of wood and plants
What is a steroid nucleus
four fused carbon rings, 3 hexagons 1 pentagon
What is a fatty acid
long unbranched carbon chains with a carboxylic acid group at the end
Saturated, Unsaturated Fatty Acids
do not contain double bonds, does contain double bonds
Fatty Acids likely to be solid at room temperature
Saturated, Trans, Long
Fatty Acids likely to be liquid at room temperature
Unsaturated, Cis, Short
Trans, Cis Unsaturated Fatty Acids
No kink, kink
Are Fats Soluble in Water
No
What is a Triacylglycerol
A glycerol with three branches of fatty acids, major form of energy storage
What is the triacylglycerol with three stearic acids
Glyceryl Tristearate, Tristearic
What are the types of phospholipids
Glycerophospholipids and sphingomyelin
What is a glycerophospholipid
Glycerol with two branches of fatty acids and a branch with a phosphate and an amino alcohol
What is a sphingomyelin
Sphingosine with a fatty acid branch and a branch with a phosphate and an amino alcohol
What is diffusion
Particles move from high to low concentration
What is facilitated transport
protein channels increase the rate of diffusion
What is active transport
ions are moved against a concentration gradient
Arteriosclerosis
cholesterol and dietary fats harden the arteries causing blood clots that could lead to heart attack or stroke
What are the three types of lipoproteins
VLDLs, LDLs, and HDLs
VLDL Function
transport fat
LDL Function
carry cholesterol to cells and deposit in arteries
HDL Function
carry cholesterol to liver for processing and excretion
What are Omega-3 Fatty Acids
fatty acids humans are unable to synthesize so they must be obtained from diet, reduce triglycerides to reduce blood pressure and risk of heart disease, ex: linolenic, linoleic, and arachidonic
What are anabolic steroids
synthetic derivative of testosterone meant to mimic the anabolic (tissue-building) effects and androgenic (male-characteristic) effects
Polar basic Amino acids
NH3+ R group
Polar Acidic Amino Acids
COO- R group
Polar Neutral Amino Acids
OH, SH, or CONH2 R group
Polar Amino Acids
R groups that interact with water, making them hydrophilic
Nonpolar Amino Acids
hydrogen, alkyl, or aromatic R group
L, D isomer on an amino acid
NH3+ on left side, NH3+ on right side (carboxylate on top)
How to draw a peptide bond
remove the oxygen and remove two hydrogens, connect the carbon and nitrogen
How to name peptides
begin with N terminal amino acid, replace ine or ate with yl, C terminal amino acid keeps its full name
Factors that cause proteins to denature
temperature, pH, adding organic compounds or heavy metal ions, mechanical agitation
Result of denaturing
loss of secondary and tertiary structures causes protein to unfold and no longer perform its function
Two models of enzyme activity
lock and key model, induced fit model
What are cofactors and coenzymes
metal ions/vitamins needed for an enzyme to become active
Difference between ribose and deoxyribose
deoxyribose has no OH attached to carbon 2
Which direction are DNA sequences read
5’ to 3’
How to write complementary DNA or mRNA sequences
5’ to 3’ becomes 3’ to 5’
Enzymes and Proteins in DNA replication
DNA helicase unwinds parent DNA, DNA primase synthesizes RNA fragments for DNA polymerase to start at, DNA polymerase catalyzes replication at replication forks, DNA ligase joins okazaki fragments
Difference between lagging and leading strand
leading strand only needs primase and polymerase in the 5’ to 3’ direction, lagging strand needs multiple primase RNA primers and ligase joins okazaki fragments made by polymerase
What is mRNA
carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome
What is tRNA
translates genetic information from mRNA into an amino acid sequence
What is rRNA
RNA combined with proteins to form ribosomes
What is transcription
DNA unwinds and RNA polymerase creates complementary strand of mRNA
What is translation
tRNA picks up specific amino acids, tRNA binds to mRNA to form a peptide chain, stop codon releases the polypeptide from the ribosome
Point Mutation
Replacement of one base in the template strand
Silent Mutation
Point mutation where the resulting amino acid is not changed
Deletion Mutation
a base is deleted from the template strand
Insertion Mutation
a base in inserted into the template strand
Effects of mutation
resulting protein may no longer function which could lead to a genetic disease (germ cell) such as albinism or cancer (somatic cell)
How does recombinant DNA work
DNA fragment is obtained from donor, plasmid is obtained from bacteria, DNA fragment is cut by an enzyme to obtain a specific sequence, plasmid is cut open, DNA ligase places fragment into plasmid, plasmid is introduced into donor cell to produce new protein (human insulin)
Which vitamins are water soluble and which are fat soluble
Water C and B, Fat A and D
