Midterm 2 study Flashcards
What sets chordates apart
Notochord always found at some embryonic stage, but it may be altered or disappear in later stages of the life cycle
chordate evolution includes
dorsal, hollow nerve chord
pharyngeal gill slits
endostyle
post-anal tail
how do vertebrates evolve from the initial, basic chordate form
muscular pumping action replaces ciliary action of the gill slits
pharynx becomes a respiratory organ in aquatic vertebrates
dorsal nerve chord is replaced by vertebral column
endostyle becomes the thyroid gland
what is the main axial support of the body
notochord
How does a human embryo reflect reptile ancestors?
It goes through a flattened disc stage and also initially develops with pouches.
what is our earliest recognized ancestor
picaya- origins of human backbone are linked to picaya’s notochord
What was the first fish to have a backbone and why did it develop
cairoleopis fish- needed more calcium in the body and habitat shaped bone structure led to development of terrestrial animals
What creature was the first to walk on land
Ichthyostoga
Define Urochordata and three aspects of this subphylum
Means tail chord.
Includes tunicates, sea squirts
Marine. Most are sessile
Pharyngeal slits filter food
Which subphylum shows all chordate characteristics
Cephalochordata- includes marine lancelets and consists of 26 species (lancelets only chordate to exhibit all 4 chordate traits in adult form)
List the adaptation for subphylum vertebrata
living endoskeleton
pharynx
paired limbs
advanced nervous system
Raptor
plunderer/siezed
obligate carnivores
stooping
diving
mantling
spreading wings and tail to cover captured prey
feaking
rubbing beak against a surface for cleaning and maintaining beak shape- often done after eating
rouse
when a bird lifts and shakes its feathers. They rouse to rearrange out of place feathers. If they rouse in front of you they are comfortable.
stacking
bird stands on top of another to see better. Helpful in desert surroundings
Wingspan from longest to shortest
Eagle
Buteo
Accipiter
Falcon
Bald eagle
Hailaeetus leucocephalus
Accipitriformes
Accipitridae
Red-tailed hawk (buteo)
Buteo jamaicensis
Accipitriformes
Accipitridae
Red-shouldered hawk (buteo)
Buteo lineatus
Accipitriformes
Accipitridae
Accipiters
forrest “true” hawks
short, rounded wings
long tails
ambush predators (other birds)
horizontal pursuit
Parabuteo
Harris hawk is the only species, diverged from Buteo.
Shorter wings, longer tail
Adapted to desert life
What is an example of reconvergence
Harris hawk evolved from Buteo but adapted back to Accipiter-type bird. Dolphin evolved from aquatic Pakiectus, went to land, and returned back to the water.
How is the peregrine nose like a jet engine
Air comes in cold and the spiracle shape of the internal nostril warms up the air as it comes in
Falcon
Falco
Falconiformes
Falconidae
Peregrine falcon
Falco peregrinus
Falconiformes
Falconidae
American Kestral
Falco sparverius
Falconiformes
Falconidae
Aplomado falco
Falco femoralis
Falconiformes
Falconidae
Owls
Strigiformes
noctural- night vision
offset ears to hear at diff levels
silent flight
owl pellets
Great horned owl
Bubo virginianus
Strigiformes
Strigidae
Turkey vulture
Cathartes aura
Accipitriformes
Cathartidae
How does the three different colored-lizards of the side-blotched lizard interact with eachother in balance?
Orange beats Blue because it is bigger and aggressively defends territory with many females.
Yellow beats Orange because it is sneaky and hides and darts in other territories to mate with unguarded females.
Blue beats yellow because they aren’t competitive with other Blues and focus only on one female
How do the side-blotched lizard females keep the different male colors from dying out and/or evolving
They favor whichever color is most rare that year.
oviparous
eggs hatch after leaving parent
ovoviviparous
eggs hatch within parent body before being expelled
viviparous
live birth
hemipenes
pair of intromittent organs of male squamates that are held inverted int he body and everted for reproduction via erectile tissue
most diverse group of terrestrial vertebrates
squamates
why did modern-day lizards survive and “look-alike” lizards (sphenodontians) did not?
Breakup of Pangea into N and S continent.
Global climate change-from hot and dry to more moist environment. Outcompeted
Mass extinction event- modern day survived, nearly all sphenodontians did not.
difference between sphenodontians and modern-day lizards
Sphenodontians- two temporal openings in skull behind each eye, no external ears, fixed jaw bone, 2 parallel rows of teeth fused to the upper jaw.
Modern-day lizards- one temporal opening in skull behind each eye, external ears, movable bone in upper jaw that allows for a wider gape.
What specialized feature developed for lizard species
adhesive toe pads for tree climbing geckos
Suborder Lacertilia
Lizards
4 legs, ear opening, breakable tail, acrodent teeth or pleurodont teeth, skin sheds in pieces
Family Gekkonidae
Geckos, nocturnal, arboreal, large eyes with vertical pupils, special toe pads, usually lack eyelids, widespread in warm regions
Family Agamidae
Ecological counterpart of Iguanas, acrodont teeth, East Asia, Africa, Australia, Madagascar
Family Chameleonidae
Arboreal, toes adapted for grip, prehensile tail, large bulging eyes with thick eyelids, extensible tongue, rapid color-changing skin, Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Europe
Family Iguanidae
Ecological counterpart of Amamids, pleurodont teeth, Fiji islands, N and S America, West Indies
Family Scincidae
cylindrical bodies with smooth scales. Legs short or absent. terrestrial or fossorial. N, S America, E Asia, Africa, Madagascar, Australia, some Pacific islands
Family Teiidae
Tegus and whiptails, most are terrestrial, N and S America, West Indies.
Family Anguidae
alligator, glass, and lateral fold lizards. Terrestrial, long tail, some lack limbs, N and S America, E Asia, N Africa
Family Helodermatidae
venemous lizards, terrestrial, long head, neck and tail, bifid tongue, SW US and Mexico
Family Varanidae
monitor lizards, terrestrial, long head, neck and tail, bifid tongue, unbreakable tail, S Asia, Africa, Australia, and East Indies
Suborder seprentes (ophidia)
snakes. Lack limbs, external ear openings, eyelids, all carnivorous, snake jaws, non-breakable tail, bifid tongue, pluerodont teeth, left lung is reduced or absent, skin usually shed in one piece
How do snakes swallow large prey and how do they breathe while swallowing?
Jaws move independently of eachother and “walk” the food back into the throat. Loosely built skull, flexible jaw bones. Breathes because trachea opens on the floor of its mouth and opening is called glottis, which can extend out of the side of its mouth
snake prey capture methods
constriction, neurotoxin, hemotoxin
Neurotoxin
affects functioning of CNS and PNS
Hemotoxin
destroys red blood cells, disrupt blood clotting, and causes organ degeneration and tissue damage
3 types of fang arrangements
Opisthoglyphs, proteroglyphs, solenoglyphs
Opisthoglyphs
grooved, fixed fangs. 1-3 per side in back of mouth. Boomslang, mangrove snake
Proteroglyphs
fixed, hollow fangs in front of mouth. Cobras
Solenoglyphs
Hinged, hollow fangs in front of mouth. Vipers.
Family boidae
boas. terrestrial, arboreal, fossorial,paired lungs, viviparous- boas. Oviparous- python. Temporate and tropical parts of N, S America, Asia, SE Africa, Madagascar, East Indies, Australia
Family Colubridae
terrestrial, arboreal, fossorial, aquatic, vertical, horizontal, or round pupils, aglyphous or opisthoglyphous, oviparous or viviparous, worldwide
Family elapidae
elapids and cobras, terrestrial, arboreal, proteroglyphous, N and S America, Asia, Africa, Australia, East Indies
Family viperidae
Terrestrial, arboreal, aquatic, solenoglyphous, pit vipers have loreal pits between nostril and eye, short tail, N and S America, Asia, Europe, Africa, East Indies
Order Rhynchocephalia
Family sphenodontidae. Tuataras, lizard-like. Teeth acrodont, pineal eye present, oviparous, New Zealand, 2 species
Order crocodilia
crocs, alligators, caimens, gharial. Aquatic adaptations- webbed toes, laterally compressed head, eyes and nostrils on top of head, oviparous, builds nests and protects young. 4 chambered heart, muscular diaphram, theucodont teeth.
Attributes of Crocs
slender pointy snout- acts like tweezers to snatch prey out of small holes and crevices
lighter, olive green color- matches environment
tropics in Africa, Asia, Americas, and Australia in both salt and freshwater.
Territorial and mate with several females
Closes flap of skin in back of throat and over external openings of eyes and ears to keep water from entering windpipe
Attributes of alligator
wider, U-shaped snout because designed for strength and can withstand stress on bone when biting on hard-shelled prey
darker, black/grey color- matches environment
swamps, marshes, slow moving rivers, and lakes. Freshwater only. US and China
Why are crocodilians eyes and ears on top of their head
allows most of body to be hidden under the surface, while keeping eyes and ears on prey. Ambush predators. Transparent eyelids close underwater to allow them to still see.
Attributes of turtles
mainly aquatic- take to land only to lay eggs
shell consists of upper carapace and lower plastron attached by bridge- light to avoid sinking and increase swim speed.
Webbed claws, flat streamlined shell, some have flippers which aid in swimming and diving.
herbivores and carnivores
soft and leather-like
20 to 40 year lifespan. Sea turtles 60 to 70. 40 to 50 years required to reach maturity
Africa, America tropical and semi-tropical warmer external temperatures
can hibernate
Attributes of tortoises
mainly terrestrial
Dome-shaped shell aids in protection from predators
herbivores
provide protection of hatchlings up to 90 days
60 to 80 plus year lifespan
bent legs directly under body
Asia and Africa almost entirely warm habitats
Do not hibernate
Order testudines
turtles, tortoises, terrapins. Shell is fused to bones and consists of carapace, plastron, and scutes. Oviparous, lack teeth, can reach large size and old age
Family Chelydridae
snapping turtles, large frshwater predators, ridged carapace, small plastron, webbed toes, Americas
Family emydidae
common freshwater turtles, freshwater or terrestrial, NA and E Asia, N Africa, and SA
Family Testudinidae
land tortoises, med to large terrestrial turtles, high and arched carapace, head with distinct shields, stout and strong, hard scaled legs, short toes, unwebbed, thick claws, N and S America, SE Asia, Africa, Madagascar, Galapagos, Aldabra
Characteristics of sea turtles
shell is reduced, paddle-shaped limbs, salt-excretory glands, underwater vision, high tolerance for lack of oxygen, lifespan- 80 to 100 years. Exploited for meat, eggs, shell. Use magnetic fields to navigate with magnitite in their brains that work like a compass
Predator defenses and reproduction of sea turtles
large size, countershading, sleep under hedges
eggs are buried in sand dug out with hind flippers. 50 to 200 eggs. Come ashore as night. Less than .1% of hatchlings survive to adulthood. Incubated by sun and metabolic heat. 88 degree= female, 82 degree= male
Family dermochelidae
leatherback sea turtle, very large, no external shell, tropical and subtropical seas
Family cheloniidae
true sea turtles, head cannot retract, tropical and subtropical seas
Family trionychidae
soft shelled turtles, no horny plates- covered by leathery skin, long narrow head with fleshy beak and webbed toes. NA, Africa, E and S Asia. Evolved separately. Hydrodynamic. live in bottom of life or pond. Eaten in some cultures. Carnivores, but can be opportunistic. Take in oxygen through skin so need clean water- AG runoff can kill them. Only predators are humans and alligators.50 year lifespan
Family Chelidae
snake-necked turtles, webbed toes, freshwater turtles, side-necked with head and neck sometimes larger than carapace, SA, Australia, New Guinea
Nonavian reptiles
turtles, crocs, snakes, lizards. Evolved from amphibians. Adaptations for living away from water. Egg has shell, amnion, lots of yolk, no larval stage. Scaly, impermeable skin, lungs, internal fertilization, not all are carnivores. Ectothermic- but some can utilize metabolic heat for hibernation and estriation
Class Amphibia
means double life. Frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, caecilians. ectothermic, lack scales, lack shelled eggs, carnivorous as adults, metamorphasis
Challenges for land living amphibians and how they conquer them
extracting oxygen from air- have lungs, breathe through skin, and skin inside mouth for some
supporting body weight-legs
resisting desiccation- live in wet environments, lay eggs in water, skin retains moisture with mucus gland
dealing with temperature fluctuations- behavioral strategies
Reproductive pattern of amphibians
external fertilization, eggs laid in water, hatch as larva, metamorphasis, adult is semi-aquatic or terrestrial
Order Caudata
means tail visible. Salamanders and newts. Long tail, limbs present and equal. 12-40 trunk vertebrae. N hemisphere.
neotony
retention of juvenile features as an adult
paedomorphosis and example
retention of larval features while attaining sexual maturity. Ex: neotenic salamanders have gills as an adult (some species retain gills when water is available and lose when there is drought)
Caudatan specializations
prehensile tail, protrusible tongue with sticky surface to catch prey. May have tongue attached to chin or to back of mouth. Can be extended up to half body length
What purpose does looking like the CA newt serve the Ensatina salamander? And how are they an example of a ring species?
The CA newt is poisonous, looking like it protects the Ensatina from predators. It even flashes bright colors on its body. The Sierra nevada ensatina uses disruptive pattering to confuse predators. They are a ring species because they spread and adapted around the central valley which was their geographic barrier.
What is a ring species
an animal spread and adapted around a geographic barrier
Order Anura (salistia)
means without tail/ leaping.
frogs and toads.
worldwide
5-9 trunk vertebrae
hindlimbs longer than forelimbs
tailless as adults
Specializations of order Anura
tongue can be attached to rotating chin bones, and flipped out in 5/100ths (1/20) of a second. Adults eat insects, worms, fish, amphibians, and even small mammals. Limbs specialized for jumping, climbing, burrowing, swimming. Jumping frogs have a hinged, elongated pelvis
Frog life cycle
Egg. 10-20K laid at one time. absorbs water to form jelly-like substance that binds them together, makes them too large for some predators, and provide a barrier against bacteria
Tadpoles. 3-25 days between egg and tadpole/ aquatic larval stage. Feeds on remaining yolk of egg in their gut. Legs begin to grow, breathe through skin
Froglet. Legs, lungs are grown. Tail disappears. Takes 4 years to become sexually mature.
Adult. Eats insects, invertebrates, even bats and small rodents. Better defense mechanisms. Can live 40 years in captivity.
Order Gymnophiona (Apoda)
Means naked snake.
Caecilians, nearly tailless, no limbs
60-280 trunk vertebrae, blind or nearly so
Find prey by pushing through leaf litter
Found in nearly all rainforests, lives underground
Young feed on secretion from mom’s tail and layers of her skin that she regrows
Reproductive specializations of Amphibians
Caudatas- internal fertilization, spermatophore. 2 are ovoviviparous
Anurans- ony 3 species are internal, rest are external. Metamorphosis in egg, parental involvement after hatching is rare. 2 are ovoviviparous
Most amphibians are oviparous. One frog species is viviparous.
Breeding habitat adaptations of amphibians
breeding season is determined by temp
permanent body of water- long developmental period
temporary body of water- breeding season corresponds to rainy season. Short developmental period
Define ectothermy. How do they use alternative means to keep their bodies heated?
getting heat from outside the body, rate of chemical reactions is determined by temperature. If rate of reactions increases, heat increases. Required for digestion and quick muscular action. Behavioral means of keeping heated: bask in sun, hide in shade.
Advantages of ectothermy
energy efficient. 70-90% can be devoted to growth and reproduction. Allows survival in harsh environments. They can slow down body metabolism to reduce energy needs. Can also hibernate/estivation
HIbernation
torpor during cold times
Estivation
torpor during hot and dry times
Osteichthyes Class Actinopterygii
Ray finned fishes (osteichthyes- bony fishes)- make up over half of all vertebrates (25k+ species)
Characteristics- fusiform body with homocercal tail, bony skeleton, scales, air bladder in most species, operculum instead of gill slits. External fertilization, indeterminate growth. Female competition- better to be male. More egg producing- better to be female
Which fish did we evolve from
lobe-finned fish
Catadromous
live in freshwater but spawn in the ocean (freshwater eels)
Anadromous
live in ocean but spawn in freshwater (salmon)
Osteichthyes Class Sarcopterygii
lobe finned fishes. Lungfish and coelacanth. Diphycercal tail
Lungfish- air bladder specialized for breathing
Australian lungfish- can live in oxygen-poor water
South American and African lungfish- burrow into mud
Coelacanth- live in deep water around Comoro islands and Indonesia. Originally thought to be extinct.
Lazarus taxa
animals that were once believed to be extinct and were rediscovered
3 animals that came back from the dead
Bush dog
Coelacanth
False killer whale
Chondrichthyes
Means cartilage fishes
phylum vertebra
superclass agnatha
superclass gnathostomata
Divided into (1) sharks, skates, and rays, and (2) chimeras
Superclass Agnatha
Means without jaws.
Lack jaws and paired appendages
pore-like gill openings
eel-like form, cartilaginous skeleton
Spine is essentially a reinforced notochord
dermal denticles
decrease drag and turbulence. Allows sharks to be stealthy.
Class holocephali
Chimera- relatives to true sharks. Morphology and behavior differentiates them. Live near but not on seabed.
Class myxini
Hagfish. Entirely marine group, feed on dead or dying fishes, annelids, molluscs, and crustaceans.
Horny teeth on a protrusible tongue.
Special slime glands are positioned along body- aids in defense, can produce half a liter of slime in minutes if caught
Class Petromyzontida
lampreys, marine and freshwater, round mouth like suction cup, horny teeth on protrusible tongue.
One species of ectoparasites.
Non parasitic lampreys- 20 species die after spawning as adults and never feed as adults. Larval stage lasts 3-7 years. Helped destroy fishing industry of Great Lakes 1920-1950.
ectoparasites
parasitive adults that have a sucker-like oral disc that is used to rasp away flesh and suck blood. Injects an anticoagulant into the wound to keep blood flowing.
Attributes of sharks, skates, and rays
Streamlined body, heterocercal caudal tail provide lift
well developed sense organs sensitive to vibrations and pressure changes, powerful jaws
swimming musculature and predaceous habits
lack bones- cartilaginous skeleton
can be benthic or pelagic
No swim bladder, spiral valve
Squalene oil in a very large liver
Gills are retained as adults (5-7)
Placoid scales. Teeth are modified scales.
Skates and rays crush food.
Lateral line system, internal fertilization
What differentiates the hunting styles of Buteos, Accipiters, and Eagles
Falcons- built for speed. Fastest flying birds. Hunt open-country birds. long pointed wings. Need to be very fast while keeping up element of surprise. Stoop.
Buteos- built with super senses to detect concealed prey. Hunt over open ground. Excellent vision, strong talons.
Accipiters- Built for agility. Go after prey in forests and shrubby areas. Nimble to move through dense foliage. Short, rounded wings and long tails act as a rudder.
Eagles- built for power. Large size allows them to hunt prey as large as wolves and goats. Massive talons.
