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M17 Animal Diversity > Midterm 2 study > Flashcards

Midterm 2 study Flashcards

1
Q

What sets chordates apart

A

Notochord always found at some embryonic stage, but it may be altered or disappear in later stages of the life cycle

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2
Q

chordate evolution includes

A

dorsal, hollow nerve chord
pharyngeal gill slits
endostyle
post-anal tail

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3
Q

how do vertebrates evolve from the initial, basic chordate form

A

muscular pumping action replaces ciliary action of the gill slits
pharynx becomes a respiratory organ in aquatic vertebrates
dorsal nerve chord is replaced by vertebral column
endostyle becomes the thyroid gland

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4
Q

what is the main axial support of the body

A

notochord

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5
Q

How does a human embryo reflect reptile ancestors?

A

It goes through a flattened disc stage and also initially develops with pouches.

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6
Q

what is our earliest recognized ancestor

A

picaya- origins of human backbone are linked to picaya’s notochord

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7
Q

What was the first fish to have a backbone and why did it develop

A

cairoleopis fish- needed more calcium in the body and habitat shaped bone structure led to development of terrestrial animals

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8
Q

What creature was the first to walk on land

A

Ichthyostoga

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9
Q

Define Urochordata and three aspects of this subphylum

A

Means tail chord.
Includes tunicates, sea squirts
Marine. Most are sessile
Pharyngeal slits filter food

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10
Q

Which subphylum shows all chordate characteristics

A

Cephalochordata- includes marine lancelets and consists of 26 species (lancelets only chordate to exhibit all 4 chordate traits in adult form)

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11
Q

List the adaptation for subphylum vertebrata

A

living endoskeleton
pharynx
paired limbs
advanced nervous system

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12
Q

Raptor

A

plunderer/siezed
obligate carnivores

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13
Q

stooping

A

diving

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14
Q

mantling

A

spreading wings and tail to cover captured prey

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15
Q

feaking

A

rubbing beak against a surface for cleaning and maintaining beak shape- often done after eating

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16
Q

rouse

A

when a bird lifts and shakes its feathers. They rouse to rearrange out of place feathers. If they rouse in front of you they are comfortable.

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17
Q

stacking

A

bird stands on top of another to see better. Helpful in desert surroundings

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18
Q

Wingspan from longest to shortest

A

Eagle
Buteo
Accipiter
Falcon

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19
Q

Bald eagle

A

Hailaeetus leucocephalus
Accipitriformes
Accipitridae

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20
Q

Red-tailed hawk (buteo)

A

Buteo jamaicensis
Accipitriformes
Accipitridae

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21
Q

Red-shouldered hawk (buteo)

A

Buteo lineatus
Accipitriformes
Accipitridae

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22
Q

Accipiters

A

forrest “true” hawks
short, rounded wings
long tails
ambush predators (other birds)
horizontal pursuit

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23
Q

Parabuteo

A

Harris hawk is the only species, diverged from Buteo.
Shorter wings, longer tail
Adapted to desert life

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24
Q

What is an example of reconvergence

A

Harris hawk evolved from Buteo but adapted back to Accipiter-type bird. Dolphin evolved from aquatic Pakiectus, went to land, and returned back to the water.

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25
Q

How is the peregrine nose like a jet engine

A

Air comes in cold and the spiracle shape of the internal nostril warms up the air as it comes in

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26
Q

Falcon

A

Falco
Falconiformes
Falconidae

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27
Q

Peregrine falcon

A

Falco peregrinus
Falconiformes
Falconidae

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28
Q

American Kestral

A

Falco sparverius
Falconiformes
Falconidae

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29
Q

Aplomado falco

A

Falco femoralis
Falconiformes
Falconidae

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30
Q

Owls

A

Strigiformes
noctural- night vision
offset ears to hear at diff levels
silent flight
owl pellets

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31
Q

Great horned owl

A

Bubo virginianus
Strigiformes
Strigidae

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32
Q

Turkey vulture

A

Cathartes aura
Accipitriformes
Cathartidae

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33
Q

How does the three different colored-lizards of the side-blotched lizard interact with eachother in balance?

A

Orange beats Blue because it is bigger and aggressively defends territory with many females.
Yellow beats Orange because it is sneaky and hides and darts in other territories to mate with unguarded females.
Blue beats yellow because they aren’t competitive with other Blues and focus only on one female

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34
Q

How do the side-blotched lizard females keep the different male colors from dying out and/or evolving

A

They favor whichever color is most rare that year.

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35
Q

oviparous

A

eggs hatch after leaving parent

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36
Q

ovoviviparous

A

eggs hatch within parent body before being expelled

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37
Q

viviparous

A

live birth

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38
Q

hemipenes

A

pair of intromittent organs of male squamates that are held inverted int he body and everted for reproduction via erectile tissue

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39
Q

most diverse group of terrestrial vertebrates

A

squamates

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40
Q

why did modern-day lizards survive and “look-alike” lizards (sphenodontians) did not?

A

Breakup of Pangea into N and S continent.
Global climate change-from hot and dry to more moist environment. Outcompeted
Mass extinction event- modern day survived, nearly all sphenodontians did not.

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41
Q

difference between sphenodontians and modern-day lizards

A

Sphenodontians- two temporal openings in skull behind each eye, no external ears, fixed jaw bone, 2 parallel rows of teeth fused to the upper jaw.
Modern-day lizards- one temporal opening in skull behind each eye, external ears, movable bone in upper jaw that allows for a wider gape.

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42
Q

What specialized feature developed for lizard species

A

adhesive toe pads for tree climbing geckos

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43
Q

Suborder Lacertilia

A

Lizards
4 legs, ear opening, breakable tail, acrodent teeth or pleurodont teeth, skin sheds in pieces

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44
Q

Family Gekkonidae

A

Geckos, nocturnal, arboreal, large eyes with vertical pupils, special toe pads, usually lack eyelids, widespread in warm regions

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45
Q

Family Agamidae

A

Ecological counterpart of Iguanas, acrodont teeth, East Asia, Africa, Australia, Madagascar

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46
Q

Family Chameleonidae

A

Arboreal, toes adapted for grip, prehensile tail, large bulging eyes with thick eyelids, extensible tongue, rapid color-changing skin, Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Europe

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47
Q

Family Iguanidae

A

Ecological counterpart of Amamids, pleurodont teeth, Fiji islands, N and S America, West Indies

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48
Q

Family Scincidae

A

cylindrical bodies with smooth scales. Legs short or absent. terrestrial or fossorial. N, S America, E Asia, Africa, Madagascar, Australia, some Pacific islands

49
Q

Family Teiidae

A

Tegus and whiptails, most are terrestrial, N and S America, West Indies.

50
Q

Family Anguidae

A

alligator, glass, and lateral fold lizards. Terrestrial, long tail, some lack limbs, N and S America, E Asia, N Africa

51
Q

Family Helodermatidae

A

venemous lizards, terrestrial, long head, neck and tail, bifid tongue, SW US and Mexico

52
Q

Family Varanidae

A

monitor lizards, terrestrial, long head, neck and tail, bifid tongue, unbreakable tail, S Asia, Africa, Australia, and East Indies

53
Q

Suborder seprentes (ophidia)

A

snakes. Lack limbs, external ear openings, eyelids, all carnivorous, snake jaws, non-breakable tail, bifid tongue, pluerodont teeth, left lung is reduced or absent, skin usually shed in one piece

54
Q

How do snakes swallow large prey and how do they breathe while swallowing?

A

Jaws move independently of eachother and “walk” the food back into the throat. Loosely built skull, flexible jaw bones. Breathes because trachea opens on the floor of its mouth and opening is called glottis, which can extend out of the side of its mouth

55
Q

snake prey capture methods

A

constriction, neurotoxin, hemotoxin

56
Q

Neurotoxin

A

affects functioning of CNS and PNS

57
Q

Hemotoxin

A

destroys red blood cells, disrupt blood clotting, and causes organ degeneration and tissue damage

58
Q

3 types of fang arrangements

A

Opisthoglyphs, proteroglyphs, solenoglyphs

59
Q

Opisthoglyphs

A

grooved, fixed fangs. 1-3 per side in back of mouth. Boomslang, mangrove snake

60
Q

Proteroglyphs

A

fixed, hollow fangs in front of mouth. Cobras

61
Q

Solenoglyphs

A

Hinged, hollow fangs in front of mouth. Vipers.

62
Q

Family boidae

A

boas. terrestrial, arboreal, fossorial,paired lungs, viviparous- boas. Oviparous- python. Temporate and tropical parts of N, S America, Asia, SE Africa, Madagascar, East Indies, Australia

63
Q

Family Colubridae

A

terrestrial, arboreal, fossorial, aquatic, vertical, horizontal, or round pupils, aglyphous or opisthoglyphous, oviparous or viviparous, worldwide

64
Q

Family elapidae

A

elapids and cobras, terrestrial, arboreal, proteroglyphous, N and S America, Asia, Africa, Australia, East Indies

65
Q

Family viperidae

A

Terrestrial, arboreal, aquatic, solenoglyphous, pit vipers have loreal pits between nostril and eye, short tail, N and S America, Asia, Europe, Africa, East Indies

66
Q

Order Rhynchocephalia

A

Family sphenodontidae. Tuataras, lizard-like. Teeth acrodont, pineal eye present, oviparous, New Zealand, 2 species

67
Q

Order crocodilia

A

crocs, alligators, caimens, gharial. Aquatic adaptations- webbed toes, laterally compressed head, eyes and nostrils on top of head, oviparous, builds nests and protects young. 4 chambered heart, muscular diaphram, theucodont teeth.

68
Q

Attributes of Crocs

A

slender pointy snout- acts like tweezers to snatch prey out of small holes and crevices
lighter, olive green color- matches environment
tropics in Africa, Asia, Americas, and Australia in both salt and freshwater.
Territorial and mate with several females
Closes flap of skin in back of throat and over external openings of eyes and ears to keep water from entering windpipe

69
Q

Attributes of alligator

A

wider, U-shaped snout because designed for strength and can withstand stress on bone when biting on hard-shelled prey
darker, black/grey color- matches environment
swamps, marshes, slow moving rivers, and lakes. Freshwater only. US and China

70
Q

Why are crocodilians eyes and ears on top of their head

A

allows most of body to be hidden under the surface, while keeping eyes and ears on prey. Ambush predators. Transparent eyelids close underwater to allow them to still see.

71
Q

Attributes of turtles

A

mainly aquatic- take to land only to lay eggs
shell consists of upper carapace and lower plastron attached by bridge- light to avoid sinking and increase swim speed.
Webbed claws, flat streamlined shell, some have flippers which aid in swimming and diving.
herbivores and carnivores
soft and leather-like
20 to 40 year lifespan. Sea turtles 60 to 70. 40 to 50 years required to reach maturity
Africa, America tropical and semi-tropical warmer external temperatures
can hibernate

72
Q

Attributes of tortoises

A

mainly terrestrial
Dome-shaped shell aids in protection from predators
herbivores
provide protection of hatchlings up to 90 days
60 to 80 plus year lifespan
bent legs directly under body
Asia and Africa almost entirely warm habitats
Do not hibernate

73
Q

Order testudines

A

turtles, tortoises, terrapins. Shell is fused to bones and consists of carapace, plastron, and scutes. Oviparous, lack teeth, can reach large size and old age

74
Q

Family Chelydridae

A

snapping turtles, large frshwater predators, ridged carapace, small plastron, webbed toes, Americas

75
Q

Family emydidae

A

common freshwater turtles, freshwater or terrestrial, NA and E Asia, N Africa, and SA

76
Q

Family Testudinidae

A

land tortoises, med to large terrestrial turtles, high and arched carapace, head with distinct shields, stout and strong, hard scaled legs, short toes, unwebbed, thick claws, N and S America, SE Asia, Africa, Madagascar, Galapagos, Aldabra

77
Q

Characteristics of sea turtles

A

shell is reduced, paddle-shaped limbs, salt-excretory glands, underwater vision, high tolerance for lack of oxygen, lifespan- 80 to 100 years. Exploited for meat, eggs, shell. Use magnetic fields to navigate with magnitite in their brains that work like a compass

78
Q

Predator defenses and reproduction of sea turtles

A

large size, countershading, sleep under hedges
eggs are buried in sand dug out with hind flippers. 50 to 200 eggs. Come ashore as night. Less than .1% of hatchlings survive to adulthood. Incubated by sun and metabolic heat. 88 degree= female, 82 degree= male

79
Q

Family dermochelidae

A

leatherback sea turtle, very large, no external shell, tropical and subtropical seas

80
Q

Family cheloniidae

A

true sea turtles, head cannot retract, tropical and subtropical seas

81
Q

Family trionychidae

A

soft shelled turtles, no horny plates- covered by leathery skin, long narrow head with fleshy beak and webbed toes. NA, Africa, E and S Asia. Evolved separately. Hydrodynamic. live in bottom of life or pond. Eaten in some cultures. Carnivores, but can be opportunistic. Take in oxygen through skin so need clean water- AG runoff can kill them. Only predators are humans and alligators.50 year lifespan

82
Q

Family Chelidae

A

snake-necked turtles, webbed toes, freshwater turtles, side-necked with head and neck sometimes larger than carapace, SA, Australia, New Guinea

83
Q

Nonavian reptiles

A

turtles, crocs, snakes, lizards. Evolved from amphibians. Adaptations for living away from water. Egg has shell, amnion, lots of yolk, no larval stage. Scaly, impermeable skin, lungs, internal fertilization, not all are carnivores. Ectothermic- but some can utilize metabolic heat for hibernation and estriation

84
Q

Class Amphibia

A

means double life. Frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, caecilians. ectothermic, lack scales, lack shelled eggs, carnivorous as adults, metamorphasis

85
Q

Challenges for land living amphibians and how they conquer them

A

extracting oxygen from air- have lungs, breathe through skin, and skin inside mouth for some
supporting body weight-legs
resisting desiccation- live in wet environments, lay eggs in water, skin retains moisture with mucus gland
dealing with temperature fluctuations- behavioral strategies

86
Q

Reproductive pattern of amphibians

A

external fertilization, eggs laid in water, hatch as larva, metamorphasis, adult is semi-aquatic or terrestrial

87
Q

Order Caudata

A

means tail visible. Salamanders and newts. Long tail, limbs present and equal. 12-40 trunk vertebrae. N hemisphere.

88
Q

neotony

A

retention of juvenile features as an adult

89
Q

paedomorphosis and example

A

retention of larval features while attaining sexual maturity. Ex: neotenic salamanders have gills as an adult (some species retain gills when water is available and lose when there is drought)

90
Q

Caudatan specializations

A

prehensile tail, protrusible tongue with sticky surface to catch prey. May have tongue attached to chin or to back of mouth. Can be extended up to half body length

91
Q

What purpose does looking like the CA newt serve the Ensatina salamander? And how are they an example of a ring species?

A

The CA newt is poisonous, looking like it protects the Ensatina from predators. It even flashes bright colors on its body. The Sierra nevada ensatina uses disruptive pattering to confuse predators. They are a ring species because they spread and adapted around the central valley which was their geographic barrier.

92
Q

What is a ring species

A

an animal spread and adapted around a geographic barrier

93
Q

Order Anura (salistia)

A

means without tail/ leaping.
frogs and toads.
worldwide
5-9 trunk vertebrae
hindlimbs longer than forelimbs
tailless as adults

94
Q

Specializations of order Anura

A

tongue can be attached to rotating chin bones, and flipped out in 5/100ths (1/20) of a second. Adults eat insects, worms, fish, amphibians, and even small mammals. Limbs specialized for jumping, climbing, burrowing, swimming. Jumping frogs have a hinged, elongated pelvis

95
Q

Frog life cycle

A

Egg. 10-20K laid at one time. absorbs water to form jelly-like substance that binds them together, makes them too large for some predators, and provide a barrier against bacteria
Tadpoles. 3-25 days between egg and tadpole/ aquatic larval stage. Feeds on remaining yolk of egg in their gut. Legs begin to grow, breathe through skin
Froglet. Legs, lungs are grown. Tail disappears. Takes 4 years to become sexually mature.
Adult. Eats insects, invertebrates, even bats and small rodents. Better defense mechanisms. Can live 40 years in captivity.

96
Q

Order Gymnophiona (Apoda)

A

Means naked snake.
Caecilians, nearly tailless, no limbs
60-280 trunk vertebrae, blind or nearly so
Find prey by pushing through leaf litter
Found in nearly all rainforests, lives underground
Young feed on secretion from mom’s tail and layers of her skin that she regrows

97
Q

Reproductive specializations of Amphibians

A

Caudatas- internal fertilization, spermatophore. 2 are ovoviviparous
Anurans- ony 3 species are internal, rest are external. Metamorphosis in egg, parental involvement after hatching is rare. 2 are ovoviviparous
Most amphibians are oviparous. One frog species is viviparous.

98
Q

Breeding habitat adaptations of amphibians

A

breeding season is determined by temp
permanent body of water- long developmental period
temporary body of water- breeding season corresponds to rainy season. Short developmental period

99
Q

Define ectothermy. How do they use alternative means to keep their bodies heated?

A

getting heat from outside the body, rate of chemical reactions is determined by temperature. If rate of reactions increases, heat increases. Required for digestion and quick muscular action. Behavioral means of keeping heated: bask in sun, hide in shade.

100
Q

Advantages of ectothermy

A

energy efficient. 70-90% can be devoted to growth and reproduction. Allows survival in harsh environments. They can slow down body metabolism to reduce energy needs. Can also hibernate/estivation

101
Q

HIbernation

A

torpor during cold times

102
Q

Estivation

A

torpor during hot and dry times

103
Q

Osteichthyes Class Actinopterygii

A

Ray finned fishes (osteichthyes- bony fishes)- make up over half of all vertebrates (25k+ species)
Characteristics- fusiform body with homocercal tail, bony skeleton, scales, air bladder in most species, operculum instead of gill slits. External fertilization, indeterminate growth. Female competition- better to be male. More egg producing- better to be female

104
Q

Which fish did we evolve from

A

lobe-finned fish

105
Q

Catadromous

A

live in freshwater but spawn in the ocean (freshwater eels)

106
Q

Anadromous

A

live in ocean but spawn in freshwater (salmon)

107
Q

Osteichthyes Class Sarcopterygii

A

lobe finned fishes. Lungfish and coelacanth. Diphycercal tail
Lungfish- air bladder specialized for breathing
Australian lungfish- can live in oxygen-poor water
South American and African lungfish- burrow into mud
Coelacanth- live in deep water around Comoro islands and Indonesia. Originally thought to be extinct.

108
Q

Lazarus taxa

A

animals that were once believed to be extinct and were rediscovered

109
Q

3 animals that came back from the dead

A

Bush dog
Coelacanth
False killer whale

110
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

Means cartilage fishes
phylum vertebra
superclass agnatha
superclass gnathostomata
Divided into (1) sharks, skates, and rays, and (2) chimeras

111
Q

Superclass Agnatha

A

Means without jaws.
Lack jaws and paired appendages
pore-like gill openings
eel-like form, cartilaginous skeleton
Spine is essentially a reinforced notochord

112
Q

dermal denticles

A

decrease drag and turbulence. Allows sharks to be stealthy.

113
Q

Class holocephali

A

Chimera- relatives to true sharks. Morphology and behavior differentiates them. Live near but not on seabed.

114
Q

Class myxini

A

Hagfish. Entirely marine group, feed on dead or dying fishes, annelids, molluscs, and crustaceans.
Horny teeth on a protrusible tongue.
Special slime glands are positioned along body- aids in defense, can produce half a liter of slime in minutes if caught

115
Q

Class Petromyzontida

A

lampreys, marine and freshwater, round mouth like suction cup, horny teeth on protrusible tongue.
One species of ectoparasites.
Non parasitic lampreys- 20 species die after spawning as adults and never feed as adults. Larval stage lasts 3-7 years. Helped destroy fishing industry of Great Lakes 1920-1950.

116
Q

ectoparasites

A

parasitive adults that have a sucker-like oral disc that is used to rasp away flesh and suck blood. Injects an anticoagulant into the wound to keep blood flowing.

117
Q

Attributes of sharks, skates, and rays

A

Streamlined body, heterocercal caudal tail provide lift
well developed sense organs sensitive to vibrations and pressure changes, powerful jaws
swimming musculature and predaceous habits
lack bones- cartilaginous skeleton
can be benthic or pelagic
No swim bladder, spiral valve
Squalene oil in a very large liver
Gills are retained as adults (5-7)
Placoid scales. Teeth are modified scales.
Skates and rays crush food.
Lateral line system, internal fertilization

118
Q

What differentiates the hunting styles of Buteos, Accipiters, and Eagles

A

Falcons- built for speed. Fastest flying birds. Hunt open-country birds. long pointed wings. Need to be very fast while keeping up element of surprise. Stoop.
Buteos- built with super senses to detect concealed prey. Hunt over open ground. Excellent vision, strong talons.
Accipiters- Built for agility. Go after prey in forests and shrubby areas. Nimble to move through dense foliage. Short, rounded wings and long tails act as a rudder.
Eagles- built for power. Large size allows them to hunt prey as large as wolves and goats. Massive talons.

M17 Animal Diversity (15 decks)

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