Final Review prep

Question 1

Cursorial adaptations of order Artiodactyla and Perissodactyl

Answer 1

Cursorial adaptations either lengthen or increase the rate of the stride (or both)
How the ability is utilized:
-escape from predators
-exploit scattered food resources
-to make seasonal movements covering long distances to find food and water

Question 2

What is a disadvantage of the herbivory of order Artiodactyla and order Perissodactyla

Answer 2

less concentrated energy
cellulose
lower in protein
Perissodactyl’s have a less efficient digestive system and eat greater quantities of food, but some Artiodactylas chew cud, have 2 mutlichambered stomachs, and extract a greater percentage of the nutrients

Question 3

Characteristics of order Perissodactyla

Answer 3

odd-toed ungulates, 1-3 digits are functional, mesaxonic, hooves protect digits, one young after fairly long gestation (1 year+), 3 living families

Question 4

Characteristics of family rhinocerotidae

Answer 4

Weigh up to 2700 kg
Grazers, browsers
Thick, naked skin
1 or 2 medial horns without bony core
incisors and canines absent in some
inhabit grasslands, savannas, brushlands, forests, and marshes
mainly nocturnal and solitary
tropical and subtropical parts of Africa and southeastern Asia
5 species

Question 5

Characteristics of family Tapiridae

Answer 5

Weigh up to 270 kg
Long, mobile snout used in browsing
Tropical forests, usually near water- good swimmers
nocturnal, solitary or in pairs
4 species- 1 Asian, 3 Central and 1 South American
Young have stripes and spots of lighter color, hidden until 10 days old, driven off before birth of next baby

Question 6

Characteristics of family equidae

Answer 6

Includes horses, donkeys, zebras
Social, cursorial grazers of open plains
single digit
evolved in NA, spread to SA and Asia, Africa, but extinct in Americas
7 species

Question 7

2 types of equid social organizations

Answer 7

1. Harems- single stallion defends a herd of mares with young, surplus stallions live in bachelor herds
2. Mating territory- male defends mating territory, shares small portion of home range with other males and females, females and their young form groups but do not associate with a particular stallion, non-breeding males form bachelor herds, male will not tolerate other males unless mare is in estrous

Question 8

Characteristics of order Artiodactyla

Answer 8

Even-toed ungulates
2 or 4 toes, digit 1 is always absent
Paraxonic
upper incisors and canines are usually absent or reduced
order shows a trend for the stomach to become chambered
10 families

Question 9

Characteristics of suborder suiformes

Answer 9

Includes swine, peccaries, and hippopotamus
nonruminants
retain upper incisors

Question 10

Characteristics of family suidae

Answer 10

pigs
large head, simple stomach, omnivorous
nose elongated into a truncated snout- disc-like cartilage or bone at the tip
restricted to the Old World but introduced to the New World and islands by man
Upper canines large and curve upwards
Social, groups consist mainly of females and their young, males are often solitary
8 species

Question 11

Characteristics of family Tayassuidae

Answer 11

Pecarries or javelinas
pig-like omnivores
more more gregarious than pigs with more hair
3 chambered stomach
Upper canines not curved upward
dorsal scent gland near tail used to mark territory
burrow
found from the southern US to Argentina
3 species

Question 12

Characteristics of family hippopotamidae

Answer 12

Hippopotamuses
medium-sized to very long
semi-aquatic, nocturnal grazers
3 chambered stomach
incisors and canines tusklike
single young
Africa
2 species

Question 13

Characteristics of suborder Tylopoda– Family camelidae

Answer 13

Camels and llamas
upper canines present, only caniniform retained (third upper incisor), hard gum pad in front of upper jaw, procumbent lower incisors
3-chambered stomach, ruminate
metacarpals and metatarsals incompletely fused
with wide spreading teeth and two toes with nails instead of hooves
Callosities on legs and chest
6 species
Social behavior- live in herds, male in rut will defend herd of females, makes a display called palu
Can go 4-5 days without water, water is stored as fat in the hump, can tolerate water loss up to 25% of their body weight.

Question 14

Ways that family Camelidae conserves water

Answer 14

reducing evaporation from the lungs and through perspiration
concentrating the urine
allowing the body temperature to rise during the day and drop at nightas much as 12°F
can drink 20 gallons of water at once when thirsty
replace lost water in about 10 minutes

Question 15

Characteristics of suborder ruminata

Answer 15

3-4 chambered stomach
upper incisors absent- pulls grass into mouth with tongue, holds against the hard gum pad while the lower incisors cut it off
Lower incisors often procumbent and spatulate
Canines often absent, lower canines often incisiform

Question 16

Characteristics of family Tragulidae

Answer 16

mouse deer/chevrotains
very small with slender legs, four functional digits, lacks horns and antlers
upper canines are elongated into small tusks in males- antlers would be encumbering in dense brush
solitary, but some have intrasexual territories
3 chambered stomach
nocturnal or crepuscular

Question 17

Characteristics of family Moschidae

Answer 17

Musk deer
small, no antlers, upper canines elongated in males
Siberia, Eastern Asia, and Himalayas
Solitary and crepuscular
Perfume made from musk gland secretions
3 species

Question 18

Characteristics of family Cervidae

Answer 18

deer, medium-small to large
mainly forest-dwelling
long slender legs with four toes -middle pair larger than other two
Antlers made of bone and found in most males, grown and shed each year
Most have facial gland below the eye used to scent marking
36 species
young usually spotted and hidden soon after birth

Question 19

Characteristics of family giraffidae

Answer 19

giraffes and okapi
Large browsers with long necks for reaching leaves- 45 cm long tongue
Africa
Horns covered by skin and hair (usually 3 or 5)
No upper incisors or canines

Question 20

Characteristics of family Antilocapridae

Answer 20

Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana)
Western half of NA- semi desert and dry grasslands
up to 45 kg
forked horns (bony core, deciduous sheath, shed in autumn, absent or small in females)
Grazer and browser that can eat tough grasses and go for long periods without water
Small groups in summer, large migratory herds in winter
can run 40 mph
bucks fight over females in autumn rut

Question 21

Characteristics of family Bovidae

Answer 21

Duikers, antelopes, cattle, goats, and sheep
115 species to 45 genera
small to very large
males and often females possess a pair of unbranched horns- bony core covered with a permanent horny sheath
Toes 3 and 4 well developed- toes 2 or 5 small or entirely absent
NA, Europe, Asia, and Africa
Overall trend is for grazing in open habitat