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M17 Animal Diversity > Exam 3 Study Set > Flashcards

Exam 3 Study Set Flashcards

1
Q

Raptor

A

plunderer/seized
obligate carnivores

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2
Q

stooping

A

diving

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3
Q

mantling

A

spreading wings and tail to cover captured prey

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4
Q

feaking

A

rubbing beak against a surface for cleaning and maintaining beak shape, often done after eating

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5
Q

rouse

A

when a bird lifts and shakes its feathers. Rearranges out of place feathers and if they rouse in front of you they are comfortable.

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6
Q

stacking

A

bird stands on top of another to see better. Helpful in desert surroundings

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7
Q

wingspan from longest to shortest

A

Eagle
Buteo
Accipiter
Falcon

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8
Q

Bald eagle

A

Hailaeetus leucocephalus
Accipitriformes
Accipitridae

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9
Q

Red-tailed hawk (buteo)

A

Buteo jamaicensis
Accipitriformes
Accipitridae

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10
Q

Red-shouldered hawk (buteo)

A

Buteo lineatus
Accipitriformes
Accipitridae

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11
Q

Accipiters

A

Forrest “true” hawks
short, rounding wings
long tails
ambush predators (other birds)
horizontal pursuit

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12
Q

Parabuteo

A

Harris hawk is the only species diverged from Buteo.
Shorter wings, longer tail
Adapted to desert life

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13
Q

What is an example of reconvergence

A

Harris hawk evolved from Buteo but adapted back to Accipiter-type bird. Dolphin evolved from aquatic Pakiectus, went to land, and returned back to the water

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14
Q

How is the peregrine nose like a jet engine?

A

Air comes in cold and the spiracle shape of the internal nostril warms up the air as it comes in

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15
Q

Buteos

A

broad winged hawks
soaring predators- fixed wing flight, scan for and dive down to capture prey

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16
Q

Aplomado falcon

A

Falco femoralis
Falconiformes
Falconidae

Hunt cooperatively, one flushes out prey and the other catches either by wing or on foot

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17
Q

Owls

A

Strigiformes
Adapted for nocturnal lifestyle: night vision, offset ears, silent flight.
Owl pellets

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18
Q

Great horned owl

A

Bubo virginianus
Strigiformes
Strigidae

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19
Q

Turkey vulture

A

Cathartes aura
Accipitriformes
Cathartidae

Uses thermal updrafts to stay aloft for hours at a time. Will fly high up and circle down when seeing other vultures gather- likelihood of carcass.
Featherless heads help regulate temperature at the sudden increase in heat as descends, and keeps head clean when eating.
Lowest gastric pH of 1 in the animal kingdom helps digest rancid, diseased meat without getting sick.
Rancid vomit scares off predators.
Diclofenac (vet drug) fatal to vultures.
More than 50% of all vulture species are endangered- led to rise in diseases like rabies

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20
Q

What did class Aves evolve from

A

reptiles (therapods)

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21
Q

Characteristics of Class Aves

A

forelimbs modified into wings
hindlimbs adapted to walking, swimming, perching
no teeth, has feathers
light skeleton with much fusion
4-chambered heart
air sacs throughout body
endothermic
oviparous
no urinary bladder

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22
Q

advantages of flight

A

Escape from terrestrial predators
Utilize resource of flying insects
Rapid travel across great distances
Seasonal migration

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23
Q

weight reducing adaptations to flight

A

-thin, hollow, fused bones. Hand/tail reduced
- light, flexible feathers insulate and protect. Molt at least once a year
- skin glands reduced. Uropygial gland above tail
-reduced or absent eye muscles
-teeth replaced by light bill, food ground by gizzard
-9 air sacs, no urinary bladder, oviparous
-reduced sex organs
-high energy, low bulk food

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24
Q

power increasing adaptations to flight

A

keeled sternum
endothermic (homiothermic- consistent 108 degree body temp, heterothermic- allows body temp to drop to conserve energy)
rapid, efficient digestion, large breast, heart
high blood pressure, air sacs, one way flow of air

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25
Q

two additional adaptations to Class Aves

A

Streamlining: nervous system, large eyes, brain inputs
Balance: no long tail needed, pelvic and pectoral girdles support weight, abdominal organs redistributed

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26
Q

peregrine falcon

A

can reach speeds up to 200 mph

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27
Q

When does flight occur

A

when an animal has enough thrust and lift to move its body through the air and maintain it in the air using huge amounts of energy and oxygen

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28
Q

what was the first flying animal

A

insects

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29
Q

heaviest flying bird

A

great bustard- 40 lbs

30
Q

first vertebrate to evolve powered flight

A

pterosaurs (meaning winged lizard). Closely related to dinosaurs but not a true dinosaur

31
Q

Why are there no longer large flighted animals?

A

Their size works against them in a crisis. They are the first to go when there is a lack of food in comparison to smaller flighted animals who need less sustenance.

32
Q

how is the evolution of flight an example of convergent evolution

A

Birds and pterosaurs both evolved similar body plans in a response to the need to fly more efficiently.

33
Q

When did feathers first evolve

A

among non-avian dinosaurs, possibly evolved for something other than flight (insulation, brooding)

34
Q

What was unique to Archaeopteryx

A

Archaeopteryx retains teeth, long bony tail, clawed fingers, no large pectoral muscles. Was the first to retain features of both bird and reptile. (ganzes was earlier, more bird-like counterpart)

35
Q

What were the selective forces that drove birds into the air

A

environmental pressures like escaping predators forced birds to begin ascending trees, and as the degree increased, wings became more necessary- produced bigger wings, more muscles, better efficiency

36
Q

wing assisted incline running

A

wings assist ascending an incline of more than 60 degrees

37
Q

how does the shape of a bird’s wing assist in flight

A

curved on top, relatively flat on bottom helps decrease drag and defy gravity. Faster air flows over the top causing it to be pulled up, creating lift. Increased pressure pushes against bottom. Flapping their wings generate enough force to propel themselves through the air. Aeordynamic forces produced on the downstroke. 95% of the power needed for this comes from pectoral muscle.

38
Q

when a bird turns, why does the body move but the head doesnt

A

keeping the head in the same position allows the bird to be spatially aware, and distinguish direction

39
Q

How are bird lungs different than human lungs

A

Human lungs- expand when breathing in and out
Bird lungs- fixated in size, never change. Air is juggled between air sacs which do expand and move

40
Q

Characteristics of Psittaciformes

A

includes parrots and their allies
short, deep, hooked bill with a cere
eat mainly fruit, grains, nuts
usually bright plumage
zygodactylous toes
tropical parts of the world, southern hemisphere
3 families, 375 species

41
Q

Define cere

A

a fleshy, membranous covering of the base of the upper mandible of a bird, especially a bird of prey or a parrot, through which the nostrils open.

42
Q

One type of New Zealand parrot and its family

A

Kia. Strigopidae

43
Q

Characteristics of Kakapo (owl parrot)

A

circle of feathers around eye collect sound waves and focus them towards the ears
very intelligent, nocturnal
front facing eyes
flightless, use wings to balance when climbing through tree canopy
New Zealand not inhabited, only 3 tiny offshore islands, more males than females
may live 60-100 years
“chinging”- wheezing mating call

44
Q

What is the largest cockatoo in the world and some of its attributes

A

the palm cockatoo
crest, short tail, super family Cacatuidae
black with red face
27 different syllables- varied repetoire
sacred animal to locals
Australia. Declining population
One mated pair will only successfully fledge one chick every ten years

45
Q

Differentiate between parrots, macaws, lorikeets, and parakeets

A

parrots- short, squat bodies, short tails and flight feathers
macaws- larger, more streamlined bodies, long tail and flight feathers
lorikeets- unique diet of pollen and nectar, small size
parakeets- smaller species, long tails and streamlined bodies, feed on grasses, some considered agricultural pests and outlawed in some states

46
Q

why would parrots and macaws flock together while eating on the ground

A

they are most vulnerable to predators on the ground and staying in one flock keeps them safer than they would be individually

47
Q

Mammal characteristics and their functions.

A

hair- insulate, protect, defend, camouflage, communicate, tactile sensation (guard and underfur hair types) molt 1-2x a yr
mammary glands- milk (consists of water, butterfat, lactose, albumin, salts). 1-13 pairs of nipples
skin glands- sweat, sebaceous, scent glands
enucleated red blood cells- allows entire cell volume to contain hemoglobin (increases efficiency of oxygen transport)
(some) heterodonty- deciduous and permanent teeth
3 ear bones, single lower jaw bone, muscular diaphragm, endothermic, 4-chambered heart, internal fertilization, embryonic membranes

48
Q

When did first mammal-like reptiles appear

A

250 mya

49
Q

When did first mammals appear

A

200 mya

50
Q

Provide a real life example for each function of mammal hair

A

insulate- polar bear coats
defend- porcupine
protect- lion manes
camouflage- snow leopard
communication- wolves’ face expressions
tactile sensation- mice whiskers

51
Q

dental formula of mammals

A

from left to right, upper and lower jaws on one side

                    3   1   4    2   = 21

                    3    1   4   3

Incisors -cutting, grasping, gnawing
Canines -prey capture, flesh ripping,
Premolars -variable shaping depending on food
Molars -variable shape depending on food
Carnassial teeth -specialized premolars & molars (last upper premolar and first lower molar) in carnivores, designed for slicing in a scissor-like fashion

52
Q

External ear pinnae (what are the three ear bones in mammals)

A

stapes, malleus, incus

53
Q

list two mammalian specializations

A

large brain
large skull

54
Q

Mammalian lifestyles and example of each

A

Cursorial - runners (cheetah)
Saltorial - jumpers (kangaroo)
Fossorial - burrowers (badger)
Arboreal - climbers (primates)
Volant - gliders (sugar gliders)
Aerial - flyers (parrots)
Aquatic - swimmers (dolphins)

55
Q

limb specializations of mammals and example of each

A

Plantigrade- tarsus, metatarsus, phalanges on the ground (bears, raccoons)
Digitgrade- only phalanges on the ground (cats and dogs)
Unguligrade- just tips of phalanges on the ground (horses, deer)

56
Q

Characteristics of carnivora

A

shorter gut than herbivores, may eat plant material
cursorial ability varies. Most cursorial species show little digit reduction and always have at least 4 toes
skeleton- generalized. Large, conical canines, cheek teeth are reduced in short-faced families. (30 vs 42)
Carnassial teeth (PM4 and M1)
Night vision in most- tapetum lucidum, many rods
Hearing- hear higher frequencies, do not hear lower frequencies that humans do.
Olfactory ability- highly developed, sense of taste more developed in omnivorous species
Tactile sense- sensitive muzzle and forepaws

57
Q

Give an example of convergent evolution using a carnivore(s)

A

polar bears and arctic foxes both developed white coats in result to living in a predominately white environment
OR
red pandas and giant pandas are order carnivora, but have independently evolved as obligate bamboo-feeders, in part due to its abundance and the lack of competition for it as a resource. Both also adapted pseudo-thumb in order to better grasp bamboo

58
Q

cursorial

A

having limbs adapted for running

59
Q

Do plantigrades or digitigrades have better cursorial ability- provide an animal example

A

digitigrades- dogs and cats

60
Q

What are some main differences between canine and feline skulls

A

canines- longer rostrum, more teeth for crushing and grinding
felines- short, strong jaws, specialized canines, reduced number of cheek teeth, well-developed carnassials, large eye sockets

61
Q

What are the carpal bones of order carnivora vs other mammal orders?

A

Carnivora- Scapholunar bone
Other- Scaphoid bone and lunar bone

62
Q

What is the advantage of a fennec fox having large ears

A

they are able to channel sounds in to the inner ear and pick up the sound of prey underneath the sands, helping them to catch and eat prey where it is scarce.

63
Q

What are the three superfamilies of order carnivora

A

Canoidea
Feloidea
Pinnipedia

64
Q

Characteristics of family Canidae

A

dogs, foxes, wolves, jackals
well-developed cursorial ability
More social species tend to eat less plant matter
Uniform coloration except for face and tail tip markings
violet and anal glands present
Five toes on forefoot, 4 toes on hindfoot
Worldwide except Antarctica
3 types of social organization that relate to hunting
evolutionary trend- cooperative hunting

65
Q

Describe the solitary type of social/hunting organization of family Canidae. Give 2 examples.

A

solitary- small canids that hunt small prey, will scavenge, may cache uneaten food, solitary except when mating/raising young, pair bond persists until young are raised and driven off by parents before the first winter. (arctic fox, maned wolf)

66
Q

Describe the solitary-social type of social/hunting organization of family Canidae. Give 2 examples.

A

Hunt small prey alone, hunt larger prey in pairs or family groups, also eats carrion, fruit, and veg. Cooperative hunting techniques (ambush, cut off prey, tricking prey, taking turns). Prey are small and scarce- hunt alone. Prey are large and scarce- hunt together. Breeding pair usually permanent, young stay with parents through first winter. (coyote, golden jackal).

67
Q

Describe the social type of social/hunting organization of family Canidae. Give 2 examples.

A

Hunt cooperatively in packs, can kill prey much larger than themselves. Pack size depends on prey abundance. Scarce prey- pack breaks down and individuals hunt smaller prey. Cooperative hunting techniques (chasing a herd, take turns leading, ambush, distract prey, group attack, labor division). Hunters regurgitate food for non-hunters, pack is usually extended family group, dominance structure. ( wolf, african hunting dog).

68
Q

Characteristics of family felidae

A

highly predatory cats
desert to dense forest habitats, worldwide except poles and Australia
nocturnal, digitigrade, stereoscopic vision
rough tongue to rasp meat off bones
sharp, curved, retractable claws flake off in layers
forelimbs can rotate to grasp prey, climb trees
evolutionary trend- large size for large prey
prey is stalked or ambushed- kill bite right behind head, canines cut through vertebrae and sever spinal cord
solitary. Social during breeding/raising young
nonseasonal breeders

69
Q

Characteristics of suborder pinnipedia

A

seals, sea lions, walrus. Almost completely aquatic
fusiform body, flippers, short limbs, digits enclosed in fleshy membrane
teeth tend to homodonty
feed on fish, squid, mollusks, crustaceans
can remain in water almost indefinitely
most can dive for at least 20 min
skull less highly modified than in the cetaceans. More dog-like: larger cranium, shorter snout, larger orbits
Individuals come together to breed, then separate
Polygnous- Uni-male, multi-female harem system

70
Q

How and why did walruses evolve tusks

A

Different populations became separated from each other as sea levels rose and they began to evolve independently. Gomphotaria was the first tusked walrus to appear. Developed as a form of male competition to spar with when fighting for females to breed with. Also sexual selection- tusks used as display (indicator of status, size, health)

M17 Animal Diversity (15 decks)

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