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HSCI130 > Midterm 2 (Simplified) > Flashcards

Midterm 2 (Simplified) Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of epidemiology

A

The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states in specified populations, and the applications of this study to control health problems

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2
Q

Applications of epidemiology

A
  1. Identifying the cause of a new syndrome
  2. Assessing the risks of exposure
  3. Determining whether treatment X is effective
  4. Identifying health services use needs and trends
  5. Identifying practical prevention strategies
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3
Q

Definition of endemic

A

Cases are continually occurring in the population; regularly found among particular people or in a certain area.

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4
Q

Definition of epidemic

A

Outbreak of a disease in a localized group of people; spread by 1. vectors 2. carriers 3. sudden intro of new pathogen

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5
Q

Definition of pandemic

A

Epidemics that have spread beyond their local region and are affecting people in various/all parts of the world

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6
Q

Total people living with HIV in 2021

A

38.4 million

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7
Q

Total people newly infected with HIV in 2021

A

1.5 million

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8
Q

Total deaths from AIDS in 2021

A

650,000

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9
Q

Total people infected with TB in 2016

A

10.4 million

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10
Q

Total deaths from TB in 2016

A

1.8 million

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11
Q

Total deaths from HIV + TB in 2016

A

400,000

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12
Q

Prevalence

A

Proportion of individuals in a population with the disease at a given point in time

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13
Q

Prevalence formula

A

Number of cases/total population

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14
Q

Cumulative incidence

A

Proportion of individuals who become diseased during a specific time period

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15
Q

Cumulative incidence formula

A

Number of new cases of disease in a specific time period/number of people in the population at risk of developing the disease AT THE BEGINNING of the period

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16
Q

Incidence rate

A

Measure of the rate of development of a disease in a population

17
Q

Incidence rate formula

A

Number of new cases of disease during given time period/number of person time [years/months/days] when people were at risk of developing the disease during observation

18
Q

Sensitivity test

A

The ability of a test to correctly identify patients with a disease

19
Q

Specificity test

A

The ability of a test to correctly identify people without the disease

20
Q

Point prevalence

A

Individuals in a population with disease at a given point in time

21
Q

Point prevalence formula

A

Number of diseased person on date /population of date

22
Q

Period prevalence

A

Individuals in a population with disease at any time

23
Q

Period prevalence formula

A

Cases/population of date

24
Q

Case fatality rate formula

A

Number of deaths in a given point/total deaths

25
Q

Sensitivity formula

A

Number of individuals with disease who test positive/number of individuals with disease x 100

26
Q

Specificity formula

A

Number of individuals without disease who test negatively/number of individuals without disease x100

27
Q

Why is false negatives important (2):

A
  • Could contribute to spread a disease
  • Treatment delay
28
Q

Why is false positive important (3):

A
  • Patient anxiety
  • Stigma
  • Waste of health care resources
29
Q

Standarized rate

A

Statistical measure of any rates in a population. It is adjusted to take into account the vital differences between populations that may affect their birthrates or death rates

30
Q

Why do we use standard rates

A

It removes the confounding effect of variables that we know or think differ in populations we wish to compare and it allows us to be able to compare these rates across different countries, locations, or regions

31
Q

John Snow

A
  • English physician widely known for his contributions to cholera
  • Considered the father of contemporary epidemiology
  • Developed 2 theories: Miasma & Germ
32
Q

Main aspects of health promotion action (5):

A
  • Build a health public policy
  • Create supportive environments
  • Strengthen community action
  • Develop personal skills
  • Reorient health services
33
Q

HIV

A

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1. It causes CD4 T-cell depletion that results in AIDS

34
Q

The epidemiologic approach (3):

A
  • Counting cases and describing them in terms of time, place, and person
  • Dividing the number of cases by an appropriate denominator to calculate rates (morbidity/mortality)
  • Comparing the rates over time
35
Q

Crude mortality rate

A

Overall incidence of death in a population

36
Q

Establishing causation (5):

A
  • Temporality: Exposure must come first Essential
  • Strength of association: Strong effect?
  • Biological plausibility: What is the likely biological mechanism?
  • Consistency: Found across a range of studies?
  • Dose response: Level and duration of exposure?
37
Q

Prevention Paradox

A

Seemingly contradictory situation that states that large numbers of people must participate in a preventive strategy for direct benefit to relatively few

HSCI130 (7 decks)

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