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HSCI130 > FINAL EXAM (Group notes) > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM (Group notes) Flashcards

1
Q

5 paradigms

A
  • Structural functionalist
  • Conflict
  • Symbolic interactionist
  • Feminist
  • Sociology of the body
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2
Q

Healthy immigrant effect

A

Term given to the phenomena of immigrants arriving to Canada with stronger health than Canadian borns. However, immigrant health experiences a steep decline over time since migration to reach the Canadian-born population’s health levels or lower.

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3
Q

Explanations for the deterioration of the healthy immigrant effect (3):

A
  • Converging lifestyles (eg. Smoking, alcohol abuse, bad diet)
  • Resettlement stress (eg. Social exclusion, unemployment)
  • Differential access to health care (eg. Language and cultural barriers, and lack of access to formal health-care services and family physicians)
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4
Q

Health promotion ottawa charter (DRS.BC)

A
  • Build healthy public policy
  • Strengthen community action
  • Create supportive groups
  • Reorient health services
  • Develop personal skills
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5
Q

Canadian healthcare system (7)

A
  • Care delivery province responsibility
  • Privately delivered, publicly financed
  • Private providers, no profit hospitals
  • Choice of practitioner
  • Universal coverage applies to half of all cost
  • 3 biggest spending hospitals, drugs, and physicians
  • Financed, taxes, premiums, and out of pocket
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6
Q

Hans Selye (2):

A
  • Hungarian born Canadian endocrinologist working out of McGill. He was a pioneer of biological effects of stressful stimuli.
  • Theorized that overexposing the body to stress would cause what he called “general adaptation syndrome,” which could lead to shock, alarm and eventually exhaustion
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7
Q

Spending on healthcare

A
  • 228.1 billion
  • Main categories of spending - Hospitals (29.5%), drugs (16%), doctors (15.2%)
  • 43% of BC budget spent on healthcare
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8
Q

Proximal determinants

A

Proximal (think close proximity) downstream factors like sickness, infections, bad habits

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9
Q

Distal determinants

A

Distal (think distance, far away) upstream factors like income, education, economic standings

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10
Q

Vertical structures

A

Distant factors that indirectly influence health (eg. Social, political and economic policies)

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11
Q

Horizontal structures

A

Immediate factors that shape health and well-being (eg. Family, work, living conditions)

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12
Q

Personal determinants

A

Individual level (eg. Genetics, beliefs, attidues, personal health practices)

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13
Q

Structural determinants

A

Societal level (eg. Rates of employment, living and work conditions, health care)

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14
Q

Total people living with HIV in 2021

A

38.4 million

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15
Q

Total people newly infected with HIV in 2021

A

1.5 million

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16
Q

Total deaths from AIDS in 2021

A

650000

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17
Q

Total people infected with TB in 2016

A

10.4 million

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18
Q

Total deaths from TB in 2016

A

1.8 million

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19
Q

Total deaths from HIV + TB in 2016

A

400,000

20
Q

Salutogenic model

A
  • Developed by Antonvosky that highlights importance of improving living and working conditions to provide a health-protective environment and the health and wellness of population
  • Discover origin and nature of good health to promote health protective behavior. Focuses on psychosocial aspects of health status to search for good health in social environment and lifestyle
21
Q

Pathogenic models

A

Discover origin and nature of disease for treatment and has an illness-avoidance orientation. Focuses on biophysical aspects for risk factors in micro-organisms

22
Q

Birth of medicare

A
  • Medicare in Canada is a government-funded universal health insurance program
  • First province to have it - saskatchewan - 1961
  • All provinces had it in 1972
23
Q

Descriptive studies

A

Only describes the occurrences of disease or exposure. Does not tell us about the relationship between exposure and outcome. 5 w

24
Q

Observational studies

A

Compare patterns of exposure and disease outcomes

25
Q

Experimental studies

A

Clinical trials

26
Q

Analytic studies

A

Evaluates the association between exposure and outcome to try and determine if the exposure causes the outcome, and how strong the relationship is.

27
Q

Ecological study

A

Compare prevalence of disease in population

28
Q

Cross-sectional

A

Study group chosen to represent subgroup of society

29
Q

Case control study

A

Compare people with/without the disease and find out about odds of past exposure

30
Q

Prospective cohort studies

A

Compare people with/without exposure and see if they develop disease

31
Q

Crude mortality formula

A

Number of deaths in given period/population at risk of death in that period

32
Q

Infant mortality rate formula

A

Number of deaths in first year of life/number of live birth x 100

33
Q

3 types of Iatrogenesis

A
  • Clinical iatrogenesis: Illness or injury caused directly by the health-care system
  • Social iatrogenesis: Indirect harm that medicalization causes to society in general by defining more and more aspects of life, from birth through sorrow, suffering, and sickness, to death, as medical issues
  • Cultural iatrogenesis: The way in which the increasing medicalization of life would eventually comprise our abilities to look after our own health without professional medicine’s help
34
Q

Why is CD4 important

A
  • CD4 count is used to check your health if you have HIV. HIV destroys these cells, so they are a good monitor
  • White blood cells, help fight infection by triggering your immune system to destroy viruses, bacteria, and other germs that may make you sick.
35
Q

What cell types contribute to antiviral immunity

A

CD8 T (search & suppress/destroy)

36
Q

What is combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and how does it work?

A

the Greatest achievement against HIV, cART is a combination of several antiretroviral medicines used to slow the rate at which HIV makes copies of itself in the body. A combination of three or more antiretroviral medicines is more effective than just one.

37
Q

Why is cArt unable to eliminate HIV?

A
  • HIV is able to hide/avoid
  • It fails to eliminate HIV latently infected cells, and infected individuals remain HIV positive for life.
38
Q

Why don’t we have a vaccine against HIV yet

A

HIV is highly adaptive and there are multiple forms of it. It targets the immune system and HIV reservoirs are a major barrier to cure. It hides in the cells, and we are unable to detect it until it comes back out.

39
Q

Gender explanations (3)

A
  • Individual level (Display, orientation, identity
  • Interactional level (How people are treated based on their gender)
  • Structural level (Gendered status, labour division, sexual scripts (boys dont cry, girls do chores)
40
Q

Unnatural causes main points

A
  • Social class is the biggest determinant of health
  • Wealth equals health, higher class have better health status than lower class
  • Death rates and illness correlate to status
41
Q

Exclusion from civil society

A

Limitations due to legal constraints due to gender, race and ethnicity

42
Q

Exclusion from social goods

A

Limited access to resources and services such as housing for the homeless and persons with disabilities or support services for seniors

43
Q

Exclusion from social production

A

Limited opportunities to contribute through employment as well as limited access to other key social institutions like higher education

44
Q

Economical exclusion

A

Limited opportunities for acquiring adequate material conditions for living(living in high crime areas)

45
Q

How has your understanding of health illness and disease changed over time

A
  • Ideas about health not only being a lack of illness
  • Health is different for everyone
  • Different cultures have different conceptions
  • Understand health through paradigms and determinants
  • Health is not just on the outside/without illness
46
Q

How has your understanding of social determinants of health changed over time

A
  • Learned about hierarchy and wealth is the biggest determinant of health
  • Learned about determinants on all levels (personal, structural, distal, etc)
  • Major difference in the social gradient for life expectancy
47
Q

Something about if you could change the healthcare system what would you do

A
  • Healthcare system will need to change in order to support rapidly aging population
  • Address rural areas
  • Substance abuse
  • More doctors in underrepresented communities

HSCI130 (7 decks)

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