FINAL EXAM (Group notes) Flashcards
5 paradigms
- Structural functionalist
- Conflict
- Symbolic interactionist
- Feminist
- Sociology of the body
Healthy immigrant effect
Term given to the phenomena of immigrants arriving to Canada with stronger health than Canadian borns. However, immigrant health experiences a steep decline over time since migration to reach the Canadian-born population’s health levels or lower.
Explanations for the deterioration of the healthy immigrant effect (3):
- Converging lifestyles (eg. Smoking, alcohol abuse, bad diet)
- Resettlement stress (eg. Social exclusion, unemployment)
- Differential access to health care (eg. Language and cultural barriers, and lack of access to formal health-care services and family physicians)
Health promotion ottawa charter (DRS.BC)
- Build healthy public policy
- Strengthen community action
- Create supportive groups
- Reorient health services
- Develop personal skills
Canadian healthcare system (7)
- Care delivery province responsibility
- Privately delivered, publicly financed
- Private providers, no profit hospitals
- Choice of practitioner
- Universal coverage applies to half of all cost
- 3 biggest spending hospitals, drugs, and physicians
- Financed, taxes, premiums, and out of pocket
Hans Selye (2):
- Hungarian born Canadian endocrinologist working out of McGill. He was a pioneer of biological effects of stressful stimuli.
- Theorized that overexposing the body to stress would cause what he called “general adaptation syndrome,” which could lead to shock, alarm and eventually exhaustion
Spending on healthcare
- 228.1 billion
- Main categories of spending - Hospitals (29.5%), drugs (16%), doctors (15.2%)
- 43% of BC budget spent on healthcare
Proximal determinants
Proximal (think close proximity) downstream factors like sickness, infections, bad habits
Distal determinants
Distal (think distance, far away) upstream factors like income, education, economic standings
Vertical structures
Distant factors that indirectly influence health (eg. Social, political and economic policies)
Horizontal structures
Immediate factors that shape health and well-being (eg. Family, work, living conditions)
Personal determinants
Individual level (eg. Genetics, beliefs, attidues, personal health practices)
Structural determinants
Societal level (eg. Rates of employment, living and work conditions, health care)
Total people living with HIV in 2021
38.4 million
Total people newly infected with HIV in 2021
1.5 million
Total deaths from AIDS in 2021
650000
Total people infected with TB in 2016
10.4 million
Total deaths from TB in 2016
1.8 million
Total deaths from HIV + TB in 2016
400,000
Salutogenic model
- Developed by Antonvosky that highlights importance of improving living and working conditions to provide a health-protective environment and the health and wellness of population
- Discover origin and nature of good health to promote health protective behavior. Focuses on psychosocial aspects of health status to search for good health in social environment and lifestyle
Pathogenic models
Discover origin and nature of disease for treatment and has an illness-avoidance orientation. Focuses on biophysical aspects for risk factors in micro-organisms
Birth of medicare
- Medicare in Canada is a government-funded universal health insurance program
- First province to have it - saskatchewan - 1961
- All provinces had it in 1972
Descriptive studies
Only describes the occurrences of disease or exposure. Does not tell us about the relationship between exposure and outcome. 5 w
Observational studies
Compare patterns of exposure and disease outcomes
Experimental studies
Clinical trials
Analytic studies
Evaluates the association between exposure and outcome to try and determine if the exposure causes the outcome, and how strong the relationship is.
Ecological study
Compare prevalence of disease in population
Cross-sectional
Study group chosen to represent subgroup of society
Case control study
Compare people with/without the disease and find out about odds of past exposure
Prospective cohort studies
Compare people with/without exposure and see if they develop disease
Crude mortality formula
Number of deaths in given period/population at risk of death in that period
Infant mortality rate formula
Number of deaths in first year of life/number of live birth x 100
3 types of Iatrogenesis
- Clinical iatrogenesis: Illness or injury caused directly by the health-care system
- Social iatrogenesis: Indirect harm that medicalization causes to society in general by defining more and more aspects of life, from birth through sorrow, suffering, and sickness, to death, as medical issues
- Cultural iatrogenesis: The way in which the increasing medicalization of life would eventually comprise our abilities to look after our own health without professional medicine’s help
Why is CD4 important
- CD4 count is used to check your health if you have HIV. HIV destroys these cells, so they are a good monitor
- White blood cells, help fight infection by triggering your immune system to destroy viruses, bacteria, and other germs that may make you sick.
What cell types contribute to antiviral immunity
CD8 T (search & suppress/destroy)
What is combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and how does it work?
the Greatest achievement against HIV, cART is a combination of several antiretroviral medicines used to slow the rate at which HIV makes copies of itself in the body. A combination of three or more antiretroviral medicines is more effective than just one.
Why is cArt unable to eliminate HIV?
- HIV is able to hide/avoid
- It fails to eliminate HIV latently infected cells, and infected individuals remain HIV positive for life.
Why don’t we have a vaccine against HIV yet
HIV is highly adaptive and there are multiple forms of it. It targets the immune system and HIV reservoirs are a major barrier to cure. It hides in the cells, and we are unable to detect it until it comes back out.
Gender explanations (3)
- Individual level (Display, orientation, identity
- Interactional level (How people are treated based on their gender)
- Structural level (Gendered status, labour division, sexual scripts (boys dont cry, girls do chores)
Unnatural causes main points
- Social class is the biggest determinant of health
- Wealth equals health, higher class have better health status than lower class
- Death rates and illness correlate to status
Exclusion from civil society
Limitations due to legal constraints due to gender, race and ethnicity
Exclusion from social goods
Limited access to resources and services such as housing for the homeless and persons with disabilities or support services for seniors
Exclusion from social production
Limited opportunities to contribute through employment as well as limited access to other key social institutions like higher education
Economical exclusion
Limited opportunities for acquiring adequate material conditions for living(living in high crime areas)
How has your understanding of health illness and disease changed over time
- Ideas about health not only being a lack of illness
- Health is different for everyone
- Different cultures have different conceptions
- Understand health through paradigms and determinants
- Health is not just on the outside/without illness
How has your understanding of social determinants of health changed over time
- Learned about hierarchy and wealth is the biggest determinant of health
- Learned about determinants on all levels (personal, structural, distal, etc)
- Major difference in the social gradient for life expectancy
Something about if you could change the healthcare system what would you do
- Healthcare system will need to change in order to support rapidly aging population
- Address rural areas
- Substance abuse
- More doctors in underrepresented communities
