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HSCI130 > FINAL EXAM (Simplified) > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM (Simplified) Flashcards

1
Q

Cortisol

A

Steroid hormone that the adrenal glands produce and release

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2
Q

Ways stress can be measured (5):

A
  • Schedule of recent experiences - self report checklists
  • Age specific checklists
  • Life events and difficulties scale
    Interviews
  • Difference in biographical circumstances
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3
Q

Cognitive appraisal theory

A

Originated in sociology/psychology. It was developed by Lazarus to describe and explain individual differences in adaptation

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4
Q

3 types of stress appraisals

A
  • Harm/loss
  • Threat
  • Challenge
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5
Q

Cortisol levels at night vs morning

A

Low overnight and increase progressively during morning

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6
Q

Stress-elicited endocrine responses (2)

A
  • Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis (HPA)
  • Sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM)
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7
Q

Rudolf Virchow

A

Sent to Poland to investigate an epidemic of typhus in 1848. He found that feudalism, unfair tax policies and lack of democracy leads to poor living conditions, inadequate diet, and poor hygiene = typhus

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8
Q

What makes people healthy (traditional) (3):

A
  • Biomedical model
  • Pathogenesis-origins of disease
  • Emphasis on personal factors/consciousness raising
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9
Q

What makes people healthy (alternative) (3):

A
  • Upstream approach, emphasizes social determinants of health
  • Salutogenesis-origins of positive health
  • Emphasis on structural factors
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10
Q

What makes people healthy (individual) (4):

A
  • Lay health beliefs
  • Self health management - self care capacity/coping skills
  • Biology and genetic endowment
  • Health protective behavior - personal health practice/lifestyle
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11
Q

Public Health Agency of Canada - 12 determinants

A
  • Social status
  • Support networks
  • Education
  • Employment
  • Social environment
  • Physical environment
  • Personal health practices
  • Skills
  • Healthy child development
  • Biology
  • Health services
  • Gender
  • Culture
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12
Q

Social inequality

A

Relatively stable differences between individuals and groups of people in the distribution of power and privilege

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13
Q

Social inequity

A

Unfair, avoidable differences arising from poor governance, corruption, social exclusion, discrimination

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14
Q

Social gradient

A

Graded association between the indicator of socioeconomic status and population health

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15
Q

Socio-economic position (SEP)

A

Social and economic factors that influence what position individuals and groups hold in the social structure of a society

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16
Q

Salutogenic model

A

Developed by Antonvosky that highlights importance of improving living and working conditions to provide a health-protective environment and the health and wellness of population

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17
Q

Pathogenesis

A

Origins of a disease

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18
Q

Salutogenesis

A

Term used to encourage researchers to explore factors that protect and enhance good health rather than what contributes to ill health

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19
Q

Personal determinants

A

Individual level (eg. Genetics, beliefs, attidues, personal health practices)

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20
Q

Structural determinants

A

Societal level (eg. Rates of employment, living and work conditions, health care)

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21
Q

Lalonde major determinants of population health (4):

A
  • Human biology: genetics that could lead to susceptibility of disease/hereditary disease
  • Lifestyle: personal factors such as smoking, drinking, eating and physical activity
  • Environment: immediate surroundings like air, water, soil, and food
  • Use of formal health-care services: Focuses on individual health rather than population health so it is not well equipped to deal effectively with major health challenges like preventing occurence of disease and enhancing health
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22
Q

3 types of support

A
  • Emotional support: Feelings of being cared for and valued
  • Instrumental support: Vital practice assistance with activities of daily living
  • Informational support: Knowledge about health related matters
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23
Q

Primary determinants*

A

Household income, education level, employment status

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24
Q

Secondary determinants*

A

Daily behavioural practices and psychosocial wellbeing

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25
Q

Horizontal structures*

A

Immediate factors that shape health and well-being (eg. Family, work, living conditions)

26
Q

Vertical structures*

A

Distant factors that indirectly influence health (eg. Social, political and economic policies)

27
Q

Pathogenic approach goal

A

Discover origin and nature of disease for treatment and has an illness-avoidance orientation. Focuses on biophysical aspects for risk factors in micro-organisms

28
Q

Salutogenic approach goal

A

Discover origin and nature of good health to promote health protective behavior. Focuses on psychosocial aspects of health status to search for good health in social environment and lifestyle

29
Q

Sex (3):

A
  • Multidimensional biological construct
  • Premised on biological characteristics enabling human reproduction
  • Encompasses anatomy, physiology, genes, hormone
30
Q

Things are gendered when:

A
  • Characterized as masculine or feminine
  • Prescribes or exhibits patterns of difference by gender
31
Q

Differences in health due to gender (5)

A
  • Women live longer than men
  • Gender differs in major causes of death
  • Women diagnosed as suffering from more ill health than men
  • Women make more frequent use of formal health care than men
  • Differences in the social determinants of health
32
Q

Role-accumulation hypothesis*

A

Suggests that women taking on multiple roles leads to positive health effects

33
Q

Role-strain hypothesis*

A

States that women taking on multiple roles are harmful to health

34
Q

Social acceptability hypothesis*

A

Suggests that women have been socialized into accepting the sick role

35
Q

Risk taking hypothesis*

A

Suggests that men engage in risky behavior, because they are socialized to do so

36
Q

Demand control model:

A
  • The psychological demands on the working person
  • Degree of control the person has over work schedules and job conditions
37
Q

Effort reward imbalance model

A

Emphasizes importance of social reciprocity in our work lives. Health is affected if the time and effort devoted to work are not matched by rewards, incomes, opportunities

38
Q

Michael Marmot

A
  • British epidemiologist and researcher of social gradient
  • Investigator of Whitehall studies
39
Q

Whitehall studies

A

Studies social gradient in mortality from CHD among British civil servants

40
Q

Approaches that explain health inequality (4):

A
  • Materialist and neo-materialist explanation
  • Cultural behavioral explanation
  • Psychosocial explanation
41
Q

Materialist

A

Emphasizes the material conditions under which people live. Influenced by the political economy perspective of conflict paradigm

42
Q

Neo-materialist

A

Health is affected by not only access to social and economic resources, but also by level of funding in social structure

43
Q

Cultural behavioural explanations

A

How people cope with bad circumstances by abusing substances like drugs and alcohol.

44
Q

Psychosocial explanation

A

Aware of their place in the social hierarchy of society, they are at the bottom of it which means no one is below them. They have very limited resources and being at the bottom stresses them out. They feel shame, depression and stress

45
Q

Differential vulnerability hypothesis

A

Argues that we all have stressors in our daily lives that our position on the social gradient can help to alleviate or make worse

46
Q

Medical Care Act 1966

A

Implemented in 1968. Federal government share the costs 50-50 with the provinces for all medical services provided by a doctor outside of hospitals

47
Q

When was medicare adopted in all Canadian provinces*

A

1971-1972

48
Q

First province to implement medicare

A

Sasketechawan

49
Q

Five principles of Canada Health Act:

A

CUPPA
- Comprehensiveness: All medically necessary services should be provided by hospitals medical practitioners and dentists working in hospitals
- Universality: Providing service on uniform terms and conditions
- Portability: When people move between provinces, emergency healthcare is provided. Travel insurance not acquired
- Public administration: Has to be operated on a non-profit basis by a public authority who is accountable to the provincial government
- Accessibility: Reasonable access without financial or other barriers

50
Q

Key features of the Canadian Health Care System (6):*

A
  • Health care delivery is the responsibility of the provinces
  • Privately delivered and publicly financed
  • Private providers and public not for profit hospitals
  • Fee for service funding and global budgets
  • Choice of practitioner
  • Universal coverage applies to less than 1/2 of total health care expenditures
51
Q

Total amount of money spent on health care in Canada*

A

$228.1 billion

52
Q

3 main categories of health that funds go to

A

Hospitals, drugs, physicians (Physicians had a 4.5% growth in cost since 2007)

53
Q

Healthy immigrant effect

A

Term given to the phenomena of immigrants arriving to Canada with stronger health than Canadian borns. However, immigrant health experiences a steep decline over time since migration to reach the Canadian-born population’s health levels or lower.

54
Q

Explanations for the deterioration of the healthy immigrant effect (3):

A
  • Converging lifestyles (eg. Smoking, alcohol abuse, bad diet)
  • Resettlement stress (eg. Social exclusion, unemployment)
  • Differential access to health care (eg. Language and cultural barriers, and lack of access to formal health-care services and family physicians)
55
Q

Myth buster 1 summary (IMG’s are the solution to the doctor shortage in underserviced areas)

A

There is a greater demand for healthcare in rural and remote communities because they experience higher rates of chronic disease, traumatic accidents, and poor mental health than urban but there aren’t enough health workers especially doctors. Therefore, many international medical graduates were recruited for temporary placement but many ended up leaving these communities after receiving their full license due to personal and social problems, so the problem for underserviced communities still remained in place without a solution. To fix this, the best hope is to encourage people who are already from rural areas to apply for medical school which would hopefully want to make them stay at the job

56
Q

Myth buster 2 summary (User fees ensure better use of health services)

A

Article that debates whether user fees ensure quality of health services, while minimizing unnecessary hospital visits, and the answer was no, they do not. In fact they affect those who are chronically ill very negatively. It basically just obstructs access to needed care especially for those who cannot afford it and was not necessarily effective unless you had a higher income. And they ran up an experiment by the RAND Health Insurance, and found that user fees cause people to forego necessary treatment. So for example an elderly started taking less medicine and the conditioned worsened, so there was increase in patients ending up in hospitals

57
Q

Primary health care services

A

Provides direct provision of first-contact health care services and coordinates patients’ health care services. May include prevention and treatment of common diseases and injuries or referrals to other units

58
Q

Secondary health care services

A

Services may be provided in the home or community (mostly long-term or chronic care)

59
Q

BC budget spent on health care (%)

A

43%

60
Q

Differential exposure hypothesis

A

psychosocial stresses are increased by financial problems and social isolation

HSCI130 (7 decks)

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