Midterm 2 Review Flashcards
Why is the pulling of sarcomeres considered uneven in muscles?
Sarcomeres closer to muscle insertion are more mobile than sarcomeres closer to muscle origin
What causes repolarization?
Sodium channels close, potassium continues being pumped out
Do certain neurons have certain neurotransmitters?
Yes. They are specialized with one or more specific neurotrasmitters. The cell they connect to is specialized to receive the NT that neuron carries.
Three names of the cycle in the third step of cellular respiration
Krebs Cycle, Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle, Citric Acid Cycle
How is oxygen related to creatine phosphate?
Oxygen will resume cellular respiration. The ATP made in cellular respiration will help replenish the stores of creatine phosphate.
Why does depolarization cause the release of calcium?
Depolarization of the T-tubules causes the activation of a receptor that is coupled with a receptor on the cisternae. The cisternae receptor causes the opening of the calcium gates.
Types of structural proteins in the sarcomere and their function
Actinin is present at the z-lines, binding together actin. Titin spans across the entire sarcomere, attaching at the z-line and holding all sarcomeres together.
What is muscular hypertrophy?
Muscle fibers are introduced to stress, placing them in a state that requires more nutrients. This influx on nutrients then increases muscle size, and thus strength.
What is the cytosol?
The cytosol is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm, thus outside organelle like the mitochondria.
What is ATP Synthase?
ATP synthase is the hydrogen slide that uses the kinetic energy of hydrogen to power the creation of ATP, not produce the energy stored in ATP.
What produces 26 ATP and what produces 28 ATP
Skeletal muscle and brain cells typically produce 26, whereas kidney, liver, and heart cells tend to produce 28.
Why is it difficult to sustain high intensity training?
Lack of oxygen, increase in heat speeds of the breakdown of glucose to a rate that the oxygen supply cannot keep up with.
What is glycogen?
Glycogen is a form in which glucose is stored until it is needed to produce energy. It may be stored in the muscles or liver.
What exactly is causing hydrogen to build up during high intensity?
Due to a lack of oxygen, the electron transport chain cannot function. Therefore, coenzymes have no need to drop off the hydrogen there. However, since there is nothing to remove the hydrogen that is still being produced from the oxidation of glucose, the free hydrogens remain in the cytosol.
What does EPOC stand for
Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption
What is the role of myoglobin and hemoglobin?
Deliver to muscle cells the oxygen that they need to perform cellular respiration
What would cause an twitch or a summation to occur?
Twitches and summations do not occur voluntarily. They may randomly occur after exercise or due to neurological causes.
What does the all or none principle apply to?
The all or none principle applies to muscle cells and motor units. The all or none principle does not apply to entire muscles.
