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ANTH 100A > Midterm 2 (Race to Economy and Exchange) > Flashcards

Midterm 2 (Race to Economy and Exchange) Flashcards

1
Q

The Constitutional Act of 1982

A

Anti-discrimination: every individual has the right to equal protection and benefit without discrimination

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2
Q

Social stratification

A

Unequal access to advantages: economic resources, power, and prestige, NOT natural because we used to be egalitarian

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3
Q

Egalitarian society

A

everyone has equal access to economic resources, power, and prestige

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4
Q

Rank society

A

Some social groups have greater access to prestige

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5
Q

Class/caste society

A

Unequal access to economic resources, power, and prestige

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6
Q

Racism

A

belief that some racial groups are inferior, combines with social stratification when ethnic diversity is associated with differences in physical features

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7
Q

Race defined in biology

A

A subgroup within a species - not applicable to humans (no subspecies within modern homo sapiens) and arbitrary

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8
Q

Which are subsets of genetic variation in the African population?

A

Genetic variations in European and Asian populations, though each group has a significant level of uniqueness

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9
Q

4 major groups or racial categories based on geographic area (Linnaeus)

A

All Europeans are white, Africans are black, Native Americans are red, and Asians are yellow

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10
Q

Where did “caucasian” come from (Blumenbach)?

A

Light-skinned people (Europeans) are “Caucasian” from the skull of a woman in the Caucasus mountains that reflects nature’s ideal form while dark-skinned Africans are “Ethiopian”

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11
Q

Hierarchy of races according to Blumenbach

A

Caucasians are the original, ideal, god-intended race while others have degenerated into inferior races and moved away from their place of origin

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12
Q

Franz Boas

A

Against scientific racism, racial hierarchies, and introduced the ideology of cultural relativism

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13
Q

Hypodescent or One-drop rule in the US and Canada

A

A person with any drop of “black blood” will be considered black but a small amount of white ancestry did not make them white

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14
Q

Reverse of the one-drop rule in Latin America

A

A small amount of European blood makes a person white, wealthier individuals are considered whiter (race is fluid)

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15
Q

Miscegenation

A

interbreeding of people considered to belong in different races

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16
Q

What does skin color indicate?

A

Not a person’s race, culture, or susceptibility to disease but offers insights into one’s geographic ancestry, an adaptive trait linked to the strength of the sun’s ultraviolet rays

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17
Q

How genetically similar and different are humans?

A

Humans share ~99.9% of genetic code with each other while genetic variation mostly occurs within groups

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18
Q

Where is human DNA and specific alleles traced back to?

A

African population that existed over 10,000 years ago

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19
Q

Genetic variations found Africans vs. Asians and Europeans

A

Nearly all genetic variations found in Asians and Europeans are also found in Africans, who also possess novel variants

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20
Q

What do genetic changes indicate?

A

Geographic ancestry: each is a marker for a person’s ancestors who lived where the changes occurred

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21
Q

Sickle cell trait

A

Offers resistance to malaria, prevalent in places where malaria is common e.g. those of African, Middle Eastern, Indian, Mediterranean

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22
Q

Health consequences of racism as a stressor

A

Mental distress and increased cardiovascular response

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23
Q

Racialization

A

genetic variation explains racial variation

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24
Q

Spirometer

A

medical device that naturalizes racial differences and correct for race e.g. African Americans are assumed to have smaller lung capacity

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25
Q

Are gender and sexuality natural (biologically determined)?

A

No, instead they are deeply embedded in and shaped by culture

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26
Q

Are gender (male and female) and sexuality (heterosexuality and homosexuality) universal?

A

No, they are culturally and historically specific inventions i.e. have different cross-culturally despite having biological components

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27
Q

Feminist anthropology

A

focused attention on cross-cultural variability and historical changes in the meaning of gender to show that it is culturally constructed

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28
Q

Margaret Mead

A

Questioned biological determinism and examined masculine and feminine among 3 groups in New Guinea: The Arapesh, Mundugamore, Tchambuli

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29
Q

Arapesh

A

Both men and women are expected to behave in Westerners consider naturally feminine e.g. taking care of children

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30
Q

Mundugamor

A

Both men and women fit Western notion of masculinity e.g. aggressive, has little interest in children

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31
Q

Tchambuli

A

traditional Western notions of femininity and masculinity are reversed

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32
Q

Two-spirit people (Ruth Benedict)

A

Individuals who do not comfortably conform to the gender roles and ideology normally associated with their biologic sex

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33
Q

Non-binary system of Zuni people of New Mexico

A

Individuals can choose an alternative role of “not men” or “not women” e.g. a man may show an early preference for woman-identified activities and even marry a man

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34
Q

The Igbo of Nigeria

A

men and women can fill male gender roles, daughters can fill sons’ roles and women can be husbands, without being considered masculine

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35
Q

Nandi of Kenya

A

the “female husband” is considered to be a man and adopts many aspects of the male gender roles

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36
Q

Hijra of India

A

biologically male but adopt female gestures, clothing, names, eschew sex, undergo religious rituals that give them divine powers, may undergo surgical removal of genitals

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37
Q

Intersex

A

individuals with ambiguous genitals, 5% of human births, may be placed in one of two binary categories or in a third category

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38
Q

Inis Beag (Island in Ireland) vs. Mangaia (South Pacific)

A

Limited knowledge of sexual behavior; Educated early about sexual relations

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39
Q

Gender roles

A

cultural expectations of gender of a particular society

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40
Q

Private/public dichotomy

A

gender system in which women are identified with the home and children and men take over public, prestigious, economic, and political roles

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41
Q

Marriage

A

a culturally sanctioned union between two or more people that establishes certain rights and obligations between the people, them and their children, them and their in-laws

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42
Q

Incest taboo

A

prohibits sexual relations between specified individuals, usually parent and child and sibling relations (varies across cultures)

43
Q

Parallel cousin

A

child of a father’s brother or mother’s sister

44
Q

Cross cousin

A

child of a father’s sister or a mother’s brother

45
Q

Endogamy

A

marriage within a particular group or category of individuals

46
Q

Exogamy

A

marriage outside the group

47
Q

Arranged marriage

A

taking the decision-making power from the people united by the marriage

48
Q

Optative marriage

A

the mate is selected independently from the kin

49
Q

Has love always been the reason for marriage?

A

Not always been based on sexual attraction or romantic love, rather the economic benefits of creating a family and enabling the inheritance of property

50
Q

Monogamy

A

both partners have only one spouse

51
Q

Serial monogamy

A

where divorce rates are high and people who’ve been divorced remarry, one marries a series of partners in succession

52
Q

Polygamy

A

one having multiple spouses at the same time

53
Q

Polygyny

A

marriage of a man to two or more women at the same time

54
Q

Polyandry

A

marriage of a women to two or more men at the same time

55
Q

Group marriage or co-marriage

A

several men and women have sexual access to one another e.g. Inupiat of Northern Alaska

56
Q

Fictive marriage

A

marriage by proxy to the symbols of someone not physically present to establish the social status of a spouse and heirs e.g. ghost marriage of Nuer cattle herders in South Sudan

57
Q

Temporary marriage

A

fixed-term or short-term marriage in Shi’a Islam where the duration and compensation are both agreed upon in advance

58
Q

Bridewealth or bride-price

A

money or valuable goods paid by the groom or his family to the bride’s family upon marriage

59
Q

Bride’s service

A

a designated period of time when the groom works for the bride’s family

60
Q

Dowry

A

payment of a sum of money at the time of the bride’s marriage, either to her or her husband

61
Q

Spiritual dower (dos religiosa)

A

nuns bring a sum of money or property to a Roman Catholic religious order upon entering a spiritual marriage

62
Q

Divorce among Gusii farmers in Kenya

A

sterility (unable to produce a biological child) and impotence

63
Q

Chenchu farmers in central India

A

couples are urged to adjust their differences after their children are born so virtually no divorce

64
Q

The Hopi

A

a dissatisfied husband would take his belongings elsewhere and a disgruntled wife merely set her husband’s possessions outside her door

65
Q

Family

A

two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption

66
Q

Nuclear family

A

1 or 2 parents and dependent offspring, may include stepparent, step siblings, and adopted children

67
Q

Extended family

A

2 or more closely related nuclear families clustered together in a large domestic group

68
Q

Family of orientation

A

family into which a person is born and early socialization takes place

69
Q

Family of procreation

A

family within which humans recreate themselves, formed through marriage and by having or adopting children

70
Q

Kinship

A

a network of relatives within which individuals have certain mutual rights and obligations

71
Q

Descent group

A

any kin-ordered social group with a membership in the direct line of descent from a real (historical) or fictional common ancestor

72
Q

Matrilineal descent (unilateral)

A

descent exclusively traced through the female line to establish group membership

73
Q

Patrilineal descent (unilateral)

A

descent traced exclusively through the male line to establish group membership

74
Q

Ego in kinship notation

A

the identity of the reporting subject

75
Q

Alphabetical notation of kinship

A

(F)ather, (M)other, (B)rother, (Z)ister, (S)on, (D)aughter, (W)ife, (H)usband

76
Q

Kinship terminology

A

any system of organizing people who are relatives into different kinds of groups influences how relatives are labeled, vary across cultures; there are 6 major systems

77
Q

Subsistence (or adaptive) strategy

A

the way a society transforms environmental resources into food, produce resources that they value

78
Q

Foraging or hunting and gathering

A

food-gathering strategy that doesn’t involve food production or domestication of animals, or any conscious efforts to alter the environment

79
Q

Pedestrian foraging

A

diversified hunting and gathering on foot

80
Q

Aquatic foraging

A

hunting fish and marine mammals usually from boats

81
Q

Equestrian foraging

A

hunting large animals from horseback

82
Q

Pastoralism

A

food-getting strategy that depends on the care of domesticated herd animals, shouldn’t be confused with ranching (commercial animal husbandry)

83
Q

Transhumant pastoralism

A

herd animals are moved regularly throughout the year to different areas as pasture becomes available

84
Q

Nomadic pastoralism

A

the whole social group and their animals move in search of pasture

85
Q

Horticulture

A

production of plants using simple, non-mechanized technologies; fields aren’t used continuously, produces lower yield per acre and uses human power

86
Q

Agriculture

A

form of food production in which fields are in permanent cultivation using plows, animals, and techniques of soil and water control, supports larger populations

87
Q

Industrialism

A

replacement of humans and animals by machines in the process of production

88
Q

Reciprocity

A

mutual give and take among people of (usually) equal status

89
Q

Generalized reciprocity

A

giving goods with no immediate or specific return expected, among close kin, common in foraging bands

90
Q

Balanced reciprocity

A

giving and receiving of goods of nearly equal value with a clear obligation of a return gift within a specified time limit, among non-industrialized people

91
Q

Negative reciprocity

A

the purpose is material advantage, to get more out of the exchange than the other, the unsociable extreme

92
Q

Redistribution

A

exchange in which goods are collected then distributed to members of a group, requires a social center e.g. bigmen (self-made leaders) in horticulture societies

93
Q

Market exchange

A

an economic system in which goods and services are bought and sold at a money price determined by the forces of supply and demand

94
Q

Capitalism

A

most dominant economic system in the past 3 centuries in which people work for wages; land and capital goods are privately owned; and capital is invested for profit

95
Q

Principles of capitalism

A

(1) constant consumption expansion (2) material standards of living must always go up

96
Q

Capitalist compared to non-capitalist societies

A

goods are produced as a means to create wealth, not to be consumed or traded

97
Q

Productive resources

A

material goods, natural resources, or information used to create other goods or information

98
Q

Capital

A

productive resources that are used with the primary goal of increasing their owner’s financial wealth

99
Q

Cultural capital

A

collection of symbolic elements such as taste, posture, clothing, mannerisms, material belongings, credentials, etc. that one acquires through being part of a particular social class

100
Q

Embodied cultural capital

A

cannot be given immediately to someone else e.g. bodily capital, linguistic capital, good taste

101
Q

Objectified cultural capital

A

physical objects that are owned, provide their owner’s with prestige

102
Q

Institutionalized cultural capital

A

consists of institutional recognition e.g. academic credentials

103
Q

Social capital

A

resources based on group membership, relationships, networks of influence and support

ANTH 100A (3 decks)

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