midterm 2 part 2

Question 1

Waters general characteristics that enable to store great quantities of heat

Answer 1

• It’s high heat capacity
  
  • Transparent to light
  • Mixes vertically

Question 2

Attenuated

Answer 2

Light that is lost by a combination of absorption and scattering

Question 3

Absorption

Answer 3

Water molecules absorb some light energy
Most light energy is absorbed by various particles in the water and dissolved materials
Lakes have a lot of dissolved materials making them a yellow brown colour, therefore, less light penetrates to the bottom

Question 4

Scattered

Answer 4

Reflects off of particles, including air bubbles and dissolved materials

Question 5

Beer’s Law:

Answer 5

The rate of light attenuation is constant

* Every meter a certain percentage is lost

Question 6

Extinction coefficient:

Answer 6

Constant rate light is lost, ranges from 0 to 1.0

Question 7

Diffuse attenuation coefficient:

Answer 7

Represented by k, function of the degree to which the water is clouded with dirt and other foreign materials

Question 8

Diffuse attenuation coefficient: High k means

Answer 8

• Lots of dissolved materials
  * Often the case for coastal waters
  * The faster light disappears with depth

Question 9

Electromagnetic spectrum:

Answer 9

ranges of wavelength from cosmic rays to radio waves, includes viable light

Question 10

Visible light: 400-700nm

Answer 10

Red 700nm, Purple 400nm

Question 11

Selective attenuation:

Answer 11

Longer wavelengths (red, 700nm) as the penetrate into the ocean

    * Are absorbed before they penetrate very deep 
    * Why the sea is blue to blue-green colour as shorter wavelets are less attenuation the least

Question 12

Air Composition:

Answer 12

• Nitogene 78%
• Oxygene 21%
• Other trace gases 1%
• Water vapour: Up to 4%

Question 13

warmer air is ___ dense than cold hair

Answer 13

less, therefore it rises

Question 14

Dew point:

Answer 14

air has become saturated with water vapour and can not hold any more

Question 15

warm air can hold ___ water vapour

Answer 15

more, therefore becomes less dense, and rises

Question 16

humid air is ____ dense

Answer 16

less dense

Question 17

High pressure allows the air to hold ___ water vapour

Answer 17

more

Question 18

Hot, humid, pressured air is

Answer 18

not dense at all

Question 19

Coriolis effect

Answer 19

• Moving objects in the Northern hemisphere experience a deflection to the right of their line of direction
• Moving objects in the Southern hemisphere experience a deflection to the left of their line of direction
• Does not occur on the Equator
• Northern Hemisphere: Water spins clockwise
• Southern Hemisphere: Water spins counterclockwise

Question 20

Northern hemisphere water spins _____

Answer 20

clockwise

Question 21

How much the object curves depends three factors

Answer 21

• How fast the object is moving
  * Faster than the speed of earth are. Unnoticeable
  
  • How far the object travels
    
    • Motions over short distances are unnoticeable
  • The latitude at which the motion happens
    Highest effect at the poles

Question 22

• Magnitude of the Coriolis effect increases with ____

Answer 22

Latitude

• No effect at equator
  * Highest effect at poles

Question 23

Coriolis effect Trajectory we see depends on frame of reference. Space vs earth

Answer 23

• From space spear to move in a straight line (Real)

* From earth appears to move in an arc (Apparent)

Question 24

Average atmospheric conditions are referred to as ________

Answer 24

“Ocean climate”. AC

Question 25

_____ atmospheric conditions are referred to as “Ocean weather”.

Answer 25

Daily DW

Question 26

The 3-cell model

Answer 26

Predicts climatic bands that change with latitude * Polar Cell: 60-90 * Ferrel Cell: 30-60 * Hadley Cell: 0-30

Question 27

* Three types of Surface winds | * Surface winds:

Answer 27

Move from areas of high pressure too low pressure Polar Easterlies: Come from the east 60-90 Prevailing Westerlies: Come from the west30-60 Northeast/Southeast Trades: Come from the east 0-30

Question 28

* Horse Latitudes:

Answer 28

Area where cold dry air sinks causing high pressure * Occurs at 30 degrees North and South * Air is vert low in humidity, meaning these are areas of low cloudiness or precipitation * Worlds major deserts

Question 29

Doldrums:

Answer 29

* Southeast trades and northeast trades meet at the equator * Begin to rise vertically * Water expands causing water vapour to condense and release rain * Responsible for persistent bands of clouds around equator

Question 30

* Low pressure:

Answer 30

* Air rushes in * Deflected to the right * Produces a Counterclockwise rotation Northern hemisphere

Question 31

High pressure air rushes ___, and is deflected to the ___ producing a _____ in the Northern hemisphere

Answer 31

out, right, clockwise

Question 32

____-_____ Hurricane Scale

Answer 32

Staffir-Simpson * Category go from 1-5, Five being the worst damage * Winds * Damage * Strom Surge

Question 33

* What happens after they are formed?

Answer 33

* To maintain or increase intensity, hurricanes require heat and moisture supplied from below * Hurricanes eventually “run out of gas” in mid-latitudes. * Hurricanes lose their supply of moist air over land. * Hurricanes lose their supply of warm (> 26⁰C) air over colder, mid-latitude waters. * Hurricanes are sheared apart by the jet stream

Question 34

* Typhoons:

Answer 34

Western Northern Pacific

Question 35

Tropical cyclones:

Answer 35

Indian Ocean and Southern Hemisphere

Question 36

* Where are hurricanes formed?

Answer 36

* Not formed on the equator because no Coriolis effect * Not formed South of the equator because waters are not hot enough * Warmest waters in the Atlantic Ocean just north of the equator

Question 37

* Conditions for Hurricane to form

Answer 37

* Surface waters must be above temperatures of 26 degrees * Must extend from the surface to a depth of about 80m * Must be a localized area of low-pressure * Preexisting winds over the area of the storm formation must come from the same direction at similar speeds at all altitudes

Question 38

* How are hurricanes formed?

Answer 38

* Air is heated and rises creating a low pressure * More air enter to fill the low pressure, it too is heated and rises * As air rises it take moisture along with it * The air decompress and cools therefore releases the moisture as precipitation * Precipitation releases latent heat of condensation to atmosphere. * Storm grows large enough for rotation to occur. * Cooled air descends in the centre of the storm called the eye. * Cooled air descends on the margins