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Oceans > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Covalent bonding of water

A
  • Hydrogen needs one electron to fill the inner shell.

* Oxygen needs two electrons to fill its outer shell.

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2
Q
  • Surface tension
A

Water would rather interact with itself than the air
via hydrogen bonding
leads to clustering of water molecules
gives water high surface tension

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3
Q

Heat

A

is thermal energy transferred from a hotter system that is in contact with a cooler system.

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4
Q

Temperature

A

is a measure of the kinetic energy of the moving molecules.

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5
Q

The heat capacity of a substance

A

amount of energy required to raise temperature of 1 g of substance by 1 degree Celsius.
* Water has a high heat capacity

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6
Q

Latent heat:

A

hidden heat due to hydrogen bonds

    * Between the phases, heat and temperature don’t line up 
    * Latent heat of melting 80 calories 
    * Latent heat of evaporation 540
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7
Q

Global thermostatic effects

A

Movement of water redistributes heat and moderates climate.

* At low latitudes, evaporation removes heat from the oceans.
* At high latitudes, condensation and precipitation add heat to the atmosphere.
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8
Q

Seawater compcompositionostion

A

96.5% water
3.5% salt
99.4% major salt (cssmcp)
0.6 minor salt (bbsbf)
Nutrients
Trace metals

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9
Q

Major salts

A 
(CSSMCP)
Chloride 55.23%
Sodium 30.59%
Sulfate 
Magnesium 
Calcium
Potassium
99.4%
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10
Q

Minor salts

A 
BBSBF
Bicarbonate 0.4
Bromide 
Strontium 
Bron 
Fluoride
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11
Q

Typical sea water has __ of salt per one thousand grams of sea water.

A

35g

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12
Q

Conservative ions:

A

Major constituents vary little over time at most localities.

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13
Q

Nutrients in seawater

A 
occur at much lower concentration
are non conservative
Nutrients are actively used by biology. 
NPSI
Nitrogen
Phosphorus 
Silicon 
Iron
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14
Q

Trace Metals

A 
iZAUG
Iodine
Zinc
Aluminum 
Uranium 
Gold
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15
Q

Salinity

A

The total mass expressed in grams of all substances dissolved in 1 kilogram of seawater,
average is 35g

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16
Q

Salinity is variable

A

true

* Salinity depends on evaporation, precipitation and runoff.

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17
Q

high salinity vs low salinity conditions

A
  • High salinity: Hot and dry climates

* Low salinity: Damp and cool climates, close to a river

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18
Q

Proportions of salts do not vary

A

true

The ratio of any two major salt constituents in ocean water is constant and independent of salinity

19
Q

Measuring cl abundance

A

Chemists choose to measure Cl to measure salinity because it is the most abundant and easy to measure
* Measure Chlorine abundance by determining conductivity of the water

20
Q

salt sources

A
  • Rivers
    • Volcanoes
    • Hydrothermal activity
21
Q

salt Sinks

A

:

* Deposition in sediments
* Deposition on land
* Biological processes
* Hydrothermal activity
22
Q

the dominant input of salt into ocean

A
  • Rivers are the dominant input of salts to the ocean

* Salt ions dissolved in ocean water are derived primarily from the chemical weathering of rocks on land

23
Q
  • Ion Proportions in Fresh Water
A
  • Bicarbonate/carbonate: Highest percentage, 50
    • Chloride: Low percentage
    • Potassium: lowest percentage
24
Q
  • Ion proportions in Seaways Water
A
  • Chloride: Highest percentage, over 50
    • Bicarbonate/carbonate: Lowest percentage
      Potassium: low percentage
25
Q

___ and _____ have a high residence time

A
  • Calcium and Silicon are use to construct shells, so they do not stay around as long.
26
Q

____ has the highest residence Time

A
  • Sodium is not removed rapidly.
27
Q

______ and _____ have the shortest residence Time

A
  • Iron and Aluminum attach to particle surfaces and sink out rapidly
28
Q

Temperature and density relationship

A
  • Not a linear relationship
    • High temperatures: Freshwater has a low density (decreases)
    • Cold temperatures: Freshwater has a high density (increases)
    • Ice: Past 3.98 degrees density decreases
29
Q

High temperatures: Freshwater has a ___ density

A

low

30
Q

Cold temperatures: Freshwater has a____ density

A

high

31
Q

cluster effect:

A

Increases the volume, and therefore decreases the density

* Passed the point of water’s maximum density (pmax) 3.98

32
Q

Salinity

A
  • At low salinity: Low density, less material (mass) in same volume
    • At high salinity: High density, more material (mass) in same volume
    • Linear relationship
33
Q

At low salinity:___ density,

A

low

34
Q
  • Fall overturn:
A
  • The process of surface water loosing heat to atmosphere and sinking
    • Surface waters cools, becoming more dense and sink, mixing the water
    • Enter water column becomes Isothermal (all the same temperature) at 3.98
    • Density no longer increases, Water no longer sinks and continues to cool until ice forms on the surface
35
Q

Thermocline:

A

Depth interval where the temperature changes rapidly

* Temperature decreases rapidly with a depth of about 20m 
* Temperatures are fairly constant below the thermocline, around 4-8 degrees
36
Q
  • Increasing salinity_____ heat capacity
A

Decreases

37
Q
  • Increasing salinity _____ the temperature of maximum density
A

lowers

* No longer 3.98, becomes significantly lower 
* Function of how much salt is added 
* Salt interfere with the hydrogen bonds and impede on the formation of tetrahedrons and clusters
38
Q
  • Adding salt _____ the freezing point
A

lowers

* The freezing point of seawater is well below 0 degrees 
* Because of how salts impress the formation of hydrogen bonds and the formation of clusters 
* Freezing point depressing = -0.054 x salinity (%o)
39
Q

how is Frozen seawater is different than frozen freshwater

A
  • Saltwater ice is more brittle

* Dissolved salt in the water is excluded from crystalline lattice

40
Q
  • Increasing pressure _____ density
A

increases

* Linear relationship

41
Q
  • T-S Diagram: Temperature Salinity diagram
A
  • Lines of constant densities over a range of temperatures and salinities
    • Temperature y axis
    • Salinity x axis
      • Mixing two water masses of identical DENSITIES can produce denser water
42
Q
  • Halocline:
A

Zone of rapidly changing salinity with increasing depth

* Often found near the coat
* Especially near estuaries that dump fresh water 
* Fresh water floats
43
Q
  • Pycnocline
A

: A zone of rapidly changing density with increasing depth

* A function of temperature and salinity

Oceans (4 decks)

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