Midterm 2 Flashcards by Elizabeth Mack

Covalent bonding of water

Hydrogen needs one electron to fill the inner shell.

* Oxygen needs two electrons to fill its outer shell.

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Surface tension

Water would rather interact with itself than the air
via hydrogen bonding
leads to clustering of water molecules
gives water high surface tension

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Heat

is thermal energy transferred from a hotter system that is in contact with a cooler system.

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Temperature

is a measure of the kinetic energy of the moving molecules.

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The heat capacity of a substance

amount of energy required to raise temperature of 1 g of substance by 1 degree Celsius.
* Water has a high heat capacity

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Latent heat:

hidden heat due to hydrogen bonds

    * Between the phases, heat and temperature don’t line up 
    * Latent heat of melting 80 calories 
    * Latent heat of evaporation 540

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Global thermostatic effects

Movement of water redistributes heat and moderates climate.

* At low latitudes, evaporation removes heat from the oceans.
* At high latitudes, condensation and precipitation add heat to the atmosphere.

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Seawater compcompositionostion

96.5% water
3.5% salt
99.4% major salt (cssmcp)
0.6 minor salt (bbsbf)
Nutrients
Trace metals

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Major salts

(CSSMCP)
Chloride 55.23%
Sodium 30.59%
Sulfate 
Magnesium 
Calcium
Potassium
99.4%

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Minor salts

BBSBF
Bicarbonate 0.4
Bromide 
Strontium 
Bron 
Fluoride

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Typical sea water has __ of salt per one thousand grams of sea water.

35g

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Conservative ions:

Major constituents vary little over time at most localities.

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Nutrients in seawater

occur at much lower concentration
are non conservative
Nutrients are actively used by biology. 
NPSI
Nitrogen
Phosphorus 
Silicon 
Iron

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Trace Metals

iZAUG
Iodine
Zinc
Aluminum 
Uranium 
Gold

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Salinity

The total mass expressed in grams of all substances dissolved in 1 kilogram of seawater,
average is 35g

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Salinity is variable

true

* Salinity depends on evaporation, precipitation and runoff.

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high salinity vs low salinity conditions

High salinity: Hot and dry climates

* Low salinity: Damp and cool climates, close to a river

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Proportions of salts do not vary

true

The ratio of any two major salt constituents in ocean water is constant and independent of salinity

Measuring cl abundance

Chemists choose to measure Cl to measure salinity because it is the most abundant and easy to measure
* Measure Chlorine abundance by determining conductivity of the water

salt sources

Rivers
- Volcanoes
- Hydrothermal activity

salt Sinks

* Deposition in sediments
* Deposition on land
* Biological processes
* Hydrothermal activity

the dominant input of salt into ocean

Rivers are the dominant input of salts to the ocean

* Salt ions dissolved in ocean water are derived primarily from the chemical weathering of rocks on land

Ion Proportions in Fresh Water

Bicarbonate/carbonate: Highest percentage, 50
- Chloride: Low percentage
- Potassium: lowest percentage

Ion proportions in Seaways Water

Chloride: Highest percentage, over 50
- Bicarbonate/carbonate: Lowest percentage
  Potassium: low percentage

___ and _____ have a high residence time

* Calcium and Silicon are use to construct shells, so they do not stay around as long.

____ has the highest residence Time

* Sodium is not removed rapidly.

______ and _____ have the shortest residence Time

* Iron and Aluminum attach to particle surfaces and sink out rapidly

Temperature and density relationship

* Not a linear relationship * High temperatures: Freshwater has a low density (decreases) * Cold temperatures: Freshwater has a high density (increases) * Ice: Past 3.98 degrees density decreases

High temperatures: Freshwater has a ___ density

low

Cold temperatures: Freshwater has a____ density

high

cluster effect:

Increases the volume, and therefore decreases the density | * Passed the point of water’s maximum density (pmax) 3.98

Salinity

* At low salinity: Low density, less material (mass) in same volume * At high salinity: High density, more material (mass) in same volume * Linear relationship

At low salinity:___ density,

low

* Fall overturn:

* The process of surface water loosing heat to atmosphere and sinking * Surface waters cools, becoming more dense and sink, mixing the water * Enter water column becomes Isothermal (all the same temperature) at 3.98 * Density no longer increases, Water no longer sinks and continues to cool until ice forms on the surface

Thermocline:

Depth interval where the temperature changes rapidly * Temperature decreases rapidly with a depth of about 20m * Temperatures are fairly constant below the thermocline, around 4-8 degrees

* Increasing salinity_____ heat capacity

Decreases

* Increasing salinity _____ the temperature of maximum density

lowers * No longer 3.98, becomes significantly lower * Function of how much salt is added * Salt interfere with the hydrogen bonds and impede on the formation of tetrahedrons and clusters

* Adding salt _____ the freezing point

lowers * The freezing point of seawater is well below 0 degrees * Because of how salts impress the formation of hydrogen bonds and the formation of clusters * Freezing point depressing = -0.054 x salinity (%o)

how is Frozen seawater is different than frozen freshwater

* Saltwater ice is more brittle | * Dissolved salt in the water is excluded from crystalline lattice

* Increasing pressure _____ density

increases | * Linear relationship

* T-S Diagram: Temperature Salinity diagram

* Lines of constant densities over a range of temperatures and salinities * Temperature y axis * Salinity x axis * Mixing two water masses of identical DENSITIES can produce denser water

* Halocline:

Zone of rapidly changing salinity with increasing depth * Often found near the coat * Especially near estuaries that dump fresh water * Fresh water floats

* Pycnocline

: A zone of rapidly changing density with increasing depth | * A function of temperature and salinity