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psyc 406 > Midterm 2 - Objective Personality Tests (Ch. 13 and Holden et al.) > Flashcards

Midterm 2 - Objective Personality Tests (Ch. 13 and Holden et al.) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main things that make up personality?

A
  • behaviour
  • affect
  • cognition
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2
Q

What are personality traits?

A
  • basically ingredients of personality
  • broad dimensions of indiv differences that explain an individual’s consistency in behaviour, thought, and feeling across relevant situations and over time
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3
Q

What does the lexical tradition of personality traits suggest?

A
  • most important traits represented by single words
  • Galton and Cattell both suggested that all important or useful aspects of human personality are embedded in language
  • this means we can use lexical analysis to identify traits!
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4
Q

What is lexical/factor analysis in terms of personality?

A
  • catalogue of all adjectives describing personality
  • identify smallest # of factors/groups that represent widest variety of adjectives in the language
  • like periodic table or building blocks of personality
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5
Q

What are the big 5 Factors of personality (in order of largest to smallest)?

A
  • Factor 1: Extraversion
  • Factor 2: Agreeableness
  • Factor 3: Conscientiousness
  • Factor 4: Neuroticism
  • Factor 5: Openness to Experience
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6
Q

What are the 6 facets of extraversion?

A
  • friendliness
  • gregariousness
  • assertiveness
  • activity level
  • excitement seeking
  • cheerfulness
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7
Q

What are the 6 facets of agreeableness?

A
  • trust
  • morality
  • altruism
  • cooperation
  • modesty
  • sympathy
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8
Q

What are the 6 facets of conscientiousness?

A
  • self-efficacy
  • orderliness
  • dutifulness
  • achievement-striving
  • self-discipline
  • cautiousness
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9
Q

What are the 6 facets of neuroticism?

A
  • anxiety
  • anger
  • depression
  • self-consciousness
  • impulsiveness (immoderation)
  • vulnerability
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10
Q

What are the 6 facets of openness to experience?

A
  • imagination
  • artistic interests
  • emotionality
  • adventurousness
  • intellect
  • liberalism
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11
Q

Are big 5 traits distinct categories or a continuum?

A

continuum! (labels apply more strongly to those at extreme ends)

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12
Q

What method of scale construction was used for NEO?

A

rational scale construction

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13
Q

NEO timeline:
- in 1978, test has __, ___, and ___ scales and ___ facets
- in 1983, test has __ and __ scales added
- in 1992, a manual including _____ for all factors and a ____ version (NEO-FFI) is created

A
  • in 1978, N, E, and O scales and 18 facets
  • in 1983, A and C scales added
  • in 1992, a manual including FACET SCALES for all factors and a SHORT version is created
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14
Q

What is the internal consistency for traits and facets of the NEO-PI-R? Why is one lower?

A
  • traits: .86-.92
  • facets: .56-.81 (lower reliability bc measured by fewer items)
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15
Q

What is NEO-PI-Rs test-retest reliability at:
- 3 months:
- 6 years (N,E,O):
- 3 years (A,C):

A
  • 3 months: .75-.83
  • 6 years (N,E,O): .68-.83
  • 3 years (A,C): .63-.79
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16
Q

What do we know about convergent and discriminant validity for the NEO-PI-R?

A
  • convergent validity (self-spouse agreement) is pretty good (.60-.73)
  • C & A have weak correlation so can’t claim discriminant validity for scale
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16
Q

What did the NEO-PI-3 add?

A
  • age range 14-99
  • norms for adolescents!
17
Q

What are 2 main issues with NEO, and what do they do about it?

A
  • acquiescence (half items reversed)
  • social desirability (esp for A and C, this is a construct validity problem)
18
Q

What does MMPI stand for?

A

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

19
Q

What is the MMPI?

A
  • self-report measure of abnormal personality
20
Q

When was the MMPI first published? What is the current version?

A
  • first published 1940
  • current version: MMPI-2 (1989)
21
Q

What method of scale construction did the MMPI use? What type of response scale?

A
  • empirical approach
  • response scale: true or false or cannot say
22
Q

The MMPI has an item pool of ___ items

A

550

23
Q

What are the 10 original clinical scales of the MMPI?

A
  1. Hypochondriasis
  2. Depression
  3. Hysteria
  4. Psychopathic Deviate
  5. Masculinity-Femininity
  6. Paranoia
  7. Psychasthenia
  8. Schizophrenia
  9. Hypomania
  10. Social Introversion
24
Q

Which scales of the MMPI are no longer considered clinical scales?

A
  • Masculinity-Femininity (scale 5)
  • Social Introversion (scale 0)
25
Q

What are the 3 validity scales for the original MMPI?

A
  • L (lie) scale
  • F scale (infrequency scale; endorse items few ppl endorse)
  • K scale (defensiveness scale; faking good)
26
Q

Which MMPI scales make up the neurotic triad?

A
  • Hypochondriasis (1; numerous physical symptoms)
  • Depression (2; sadness, loss of energy, etc)
  • Hysteria (3; physical symptoms in response to stress)
27
Q

Which MMPI scales make up the psychotic tetrad?

A
  • Paranoia (6; resentful/suspicious, delusions of persecution)
  • Psychasthenia (7; rumination, obsessive-compulsive)
  • Schizophrenia (8; withdrawn, bizarre thinking)
  • Hypomania (9; impulsive, distractible, emotional excitement)
28
Q

How are MMPI scores interpreted? What scores are clinically significant?

A
  • T-scores, M = 50 SD = 10
  • scores over 70 may have clinical significance, over 65 in MMPI-2!
  • interpret results using pattern of scores (eg 2-point profile looks at 2 highest scores and matches this pairing to a profile)
29
Q

What did the updated MMPI-2 (1989) change?

A
  • more appropriate normative sample (now outdated)
  • updated item content
  • same scales, but Masc-Fem and Soc Int no longer clinical scales
  • new validity scales! (FB, VRIN, TRIN)
30
Q

What were the 3 validity scales added in MMPI-2?

A
  • FB: F scale (infrequency scale) in second half of test too
  • VRIN: random responding
  • TRIN: acquiescence
31
Q

According to analyses of MMPI-2, which scale has the weakest reliability?

A
  • scale 6 (Paranoia)
  • test-retest: .67 in men and .58 in women
  • int. con.: .34 in men and .39 in women (indicates problem with the scale!!)
32
Q

What are content scales in MMPI-2? How were they developed?

A
  • dev. in MMPI-2 in addition to clinical scales
  • developed based on rational test construction
  • ex. anxiety, fears, obsessiveness, family problems
33
Q

What are 1 strength and 3 weaknesses of MMPI-2?

A

strength:
- large, more diverse normative sample
weaknesses:
- criterion groups now dated
- high avg SES and education in norm group
- considerable item overlap reduces discriminant validity

34
Q

How does Holden contrast the 4 primary strategies of test construction (rational, projective, empirical, construct)? Which approach is currently dominant?

A
  • rational (aka correspondence): intuitive and atheoretical, what you say is what you are, responses are samples of beh.
  • projective: theoretical approach, private self is covert and guarded to need ambiguous stimuli for self-report, responses are signs rather than samples of behaviour
  • empirical: atheoretical, scale dev via contrasted groups
  • construct: theoretical definitions of domains, incorporates stat methods for internal consistency and con/divergent validity

**construct is currently dominant approach

35
Q

(T/F) self-report scales completed on the internet have less response bias (eg social desirability) vs those completed in a lab

A

FALSE

36
Q

According to Holden, what is one key example of ancillary data collection made possible by computerized testing?

A
  • response time (latency)
  • can be impacted by items or individual differences (eg self-schemas!)
  • possess patterns of construct validity
  • can also identify faking (ppl who are faking good take longer to give an unfavourable response)
37
Q

What are the 2 alternatives to self-report that Holden discusses, and what are the issues with each?

A

Peer-reports/informant ratings
- concerns w poor agreement btw self-peer or btw peers (they see person in diff contexts, informant personality can also impact responses)
- time-consuming and expensive!

Institutional file review
- usually done in conjunction w other methods
- mixed findings on reliability and validity of method
- likely best for research and not clinical

38
Q

What are 2 ongoing issues w self-report mentioned by Holden?

A
  • phrasing of items can impact response (eg closed vs open ended Qs, reference period, rating scale)
  • response set/style (eg acquiescence, social desirability, extreme responding)
39
Q
A

psyc 406 (16 decks)

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