Midterm 2 GSI Review Packet & Jeopardy Questions Flashcards
How does the basilar membrane function?
The different regions of the basilar membrane vibrate at different frequencies. When a complex noise enters the cochlea, the basilar membrane separates the different wave components of the noise.
How do the inner-ear hair cells function?
When the basilar membrane vibrates, the inner ear hairs underneath vibrate as well. The movement of the hair allows potassium ions to enter the underlying cell that creates an action potential.
What are the components of the vestibular system?
semicircular canals
utrile, saccule (detect movement of fluid)
otoliths (ear stones associated with balance, acceleration, and tilt)
Isothyiocyanates are responsible for what characteristic of taste?
Pungency
Aspartame and sucralose act on what type of receptor?
Metabotropic sweet receptors
The inability to smell anything is called
General anosmia
Genes that do not code for functional receptor proteins are called
Pseudogenes
The molecule in photoreceptors that changes shape after absorbing light is called
Retinal
The visual cortex is made up of
the occipital lobe, posterior lobe, and posterior temporal lobe
The breakdown of component frequencies that make up a sound is called a
Fourier Analysis
The primary auditory cortex (A1) is located in what lobe of the cerebral cortex?
Temporal lobe
What types of hair cells are responsible for sound detection?
Inner hair cells (receive a more nuanced sense of sound to the brain)
Outer hair cells (prime/tune inner hair cells to receive sound)
The three bones in the middle ear are known as the
Ossicles
The interior of the cochlea is lined by the
Basilar membrane
Sounds with high amplitude are perceived as
Loud
Alcohol is what class of drug?
Sedative-hypnotic
Give an example of a retrograde neurotransmitter
Endocanabinnoids
Caffeine, a powerful CNS stimulant, acts as an antagonist at what receptor?
Adenosine antagonist
What class of natural drugs has been chemically treated?
Semi-synthetic drugs
Surturner synthesized ______ by isolating ________.
1) Morphine
2) Opium
Patients of what medical condition have sensory of motor impairments of the lower extremities only?
Paraplegia
Prior to having a seizure, some patients receive a warning in the form of what?
Aura (a perceptual disturbance experienced by some with migraines or seizures before either the headache or seizure begins. It often manifests as the perception of a strange light, an unpleasant smell, or confusing thoughts or experiences)
What is a defect in the visual field?
Anopia (or Anopsia)
What is the inability to perceive odor?
Anosmia
Split-brain occurs when what bundle of fibers is severed?
Corpus callosum
What element causes a stinky smelling perception?
Sulfur
Olfactory receptors are what kind of receptors?
GCPRs
What is the human range of sound?
20 Hz - 20,000 Hz
decibels?
What cranial nerve is involved in auditory signaling?
Cranial nerve 8
What chemicals carry signal information related to social communications between members of the same species?
Pheremones
What is the center of the eyeball?
Fovea
What is the term used when cis retinal becomes trans retinal?
Isomerization
What is the range of visible light in nanometers?
400-700 nm
What cells do light hit right after passing the photoreceptor cells?
Bipolar cells
What types of animals do not have a blind spot?
Cephalopods
What is the name of the cells on our skin that sense pressure?
Mechanoreceptors
What neurosurgeon first discovered somatosensation in humans?
Wilder Penfield
Amputation of what led to the idea of neuroplasticity?
Whisker
What cognitive scientist discovered the mirror box treatment?
Ramachandran
What neurons are active during movement and observation of movement?
Mirror neurons
What is neuromorphic engineering?
(AKA neuromorphic computing) a concept developed by Carver Mead, describing the use of very large scale integration systems containing electronic analog circuits to mimic neuro-biological architectures present in the nervous system
What is the CRISPR technique?
Gene splicing (removing/replacing parts of genome) without introducing foreign bits of DNA Cas 9 protein transferred via solution as opposed to bacterial agent
