Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MCB > Chapter 9 Psychoactive Drugs > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Psychoactive Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Caffeine

A

powerful stimulant, acts on CNS to increase wakefulness/alertness (acts on cardiovascular system to increase heart rate and blood pressure)
molecular structure similar to adenine and guanine (acts at adenosine receptors as an antagonist)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Theophylline

A

closely related to caffeine
(1,3-dimethylxanthine)
found in tea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Theobromine

A

closely related to caffeine
(3,7-dimethylxanthine)
found in cacao

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Adenosine

A

caffeine acts as antagonist to adenosine receptors (which are GPCRs - effect as an inhibitory neurotransmitter is not a direct effect on opening of an ion channel)
adenosine receptors in heart mediate a slowing heart rate, in blood vessels mediates vasodilation (opening up of vessels), in the brain decreases neuronal exceitability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Tobacco

A

primary chemical is nicotine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Nicotine

A

binds as agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
effects related to behavioral effects of relaxation, alertness, focused attention
can overstimulate nAChRs in insects; produce disruptions in heart rhythm, blood pressure, and respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

alcohol

A

two-carbon ethyl alcohol or ethanol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ethanol/ethyl alcohol

A

least poisonous of all organic alcohols
produced through metabolic action of yeast on sugars (fermentation)
sedative-hypnotic drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

sedative-hypnotic drugs

A

in low doses, produce sedative/relaxing effect
in high doses, produce hypnotic /sleep inducing effect
Ethyl alcohol most ancient and widely used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Barbiturates

A

synthetic sedative hypnotic drugs manufactured and sold for medical use
used to treat anxiety and insomnia
examples: phenobarbital, secobarbital, amobarbital, pentobarbital, thiopental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

neurochemical action of sedative-hypnotic drugs

A

act at ionotropic GABA receptors, facilitate action of GABA at receptor
–>increases inhibition in the CNS by increasing GABA induced Cl- flow into cells
Results:
low doses- relaxing, anxiety-reducing effects
higher doses- impaired movement and memory storage
high doses- loss of consciousness
extremely high doses- death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

benzodiazepines

A

synthetic sedative-hypnotic drug

similar to barbiturates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

general anesthetics

A

category of sedative-hypnotic drugs used in medicine; induce loss of sensation
first general aesthetic to be used in medicine was ethanol (whiskey) - diethyl ether

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

opium poppy (Papaver somniferm)

A

cultivated by ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia
“joy plant” produces psychoactive effects of relaxation, pain relief, and euphoria
other effects: cough suppression, slowed motile muscle action of intestines (used as treatment for diarrhea)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

morphine

A

chemical constituent of opium ; found by Serturner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

opioids

A

opium-like compound that binds to one or more of the three opioid receptors of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Friedrich Wilhelm Seturner

A

isolated and purified morphine from opium
demonstrated effects of morphine when ingested (analgesic, soporific, euphoric effects of opium but more potent)
*first time a chemical substance had been isolated from a plant and shown to account for the medicinal properties of the plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

heroin

A

opioid, introduced as an analgesic (pain relief) and cough medicine in 1898

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

semi-synthetic opioid

A

chemicals having opium-like effects in the body

first one was diacetylmorphine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

fentanyl

A

synthetic opioid; 100 times more potent than morphine
widely used in human medicine
certain derivatives are the most potent opioids known and among the most potent of any drugs presently known, naturally occurring or synthetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

synthetic opioids

A

opioids that are made completely synthetically

22
Q

opioid receptor

A

found to exist in several distinct subtypes (mu, delta, kappa) having differeing distributions in the brain and body and different pharmacological properties (different agonist, antagonists)
all are known to be GPCRs

23
Q

endorphins

A 
found in the brain, function as agonists at opioid receptors
first of a new class of neurotransmitters (neuropeptides)
chain of amino acids
name derived from endogenous and morphine
24
Q

agonist

A

a chemical that binds to and activates a receptor

25
Q

Erythroxylum coca

A

plant from which cocaine is derived

native to South America

26
Q

cocaine

A

chemical isolated from the coca plant
local anesthetic
powerful stimulant effects: increased wakefulness, focused attention, decreased fatigue, increased stamina
high potential to promote addictive use

27
Q

effects of cocaine

A

similar to those of caffeine
in addition: decreased appetite, increased positive mood, stimulation of sympathetic nervous system; beneficial effects on the digestive system

28
Q

cocaine at synapses

A

blocks/inhibits reuptake transporters for the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine (will be slowed when leaving the synaptic cleft and thus will have greater effect at the synapse after their release)
enhanced activity at the noradrenergic and dopaminergic circuitry in the brain (CNS stimulant effects

29
Q

Cocaine and the CNS

A

overarousal of the CNS resulting in anxiety, irritability, impaired judgement, psychosis, seizures, cardiovascular stress (leading to heart and circulatory system damage), stroke, heartattack

30
Q

psychosis

A

discombobulation of the perception of what we call reality, characterized by delusions/hallucinations

31
Q

amphetamine related drugs

A

similar to cocaine in effects on nervous system and behavioral attributes, but not related to cocaine in origin or molecular structure

32
Q

amphetamine at synpases

A

neurochemical action at synapses using norepineprine or dopamine as neurotransmitter
causes reuptake transporters to become leaky (neurotransmitter leads out of axon terminal into the synaptic cleft, causing overstimulation of neural circuits)

33
Q

psychedelics

A

produce a variety of complex effects on the brain and mind, including intensified thoughts and feelings and altered sensory perception
large set-and-setting effect

34
Q

hallucinogen

A

another word for psychedlic

35
Q

Peyote cactus

A

small cactus found in Mexico; has potent psychoactive properties

36
Q

Arthur Heffter

A

identified Mescaline from peyote cactus

37
Q

Mescaline

A

first psychedelic substance to be chemically identified

38
Q

LSD

A

most famous psychedelic chemical
derived from ergotamine
one of the most potent psychoactive substances known
synthesized by Albert Hofmann

39
Q

Albert Hofmann

A

synthesized and tested LSD

landmark event in history of neuroscience - powerful chemical connections between brain physiology and mental experience

40
Q

Psilocybe mushrooms

A

sometimes referred to as “magic mushrooms” that grow throughout the world; shamanic use is known from the Mazatec peoples of southern Mexico using it in their rituals

41
Q

Gordon Wasson

A

New York City bank executive and mushroom scholar who revealed psychadelic mushrooms in 1957 via article in Life magazine

42
Q

Maria Sabina

A

Mazatec healer from a small mountain village in Mexico; shared ritual use of psychedelic mushrooms

43
Q

psilocybin

A

one of the two psychedelically active chemicals from mexican psilocybe mushroom; the other is psilocin

44
Q

DMT

A

powerful psychedelic molecule (looks similar to serotonin and psilocin)
can be readily synthesized by enzymes present in many organisms, amino acid tryptophan
found to occur widely in nature and the human body

45
Q

Ayahuasca

A

also called yage; made by amazonians by cooking a combination of DMT containing plant with the ayahuasca vine

46
Q

Cannabis

A

originated in central Asia; appreciated for fiber properties (strong rope and durable cloth) and powerful medicinal/psychological applications: analgesic, muscle relaxant, appetite stimulant, sedative, stimulant, psychedelic-like change of consciousness

47
Q

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

A

major psychoactive chemical constituent of cannabis; one of ~60 different chemically related molecules found in cannabis (called cannabanoids);very hydrophobic molecule, easily sticks to lipids and dissolves into phospholipid bilayer membrane; interacts with CB receptor (a type of GPCR); occurs everywhere in brain (most abundant of all known GPCR receptors in the vertebrate brain)

48
Q

anadamide

A

an endogenous (originating from within) agonist of the CB receptor; first of several molecules to be discovered that appear to function as neurotransmitters at the CB receptor

49
Q

endocannabinoids

A

endogenous agonist of CB receptor
synthesized and released from post-synaptic dendrites in response to glutamatergic stimulation, then travels across synaptic cleft to interact with CB receptors on presynaptic axon terminals; example of a retrograde neurotransmitter (molecule that carries signal info in the direction opposite from the way neural signals are generally thought to move

50
Q

retrograde signaling

A

retro - backward
example: endocannabinoids
intimately involved in the dynamic tuning of the strengths of synapses

MCB (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions