Midterm #2 Clewell Reading

Question 1

Pedogenic development (3)

Answer 1

Process by which soil is formed

Affected by environment (climate), place, and history

Occurs in stages - how do we know the soils is at a good stage to do plantings?

Question 2

Is pedogenic development the most critical element of soils to understand for ER? If not, what is?

Answer 2

No. Clewell and Rieger argue that people focus on how pedogenic development is lacking in ER, but they should be focusing only on the crucial soils factor which is the capacity of a medium to grow indigenous plants via nitrogen availability etc.

Question 3

Crucial soils factor

Answer 3

Capacity of a medium to grow indigenous plants via nitrogen availability etc.

Question 4

Ecological succession

Answer 4

Process of change in species structure of a community over time

Question 5

How does ecological succession affect or selection of appropriate reference sites?

Answer 5

Varying successional stages might make it hard to select a reference site because a forest might be at a different stage or might be the goal in the future but not now

Question 6

Pocket plantings

Answer 6

Micro-scale plantings occur over restoration site due to funding constraints or lack of propagules

Question 7

Safe sites

Answer 7

Areas throughout site with pocket plantings that are prepared for colonization of desirable species

Question 8

Metapopulation

Answer 8

A population of populations separated by space but consisting of the same species and are interbreeding

Question 9

What problem for ER is better addressed by understanding how pocket plantings and safe sites work? (2)

Answer 9

By understanding this method we can effectively restore native vegetation without planting an entire project site

Must know dispersal radium

Question 10

What problem for ER is addressed by better understanding how metapopulations work? (2)

Answer 10

It helps us determine where to concentrate work effectively within very large (macro scale) project sites to accomplish specific objectives

Migration distance and corridor availability determine whether a metapopulation can be used for restoration purposes

Question 11

Autecology

Answer 11

Focusing on individual species or an individual

Question 12

Synecology

Answer 12

Focusing on a community of plant and/or animal species

Question 13

What problem for ER is addressed by better understanding autecology or synecology of native and nuisance species? (4)

Answer 13

Focusing on autecology would help managers establish vegetation at sites by focusing on species with higher advantages for a particular environment

Focusing on synecology would help managers understand what interactions are important

Focusing on both would help increase native species and reduce invasives

It could also go the other way by focusing on how to rid a site of nuisance species based on things like their pollination requirements of phenology

Question 14

Genotype

Answer 14

The genetic composition of an individual organism

Question 15

Phenotype

Answer 15

Set of observable traits of an individual created from genotype and their environmental effects

Question 16

Common garden experiment

Answer 16

Experiment that tests environmental effects by moving species into a common environment and seeing what phenotypic traits are due to genetics

Question 17

What problem for ER are addressed by common garden experiments? (2)

Answer 17

They can help managers differentiate between ecotypes/demes within key species to help them develop guidelines for collecting seeds for desired levels of genetic fitness and flexibility (eg. Will the plant survive in the new environment?)

Determine whether differences in ecotype are genetic or due to phenotypic plasticity

Question 18

Keystone species

Answer 18

Has a disproportionately large effect on its ecosystem relative to its biomass

Question 19

How is understanding a keystone species’ influence on its ecosystem helpful to ER?

Answer 19

Managers can focus on the required habitat for a keystone species to maximize the ecological processes that species initiates/performs

Question 20

What is remotely sensed data?

Answer 20

Dats collected with a sensor that has not been in direct contact with the area being mapped

Question 21

How might remotely sense dats be valuable to restoration efforts?

Answer 21

Managers can use this data to monitor restoration projects without spending mass amounts of time and money.

GIS can measure things like:

Soil moisture
Vegetation density
Vegetation cover
Ecosystem health