Midterm 2 - Chpt. 9 Flashcards

Question

Turning hypothesis into a set of operations:

Answer 1

specific instructions, events, and stimuli to be presented to participants

Answer 2

- Straightforward manipulation - Staged manipulation

Answer 3

operationalize IV using instructions and stimulus presentations Stimuli may be presented verbally, in written form, or via video EASIER TO INTERPRET RESULTS

Answer 4

high mundane realism

Answer 5

sometimes, it's necessary to create a series of events that occur during the experiment to manipulate the IV successfully Can involve actors, or take the form of a cover story - ALL INVOLVE DECEPTION

Answer 6

Researcher may be trying to create a certain psychological state in participants, such as frustration, anger, or a temporary lowering of self-esteem - SM can be used to stimulate situations that occur in the real world - EX: an actor engaging in conversation with a driver

Answer 7

aka accomplice Can be in different ways Typically introduced as another participant in the experiment May be used to create a particular social situation or administer the IV When a study engages and involves participants in this deep way, the study is said to have experimental realized Different from mundane, doesn't resemble real-world experiences, but can still engage participants in a meaningful way Allow for a great deal of subtle interpersonal communication that is hard to put into words

Answer 8

- Strength of Manipulation - Cost of manipulation - Manipulation checks

Answer 9

When operationalizing, researchers must consider manipulation strength In general, it's a good idea to make the manipulation as strong as possible Making the levels of IV maximally different, while keeping everything else between the two groups the same However, the strongest manipulation possible can sometimes be ethically problematic ◊ EX: 10 drinks instead of 2 in an alcohol condition

Answer 10

- Some receive grants - Straightforward manipulations are often much less costly than complex, staged, experimental manipulations

Answer 11

Often a good idea to include a manipulation check to directly measure whether the manipulation of the IV was successful, inducing the intended psychological state among participants

Answer 12

Can be difficult to decide when to administer, as it might distract participants or inform them about the purpose of the experiment ◊ If the effects of the IV are expected to last long enough, manipulation checks can be placed after measuring the DV

Answer 13

If used in an early pilot study and reveals that your manipulation is not effective, you can change the procedures before running the actual experiment - AKA, you can inc. the strength of your manipulation for the IV The manipulation check is advantageous if the results show no effect of the IV on the DV] - To conclude that your IV doesn't truly affect your DV, you first need to rule out the possibility that you failed to manipulate the IV at all - You know at least that the results were not due to a problem with the manipulation; reason must lie elsewhere

Answer 14

- Self-report - Behavioural - Physiological

Answer 15

can be used to measure many different aspects of human thought and behaviour, including: - explicit attitudes, judgements about someone's personality characteristics - intended behaviours - emotional states - confidence in one's judgements Using a published scale is preferred

Answer 16

direct observation of behaviours Record when behaviour happens, repeats within a period (rate), reaction time to a certain stimulus, duration

Answer 17

recording of a response of the body Most popular: galvanic skin response (GSR): electrical conductance of the skin, which changes when sweating occurs Often used to measure general emotional arousal, anxiety, or stress ◊ EMG measures muscle tension ◊ ECG measures heartbeat regularity and rate ◊ EEG measures the electrical activity of brain cells } As learning occurs, or during different phases of sleep ◊ MRI captures images of brain structures } fMRI measures blood flow to the brain NOTE: the same variable can be measured using more than one category of measurement

Answer 18

- Sensitivity - Multiple Measures - Cost of measures

Answer 19

important when using behavioural measures of performance Different ways of measuring can be of different difficulties Ceiling effect - Leads to issues interpreting results - Floor effect To diagnose a potential ceiling/floor effect, look for average values close to the minimum or maximum possible score

Answer 20

Because any variable can be measured using various operationalizations, researchers sometimes include multiple measures of the same variable ◊ Producing various DVs; can let us know if the same IV can affect some measures of a DV, but not others - Important to include all studies in the research report ◊ Unethical to only report the ones that worked

Answer 21

Worried about order-effects SOLUTION: - Present the most important measures first, less important later - Overall impact of study is minimized - Counterbalance the order of presenting the measures, or rely on complete randomization of order

Answer 22

Consider getting external feedback Then, plan the experience from the participant's viewpoint, AKA setting the stage - No rules other than ensuring the study's setting is plausible to the participants - Prep informed consent form

Answer 23

1. Eliminating as many alt. explanations as possible 2. Controlling participant expectations: 3. Controlling for experimenter expectations:

Answer 24

any feature of a study that might inform participants of the study's purpose and consequently affect their behaviour Reason why researchers don't want to expose hypothesis - Participants who were informed had ended up acting in ways that confirm it

Answer 25

Use deception to mislead from the actual purpose - Can use filler items/tasks Asses whether demand characteristics are a problem by asking participants what they thought research was about - If they don’t have an accurate view of the purpose of the study, they are unlikely to react to demand characteristics Can be eliminated when people are not aware that an experiment is taking place or that their behaviour is being observed

Answer 26

Not knowing whether improvements were caused by what participants expect to feel after taking a drug

Answer 27

Placebo group can be added: participants receive a fake, ineffective version of the manipulation (EX: useless drug) - Can occur in any context - Sometimes used for ethical implications Participant expectations can also be the primary focus - Balanced placebo designs

Answer 28

Experimenter might unintentionally treat participants differently depending on what condition they're in - can alter participant behaviour - Words emphasized, smiling more ® Experimenters record participant's behaviours, with subtle differences emerging in how the experimenter interprets and records behaviours for people in different conditions

Answer 29

Experimenter might unintentionally treat participants differently depending on what condition they're in - can alter participant behaviour Words emphasized, smiling more Experimenters record participant's behaviours, with subtle differences emerging in how the experimenter interprets and records behaviours for people in different conditions

Answer 30

Experimental procedures: 1. Run everyone's conditions simultaneously, so that experimenter's behaviour is exactly the same for all participants - Only under certain circumstances, EX: printed materials 2. Single-blind study: participants are unaware of which condition they are in 3. Double-blind: neither the participant nor the experimenter knows the participant's condition - Requires 2 experimenters: one who administers IV, another who takes over and administers DV, without knowledge of the IV

Answer 31

their institutions research ethics board - Who will examine procedure, materials, and informed consent form - Deception must be justified

Answer 32

- Participant selection process - Debriefing procedures

Answer 33

1. Method must be justified by the REB or Animal Care Committee, and have intention for generalizing research from your sample to a population 2. Samples may be drawn from any population using probability sampling - Important, as it informs whether we can generalize results to a population 3. Benefits/burdens must be equally distributed 4. Special procedures required for sensitive populations: Indigenous, people with mental illnesses, children, people living in poverty/institutions 5. Inc. sample size = inc. in likelihood that you will find an effect

Answer 34

- Begin broadly, then narrow on a key deception - Can prove useful in diagnosing whether patients were behaving as they normally would, or if they were suspicious of the manipulated IV

Answer 35

Whether to complete a pilot study The commitments that researchers have to the participants

Answer 36

Trial run, with a small # of p's, to test out the procedures - Used when procedures are elaborate or costly Reveals if p's understand, whether experimental setting seems plausible, whether any questions are confusing, and so on - Esp. important when using a staged manipulation of the IV, to ensure a believable scenario Can help experimenters rehearse and standardize procedures

Answer 37

ive, verbal comments during the study

Answer 38

Contracts with participants P's value punctuality, an important obligation of researchers Keeping promises (ex: sending results) Maintaining trust

Answer 39

1. Analyze data after being collected 2. Stats allow researchers to examine and interpret the pattern of data obtained in the study 3. Relation? IV on DV? 4. Depending on results, researchers might choose to conduct follow-up studies

Answer 40

Professional conferences: - CPA, APA, APS hold presentations for research - Journalists also attend

Answer 41

Editor sends a submitted paper for peer review: two or more scientists read the paper and provide an evaluation Can recommend acceptance of rejection