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LS4 > Midterm 2 (Chapters 5 and 14) > Flashcards

Midterm 2 (Chapters 5 and 14) Flashcards

0
Q

How can we tell recombination occured?

A

We can tell by the appearance of a minority class of nonparental combinations

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1
Q

Linkage

A

When genes are located close together on a chromosome and tend to be inherited together

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2
Q

How does recombination occur?

A

During crossing over!

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3
Q

Recombination Frequency

A

RF = #recombinants/ #total

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4
Q

How are recombination frequency and genetic distance related?

A

The frequency of recombination is proportional to the genetic distance between two genes

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5
Q

Units for recombination

A

1% recombination = 1 map unit = 1cM (Centimorgan)

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6
Q

Locus

A

The location of a gene on it’s chromosome

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7
Q

The difference between a two point cross and a three point cross

A

A two point cross is for two genes while a three point cross is for three genes and usually are better because they give us more info

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8
Q

What do map distances tell us?

A

They tell us the percent chance of recombination between genes

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9
Q

The two ways recombinants can be created

A

Through independent assortment and crossing over

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10
Q

What does an Rf greater than 50 mean?

A

It means the genes assort virtually independently and appear to be unlinked

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11
Q

How to determine gene order

A

Determine all distances and then compare. OR compare the parental and DCO and then determine the distance between the middle gene and the two outside genes

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12
Q

Determining the gene order for a three point cross

A

Find the DCO recombinant class and then the gene that is different from the parental is the middle gene. If there is no DCO class present, that means the marker you selected for is in the middle.

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13
Q

Interference

A

When one crossover interferes with the occurrence of another crossover nearby. If I is 0, then crossovers occur independently. However if I is 1 then there is complete interference and one crossover inhibits the second. I = 1 - c where c is the coefficient of coincidence (#obs DCO/ #exp DCO)

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14
Q

Chi Square test

A

A statistical test used to determine the probability of obtaining the observed results by chance under a specific hypothesis

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15
Q

Equation for X^2

A

SUM[(Observed - expected)^2 divided by the expected #]

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16
Q

Typical null hypothesis for the class

A

Null : Gene A and gene B are unlinked

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17
Q

Are bacteria haploid or diploid?

A

Haploid!

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18
Q

Importance of a colony

A

All the cells in a colony have a single ancestor and therefore they all have the same genetic material

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19
Q

Carbon source mutants

A

They can’t utilize certain sugars like lactose or galactose as energy sources

20
Q

Prototrophic

A

Bacteria CAN grow on minimal medium

21
Q

Auxotrophic

A

Bacteria will NOT grow on minimal medium but can grow on minimal media PLUS one or more specific nutrients

22
Q

Bacterial nomenclature

A

Gene names are indicated using lower case letters. + means wild type for the gene and - means mutant gene. Phenotypes have the first letter capitalized.

23
Q

What does lac + and lac - mean?

A

Lac + means it can grow on lactose media because it can synthesize it for energy. Lac - means it can’t grow on lactose media because it cant break it down.

24
Q

How do antibiotics work?

A

They target the processes of bacterial ribosomes

25
Q

Replica plating

A

This method is used to quickly transfer colonies from one plate to another. The original plate is the master plate and it is pressed on velvet and then to a new plate with different media in order to transfer about 50% of the colonies

26
Q

Selection

A

The process of establishing conditions in which only the desired mutant will grow. All unselected cells will die.

27
Q

Screen

A

An examination of each colony in a population for its phenotype/genotype. All cells live, but one can visibly distinguish phenotypes/genotypes. (Usually use replica plating)

28
Q

Three types of gene transfer in bacteria

A

There’s conjugation, transformation, and transduction

29
Q

Transformation

A

When recipient cells acquire genes from free DNA molecules in the surrounding medium

30
Q

Conjugation

A

A process in which DNA is transferred from a donor cell to a recipient cell by cell to cell contact

31
Q

Transduction

A

A process in which a bacterial DNA fragment is transferred from one bacteria cell to another by a phage particle containing the bacterial DNA

32
Q

Fertility factor

A

F+ cells can only donate to F- cells and once an F- takes up DNA, it turns into F+

33
Q

Hfr Strain

A

Another form of the F+ strain. However it was found to make 1000x more recombinants because it incorporates the F plasmid into the recipients genome

34
Q

Why don’t Hfr recipients become F+ after conjugation?

A

Because the F plasmid is transferred in a certain direction and the fertility genes are often at the end of the F factor

35
Q

Why do you need an even number of crossovers in crossovers of F- bacteria?

A

Because an odd number of crossovers would result in linear DNA and this would be degraded in the cell because no bacterial DNA is linear

36
Q

Interrupted mating

A

After mixing the strains, conjugation is interrupted at different times in order to determine how much DNA is transferred and also the order of the genes transferred.

37
Q

F prime factor

A

An F plasmid that carries part of the chromosome

38
Q

Co transformation frequency

A

The chance of two genes being transformed together depends on how close they are together

39
Q

Double transformation

A

The transformation of two genes into a single recipient cell

40
Q

Temperate phage

A

A phage that can remain in the host cell for a period of time without killing it

41
Q

Prophage

A

A phage that has integrated into the host’s bacterial DNA

42
Q

Virulent phage

A

a phage that immediately lyses and kills the host cell

43
Q

How are plaques created?

A

On a lawn of bacteria, wherever a phage has lysed cells, it creates a plaque because the phages spread to neighboring bacteria and lyse more cells

44
Q

General transduction

A

A phage can transfer ANY segment of the bacterial genome to another bacteria

45
Q

Specialized bacteria

A

Only specific segments of the bacterial genome are transferred.

46
Q

What did the U tube experiment conclude?

A

That phage P22 was responsible for gene transfer between bacteria

47
Q

Cotransduction frequency

A

Total colonies with out genes of interest/ Total # of colonies

LS4 (3 decks)

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