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LS4 > Midterm 1 (Chapters 1-4) > Flashcards

Midterm 1 (Chapters 1-4) Flashcards

Ace this midterm with limited time to study

1
Q

Why did Mendel use peas for his experiments?

A

1) They come in many varieties and phenotypes are easily distinguishable
2) They can self pollinate or cross pollinate
3) Pure breeding lines exist

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2
Q

How can you tell between dominant and recessive traits?

A

The dominant characteristic is provided by the phenotype of the F1 individuals

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3
Q

Monohybrid cross ratio

A

Always has a 3:1 ratio or something close to that. The underlying ratio is actually 1:2:1

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4
Q

What generation do you see these ratios?

A

In the F2 generation

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5
Q

Allele

A

//

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6
Q

Chromosome theory of inheritance

A

That chromosomes are the carriers of genes

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7
Q

Mitosis generally

A

The process of cell division

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8
Q

Meiosis general

A

The process of producing gametes

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9
Q

Haploid

A

Cells that carry only one set of chromosomes

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10
Q

Diploid

A

Cells like zygotes that carry two sets of chromosomes

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11
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have in a diploid cell?

A

46 total which means 23 pairs

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12
Q

Sister chromatids

A

The 2 identical halves that make up a chromosome

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13
Q

Centromere

A

Where the sister chromatids are connected

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14
Q

Metacentric

A

The centromere is more or less in the center of the chromosome

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15
Q

Acrocentric

A

The centromere is very close to one end

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16
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Chromosomes that match in size, shape, and banding. They also contain the same genes

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17
Q

Karyotype

A

A way to organize someone’s chromosomes by matching homologous pairs together.

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18
Q

Autosomes

A

Not sex chromosomes

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19
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

They determine the sex of the person/organism. XX is female and XY is male. Female can be considered the absence of a Y chromosome

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20
Q

Heterogametic sex

A

The gender with two different sex chromosomes. Males in our case

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21
Q

G1 phase in mitosis

A

It is the gap before duplication (interphase)

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22
Q

S phase in mitosis

A

DNA synthesis and when the chromosomes duplicate

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23
Q

G2 in mitosis

A

When mitosis (splitting of the DNA) and cytokinesis occur. (splitting of the cytoplasm)

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24
Q

Prophase in mitosis

A

The chromosomes condense

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25
Q

Prometaphase in mitosis

A

The nuclear envelope breaks down

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26
Q

Kinetochore

A

A structure in the centromere region of each chromatid where the microtubules connect and is specialized for conveyance of the chromosomes

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27
Q

Kinetochore microtubules

A

Microtubules that extend between a centrosome and the kinetochore of a chromatid

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28
Q

Metaphase in mitosis

A

Chromosomes move towards an imaginary equator called the metaphase plate

29
Q

Anaphase in mitosis

A

Severing of the centromeric connection between sister chromatids of all chromosomes

30
Q

Telophase in mitosis

A

Nuclear envelope begins to form around the chromosomes again, and the chromatids now decondense

31
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The final stage of cell division where the cytoplasm divides into 2 forming 2 cells from the giant parent cell

32
Q

Syncytium

A

An animal cell with two or more nuclei

33
Q

Coenocyte

A

A plant cell with more than one nuclei

34
Q

Germ cells

A

Cells destined to become gametes

35
Q

What happens in meiosis one?

A

Homologs pair, they exchange parts, and then they segregate

36
Q

Tetrad

A

Four chromatids together

37
Q

Metaphase I

A

Sister chromatids stay together

38
Q

What happens in meiosis II?

A

Sister chromatids separate to produce haploid gametes

39
Q

Nondisjunction

A

when homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis one or two

40
Q

Why do we need crossing over and meiosis?

A

For genetic diversity!

41
Q

X linked

A

the gene is carried on the X chromosome

42
Q

Hemizygous

A

Males are called this because they half the number of alleles carried by the female on her 2 X chromosomes

43
Q

Multifactorial trait

A

A trait determined by two or more genes

44
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

The hybrid does not resemble either parent phenotype

45
Q

Codominant

A

Both traits show up equally in the heterozygotes phenotype

46
Q

How many alleles does blood type have?

A

3 different alleles: i, IA, and IB. But each person only carries two

47
Q

Dominance series

A

Alleles are listed in order from most dominant to most recessive

48
Q

Mutation

A

Chance alterations of the genetic material

49
Q

Allele frequency

A

How much an allele accounts for the total number of gene copies

50
Q

Wild type allele

A

The most common allele in a population

51
Q

Mutant allele

A

A rare allele in the population

52
Q

Polymorphic

A

Genes with more than one common allele

53
Q

Pleiotropy

A

The phenomenon of a single gene determining a number of distinct and seemingly unrelated characteristics

54
Q

Recessive lethal

A

The homozygous recessive allele is not viable and therefore dies before birth

55
Q

Complementary gene action

A

Both genes are needed, therefore you need at least dominant allele from both in order to make a certain phenotype. We usually see a 9:7 ratio

56
Q

Recessive epistasis

A

Homozygous recessivity of one gene hides the effects of the other even if its dominant. We usually see a 9:4:3 ratio

57
Q

Dominant epistasis

A

The dominant allele of one gene hides the effects of another gene

58
Q

Heterogeneous trait

A

A mutation at any one of a number of genes can give rise to the same phenotype

59
Q

Complementation test

A

A test to see if a phenotype came from a mutation in the same or separate genes

60
Q

How do we know it’s two genes instead of just one?

A

Look at the ratios. Usually 9:7 o 13:3 means it’s two genes interacting. We can also use different crosses to test the ratios.

61
Q

Penetrance

A

to describe how many individuals with a particular genotype express a certain phenotype.

62
Q

Expressivity

A

The degree or intensity with which a particular genotype is expressed in a phenotype. It can be variable.

63
Q

Modifier genes

A

Compared to major genes, they have a smaller secondary effect on the alteration of phenotypes produced by the alleles of other genes.

64
Q

Conditional lethal

A

lethal only under certain conditions like diet or temperature

65
Q

Phenocopy

A

a change in phenotype caused by exposure to chemicals or other environmental agents

66
Q

Discontinuous trait

A

clear cut traits. Either the pea plant was tall or short. There is no in between.

67
Q

Continuous trait

A

the trait is determined by multiple genes interacting together with the environment. Like height in humans

68
Q

Polygenic

A

Controlled by multiple genes

LS4 (3 decks)

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