Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

LS4 > Midterm 1 (Chapters 1-4) > Flashcards

Midterm 1 (Chapters 1-4) Flashcards

Ace this midterm with limited time to study

1
Q

Why did Mendel use peas for his experiments?

A

1) They come in many varieties and phenotypes are easily distinguishable
2) They can self pollinate or cross pollinate
3) Pure breeding lines exist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How can you tell between dominant and recessive traits?

A

The dominant characteristic is provided by the phenotype of the F1 individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Monohybrid cross ratio

A

Always has a 3:1 ratio or something close to that. The underlying ratio is actually 1:2:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What generation do you see these ratios?

A

In the F2 generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Allele

A

//

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Chromosome theory of inheritance

A

That chromosomes are the carriers of genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mitosis generally

A

The process of cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Meiosis general

A

The process of producing gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Haploid

A

Cells that carry only one set of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Diploid

A

Cells like zygotes that carry two sets of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have in a diploid cell?

A

46 total which means 23 pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sister chromatids

A

The 2 identical halves that make up a chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Centromere

A

Where the sister chromatids are connected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Metacentric

A

The centromere is more or less in the center of the chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Acrocentric

A

The centromere is very close to one end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Chromosomes that match in size, shape, and banding. They also contain the same genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Karyotype

A

A way to organize someone’s chromosomes by matching homologous pairs together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Autosomes

A

Not sex chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

They determine the sex of the person/organism. XX is female and XY is male. Female can be considered the absence of a Y chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Heterogametic sex

A

The gender with two different sex chromosomes. Males in our case

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

G1 phase in mitosis

A

It is the gap before duplication (interphase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

S phase in mitosis

A

DNA synthesis and when the chromosomes duplicate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

G2 in mitosis

A

When mitosis (splitting of the DNA) and cytokinesis occur. (splitting of the cytoplasm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Prophase in mitosis

A

The chromosomes condense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Prometaphase in mitosis
The nuclear envelope breaks down
26
Kinetochore
A structure in the centromere region of each chromatid where the microtubules connect and is specialized for conveyance of the chromosomes
27
Kinetochore microtubules
Microtubules that extend between a centrosome and the kinetochore of a chromatid
28
Metaphase in mitosis
Chromosomes move towards an imaginary equator called the metaphase plate
29
Anaphase in mitosis
Severing of the centromeric connection between sister chromatids of all chromosomes
30
Telophase in mitosis
Nuclear envelope begins to form around the chromosomes again, and the chromatids now decondense
31
Cytokinesis
The final stage of cell division where the cytoplasm divides into 2 forming 2 cells from the giant parent cell
32
Syncytium
An animal cell with two or more nuclei
33
Coenocyte
A plant cell with more than one nuclei
34
Germ cells
Cells destined to become gametes
35
What happens in meiosis one?
Homologs pair, they exchange parts, and then they segregate
36
Tetrad
Four chromatids together
37
Metaphase I
Sister chromatids stay together
38
What happens in meiosis II?
Sister chromatids separate to produce haploid gametes
39
Nondisjunction
when homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis one or two
40
Why do we need crossing over and meiosis?
For genetic diversity!
41
X linked
the gene is carried on the X chromosome
42
Hemizygous
Males are called this because they half the number of alleles carried by the female on her 2 X chromosomes
43
Multifactorial trait
A trait determined by two or more genes
44
Incomplete dominance
The hybrid does not resemble either parent phenotype
45
Codominant
Both traits show up equally in the heterozygotes phenotype
46
How many alleles does blood type have?
3 different alleles: i, IA, and IB. But each person only carries two
47
Dominance series
Alleles are listed in order from most dominant to most recessive
48
Mutation
Chance alterations of the genetic material
49
Allele frequency
How much an allele accounts for the total number of gene copies
50
Wild type allele
The most common allele in a population
51
Mutant allele
A rare allele in the population
52
Polymorphic
Genes with more than one common allele
53
Pleiotropy
The phenomenon of a single gene determining a number of distinct and seemingly unrelated characteristics
54
Recessive lethal
The homozygous recessive allele is not viable and therefore dies before birth
55
Complementary gene action
Both genes are needed, therefore you need at least dominant allele from both in order to make a certain phenotype. We usually see a 9:7 ratio
56
Recessive epistasis
Homozygous recessivity of one gene hides the effects of the other even if its dominant. We usually see a 9:4:3 ratio
57
Dominant epistasis
The dominant allele of one gene hides the effects of another gene
58
Heterogeneous trait
A mutation at any one of a number of genes can give rise to the same phenotype
59
Complementation test
A test to see if a phenotype came from a mutation in the same or separate genes
60
How do we know it's two genes instead of just one?
Look at the ratios. Usually 9:7 o 13:3 means it's two genes interacting. We can also use different crosses to test the ratios.
61
Penetrance
to describe how many individuals with a particular genotype express a certain phenotype.
62
Expressivity
The degree or intensity with which a particular genotype is expressed in a phenotype. It can be variable.
63
Modifier genes
Compared to major genes, they have a smaller secondary effect on the alteration of phenotypes produced by the alleles of other genes.
64
Conditional lethal
lethal only under certain conditions like diet or temperature
65
Phenocopy
a change in phenotype caused by exposure to chemicals or other environmental agents
66
Discontinuous trait
clear cut traits. Either the pea plant was tall or short. There is no in between.
67
Continuous trait
the trait is determined by multiple genes interacting together with the environment. Like height in humans
68
Polygenic
Controlled by multiple genes

LS4 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions