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LS 1 > Midterm 2 (Ch. 29-34) - Lecture Slides > Flashcards

Midterm 2 (Ch. 29-34) - Lecture Slides Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of Archaea and Bacteria (4)

A

Prokaryotic, single-celled (nearly all), lack nuclear envelope and membrane-bound organelles, circular DNA

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2
Q

Are prokaryotes a natural taxon?

A

No (archaea more closely related to us)

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3
Q

Metagenomics

A

study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples

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4
Q

Microbiome

A

microorganisms in a particular environment

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5
Q

These groups are not protists

A

Plants, animals, fungi

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6
Q

Synapomorphy for eukaryotes

A

nuclear envelope

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7
Q

Stages of reproduction for malaria parasite

A

Asexual reproduction in humans, sexual reproduction in mosquitoes

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8
Q

Uni- vs. bikonta

A

One vs. two flagella

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9
Q

Protist characteristics (4)

A

Eukaryotic, have mitochondria (or genes for them), nucleus and endomembrane system, cytoskeleton

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10
Q

Endosymbiosis theory

A

membrane-bound organelles (chloroplast, mitochondria) were protobacteria that protists engulfed

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11
Q

Evidence for endosymbiosis theory (4); specific to mitochondria - similar for chloroplasts

A

Mitochondria:

  • are size of protobacteria
  • replicate by fission
  • have double membranes
  • have own genomes (circular)
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12
Q

How many membranes do chloroplasts in members of Plantae have?

A

2

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13
Q

Haploid (n)

A

one set of chromosomes (23 total)

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14
Q

Diploid (2n)

A

two sets of chromosomes (23 pairs, 46 total)

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15
Q

Bacteria and archaea are always ____ (n or 2n).

A

haploid (n)

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16
Q

Protists are ____ (n or 2n).

A

Depends; they can have asexual and sexual reproduction

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17
Q

Alternation of generations

A

organisms have multicellular haploid phase and multicellular diploid phase

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18
Q

Gametophyte

A

multicellular haploid form; specialized cells produce gametes

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19
Q

Sporophyte

A

multicellular diploid form; specialized cells undergo meiosis and produce spores

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20
Q

Spore

A

single haploid cell that divides (mitosis) to form multicellular gametophyte

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21
Q

How green algae are related to land plants (3)

A

same photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b), similar internal cellular structures, chloroplasts make starch as sugar storage product

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22
Q

Nonvascular plants (definition and example)

A

no vascular tissue to conduct water and provide support; e.g., mosses

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23
Q

Seedless vascular plants

A

vascular tissue but don’t make seeds; e.g., ferns

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24
Q

Seed plants

A

have vascular tissue and make seeds; e.g., angiosperms (flowering plants)

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25
Green algae (3)
ulvophytes, coleochates, stoneworts
26
Nonvascular plants (bryophytes) (3)
liverworts, mosses, hornworts
27
Seedless vascular plants (4)
lycophytes, whisk ferns, ferns, horsetails
28
Gymnosperms (seed plants) (5)
ginkgos, cycads, redwoods, pines, gnetophytes
29
Angiosperms (def.)
flowering plants
30
Synapomorphy for land plants
pores
31
Adaptations to land for plants
cuticle, pores (with stomata and guard cells), vascular tissue
32
Why did plants move to land? (5)
- more sunlight - more carbon dioxide - escape predators (certain herbivores) - more room to grow - get away from competitors (new environment, new niches)
33
Synapomorphy for seedless vascular plants
vascular tissue
34
Gametangia
specialized reproductive organs in land plants
35
Male gametangium
antheridium
36
Female gametangium
archegonium
37
Homosporous
produces a single type of spore
38
Heterosporous
produces two kinds of spores (male and female)
39
Microsporangia make ___.
sperm
40
Megasporangia make ___.
eggs
41
First photosynthetic organisms
cyanobacteria
42
What makes fungi important?
they can digest cellulose, and some can digest lignin - important in recycling carbon
43
Two basic fungi morphologies
yeasts and mycelium/mycelia
44
Yeasts (def. and importance)
single-celled fungi; important to fermentation
45
Mycelium/mycelia (def.)
filamentous structures
46
Symbiosis
close relationship between species
47
Mutualism
both species benefit
48
Commensalism
one species benefits, the other is not affected either way
49
Parasitism
one species benefits at the expense of the other
50
Mycorrhizal fungi (location and role)
- grow on roots of plants - mutualistic symbiosis - aid in transfer of mineral, water, and sugar between soil and plants - increase growth
51
Importance of fungi in nitrogen cycle
mycorrhizal fungi aid in nitrogen uptake in plants
52
Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF)
extracellular digestion of polypeptides and proteins with peptidases; form film on outside of roots
53
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)
intracellular (penetrate cell); common in grasslands and tropical forests
54
Why are hyphae so branchy?
higher surface area to volume ratio makes transfer more efficient
55
Heterokaryotic
genetically distinct haploid nuclei in cells
56
Dikaryotic
type of heterokaryosis where there are two distinct haploid nuclei in cells (n+n)
57
Plasmogamy
fusion of cytoplasm from two individuals
58
Karyogamy
fusion of nuclei
59
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
fungus causing chytridiomycosis in amphibians
60
Pseudogymnoascus destructans
fungus causing white nose syndrome (deadly) in North American bats
61
What are mushrooms?
sexual reproduction structures
62
Characteristics of all animals (4)
- extracellular matrix (proteins and other molecules that allow cell-cell adhesion and communication) - heterotrophs (get compounds from other organisms) - move under own power at some point in their lives - have neurons and muscle cells (except sponges)
63
Are porifera a natural taxon?
No
64
Characteristics of sponges (4)
- suspension feeders - have specialized cells - have extracellular matrix - develop from single cell layer
65
Tissues
similar cells organized into functional units
66
Blastula
hollow ball of cells that forms from fertilized cells
67
Gastrula
multilayered structure that develops from blastula
68
Diploblast
has two embryonic tissue layers: endoderm and ectoderm
69
Triploblast
has three embryonic tissue layers: endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
70
What does each tissue layer form in a diploblast?
- ectoderm: skin, nerves, muscle | - endoderm: digestive tract, reproductive organs
71
What does each tissue layer form in a triploblast?
- ectoderm: skin, nerves - mesoderm: circulatory system, muscles, bones, organs - endoderm: lining of digestive system
72
Radial symmetry
can divide organism along more than one plane and get mirror images
73
Bilateral symmetry
can only divide organism along one plane and get mirror images
74
How are nerves arranged in animals with radial symmetry?
nerve nets; not centrally organized
75
How are nerves arranged in animals with bilateral symmetry?
central nervous system, organized around ganglia, head, and brains
76
Cephalization
localizing of certain organs in the "head" area
77
"Tube within a tube"
in triploblasts, in-folding continues until a "tube within a tube" develops
78
What tube is what in "tube within a tube"?
- inside tube: gut | - outside tube: skin and nervous system
79
Coelom (def. and function)
fluid-filled cavity between inner and outer tubes that allows internal organs to move independently and provides space for circulation
80
Acoelomates (def. and example organism)
lack coelom; flatworms
81
Pseudocoelomates (def. and example organism)
have coelom without mesodermal lining; roundworms
82
True coelomates (def. and 5 examples)
have coelem completely lined with mesodermal lining; mollusks, annelids, arthropods, echinoderms, chordates
83
Hydrostatic skeleton
fluid-filled chamber that allows wormlike animals to squeeze and extend
84
Metamorphosis
different life stages differ radically
85
Protostome
first pore becomes mouth
86
Deuterostome
first pore becomes butt
87
How does coelom develop in protostomes?
blocks of solid mesoderm split off to form coelom
88
How does coelom develop in deuterostomes?
mesoderm pockets pinch off of gut to form coelom
89
Lophotochozoan groups (protostomes)
RPAM: rotifera, platyhelminthes, annelida, mollusca
90
Ecdysozoan groups (protostomes)
NOTA: nematoda, onychophora, tardigrada, arthropoda
91
Most speciose group of protostomes
arthropods (insects are most of these)
92
Challenges in transitioning to land (3)
gas exchange, reproduction, desiccation
93
Lophophore
specialized structure for suspension feeding; ciliated tentacles around the mouth
94
Trochophore
specific kind of larvae with ring of cilia around its middle
95
Traits of lophotrochozoans (3)
- lophophore - trochophore larvae - spiral cleavage
96
Traits of platyhelminthes (flatworms) (3)
- lack coelom and specialized structures for gas exchange - lack circulatory system - gas exchange happens directly across skin
97
Traits of mollusks (4)
- muscular "foot" used in movement - visceral mass containing internal organs - mantle covering visceral mass - radula
98
Radula
rasping mouth parts used to feed (in mollusks)
99
How do mollusks like squid and octopi move?
jet propulsion (squirting water)
100
What did the "foot" become in squid/octopi?
Head and tentacles
101
Semelparous
reproduce once and die
102
Iteroparous
can mate and reproduce several times

LS 1 (4 decks)

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