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LS 1 > Midterm 2 (Ch. 29-34) - Lecture Slides > Flashcards

Midterm 2 (Ch. 29-34) - Lecture Slides Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of Archaea and Bacteria (4)

A

Prokaryotic, single-celled (nearly all), lack nuclear envelope and membrane-bound organelles, circular DNA

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2
Q

Are prokaryotes a natural taxon?

A

No (archaea more closely related to us)

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3
Q

Metagenomics

A

study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples

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4
Q

Microbiome

A

microorganisms in a particular environment

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5
Q

These groups are not protists

A

Plants, animals, fungi

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6
Q

Synapomorphy for eukaryotes

A

nuclear envelope

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7
Q

Stages of reproduction for malaria parasite

A

Asexual reproduction in humans, sexual reproduction in mosquitoes

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8
Q

Uni- vs. bikonta

A

One vs. two flagella

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9
Q

Protist characteristics (4)

A

Eukaryotic, have mitochondria (or genes for them), nucleus and endomembrane system, cytoskeleton

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10
Q

Endosymbiosis theory

A

membrane-bound organelles (chloroplast, mitochondria) were protobacteria that protists engulfed

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11
Q

Evidence for endosymbiosis theory (4); specific to mitochondria - similar for chloroplasts

A

Mitochondria:

  • are size of protobacteria
  • replicate by fission
  • have double membranes
  • have own genomes (circular)
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12
Q

How many membranes do chloroplasts in members of Plantae have?

A

2

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13
Q

Haploid (n)

A

one set of chromosomes (23 total)

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14
Q

Diploid (2n)

A

two sets of chromosomes (23 pairs, 46 total)

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15
Q

Bacteria and archaea are always ____ (n or 2n).

A

haploid (n)

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16
Q

Protists are ____ (n or 2n).

A

Depends; they can have asexual and sexual reproduction

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17
Q

Alternation of generations

A

organisms have multicellular haploid phase and multicellular diploid phase

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18
Q

Gametophyte

A

multicellular haploid form; specialized cells produce gametes

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19
Q

Sporophyte

A

multicellular diploid form; specialized cells undergo meiosis and produce spores

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20
Q

Spore

A

single haploid cell that divides (mitosis) to form multicellular gametophyte

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21
Q

How green algae are related to land plants (3)

A

same photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b), similar internal cellular structures, chloroplasts make starch as sugar storage product

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22
Q

Nonvascular plants (definition and example)

A

no vascular tissue to conduct water and provide support; e.g., mosses

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23
Q

Seedless vascular plants

A

vascular tissue but don’t make seeds; e.g., ferns

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24
Q

Seed plants

A

have vascular tissue and make seeds; e.g., angiosperms (flowering plants)

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25
Q

Green algae (3)

A

ulvophytes, coleochates, stoneworts

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26
Q

Nonvascular plants (bryophytes) (3)

A

liverworts, mosses, hornworts

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27
Q

Seedless vascular plants (4)

A

lycophytes, whisk ferns, ferns, horsetails

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28
Q

Gymnosperms (seed plants) (5)

A

ginkgos, cycads, redwoods, pines, gnetophytes

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29
Q

Angiosperms (def.)

A

flowering plants

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30
Q

Synapomorphy for land plants

A

pores

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31
Q

Adaptations to land for plants

A

cuticle, pores (with stomata and guard cells), vascular tissue

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32
Q

Why did plants move to land? (5)

A
  • more sunlight
  • more carbon dioxide
  • escape predators (certain herbivores)
  • more room to grow
  • get away from competitors (new environment, new niches)
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33
Q

Synapomorphy for seedless vascular plants

A

vascular tissue

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34
Q

Gametangia

A

specialized reproductive organs in land plants

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35
Q

Male gametangium

A

antheridium

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36
Q

Female gametangium

A

archegonium

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37
Q

Homosporous

A

produces a single type of spore

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38
Q

Heterosporous

A

produces two kinds of spores (male and female)

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39
Q

Microsporangia make ___.

A

sperm

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40
Q

Megasporangia make ___.

A

eggs

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41
Q

First photosynthetic organisms

A

cyanobacteria

42
Q

What makes fungi important?

A

they can digest cellulose, and some can digest lignin - important in recycling carbon

43
Q

Two basic fungi morphologies

A

yeasts and mycelium/mycelia

44
Q

Yeasts (def. and importance)

A

single-celled fungi; important to fermentation

45
Q

Mycelium/mycelia (def.)

A

filamentous structures

46
Q

Symbiosis

A

close relationship between species

47
Q

Mutualism

A

both species benefit

48
Q

Commensalism

A

one species benefits, the other is not affected either way

49
Q

Parasitism

A

one species benefits at the expense of the other

50
Q

Mycorrhizal fungi (location and role)

A
  • grow on roots of plants
  • mutualistic symbiosis
  • aid in transfer of mineral, water, and sugar between soil and plants
  • increase growth
51
Q

Importance of fungi in nitrogen cycle

A

mycorrhizal fungi aid in nitrogen uptake in plants

52
Q

Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF)

A

extracellular digestion of polypeptides and proteins with peptidases; form film on outside of roots

53
Q

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)

A

intracellular (penetrate cell); common in grasslands and tropical forests

54
Q

Why are hyphae so branchy?

A

higher surface area to volume ratio makes transfer more efficient

55
Q

Heterokaryotic

A

genetically distinct haploid nuclei in cells

56
Q

Dikaryotic

A

type of heterokaryosis where there are two distinct haploid nuclei in cells (n+n)

57
Q

Plasmogamy

A

fusion of cytoplasm from two individuals

58
Q

Karyogamy

A

fusion of nuclei

59
Q

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

A

fungus causing chytridiomycosis in amphibians

60
Q

Pseudogymnoascus destructans

A

fungus causing white nose syndrome (deadly) in North American bats

61
Q

What are mushrooms?

A

sexual reproduction structures

62
Q

Characteristics of all animals (4)

A
  • extracellular matrix (proteins and other molecules that allow cell-cell adhesion and communication)
  • heterotrophs (get compounds from other organisms)
  • move under own power at some point in their lives
  • have neurons and muscle cells (except sponges)
63
Q

Are porifera a natural taxon?

A

No

64
Q

Characteristics of sponges (4)

A
  • suspension feeders
  • have specialized cells
  • have extracellular matrix
  • develop from single cell layer
65
Q

Tissues

A

similar cells organized into functional units

66
Q

Blastula

A

hollow ball of cells that forms from fertilized cells

67
Q

Gastrula

A

multilayered structure that develops from blastula

68
Q

Diploblast

A

has two embryonic tissue layers: endoderm and ectoderm

69
Q

Triploblast

A

has three embryonic tissue layers: endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

70
Q

What does each tissue layer form in a diploblast?

A
  • ectoderm: skin, nerves, muscle

- endoderm: digestive tract, reproductive organs

71
Q

What does each tissue layer form in a triploblast?

A
  • ectoderm: skin, nerves
  • mesoderm: circulatory system, muscles, bones, organs
  • endoderm: lining of digestive system
72
Q

Radial symmetry

A

can divide organism along more than one plane and get mirror images

73
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

can only divide organism along one plane and get mirror images

74
Q

How are nerves arranged in animals with radial symmetry?

A

nerve nets; not centrally organized

75
Q

How are nerves arranged in animals with bilateral symmetry?

A

central nervous system, organized around ganglia, head, and brains

76
Q

Cephalization

A

localizing of certain organs in the “head” area

77
Q

“Tube within a tube”

A

in triploblasts, in-folding continues until a “tube within a tube” develops

78
Q

What tube is what in “tube within a tube”?

A
  • inside tube: gut

- outside tube: skin and nervous system

79
Q

Coelom (def. and function)

A

fluid-filled cavity between inner and outer tubes that allows internal organs to move independently and provides space for circulation

80
Q

Acoelomates (def. and example organism)

A

lack coelom; flatworms

81
Q

Pseudocoelomates (def. and example organism)

A

have coelom without mesodermal lining; roundworms

82
Q

True coelomates (def. and 5 examples)

A

have coelem completely lined with mesodermal lining; mollusks, annelids, arthropods, echinoderms, chordates

83
Q

Hydrostatic skeleton

A

fluid-filled chamber that allows wormlike animals to squeeze and extend

84
Q

Metamorphosis

A

different life stages differ radically

85
Q

Protostome

A

first pore becomes mouth

86
Q

Deuterostome

A

first pore becomes butt

87
Q

How does coelom develop in protostomes?

A

blocks of solid mesoderm split off to form coelom

88
Q

How does coelom develop in deuterostomes?

A

mesoderm pockets pinch off of gut to form coelom

89
Q

Lophotochozoan groups (protostomes)

A

RPAM: rotifera, platyhelminthes, annelida, mollusca

90
Q

Ecdysozoan groups (protostomes)

A

NOTA: nematoda, onychophora, tardigrada, arthropoda

91
Q

Most speciose group of protostomes

A

arthropods (insects are most of these)

92
Q

Challenges in transitioning to land (3)

A

gas exchange, reproduction, desiccation

93
Q

Lophophore

A

specialized structure for suspension feeding; ciliated tentacles around the mouth

94
Q

Trochophore

A

specific kind of larvae with ring of cilia around its middle

95
Q

Traits of lophotrochozoans (3)

A
  • lophophore
  • trochophore larvae
  • spiral cleavage
96
Q

Traits of platyhelminthes (flatworms) (3)

A
  • lack coelom and specialized structures for gas exchange
  • lack circulatory system
  • gas exchange happens directly across skin
97
Q

Traits of mollusks (4)

A
  • muscular “foot” used in movement
  • visceral mass containing internal organs
  • mantle covering visceral mass
  • radula
98
Q

Radula

A

rasping mouth parts used to feed (in mollusks)

99
Q

How do mollusks like squid and octopi move?

A

jet propulsion (squirting water)

100
Q

What did the “foot” become in squid/octopi?

A

Head and tentacles

101
Q

Semelparous

A

reproduce once and die

102
Q

Iteroparous

A

can mate and reproduce several times

LS 1 (4 decks)

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